!.«»«. m^ ,0 GLENDOWER EVANS BORN MARCH 23 1856 DIED MARCH-281»H(> m. ^ Let knowln.lytt (frowfroru iiioti'to more. But more otrevoreiice iiiusdwell; That iiiitid ami soul, nrcordiii(T well, May makt: oiieniusie as botnre. Uutviistor. MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. Received Accession No. Given by Place, ***rlo book OP pamphlet is to be pomoved fpom the lJiab~ oPQtOPy uiithout the pepmission of the Trustees. m^. jVV ^^'rSiPSf CO! a CO S rn SO) s rn £ "-^ : CD ; O m o -,,^;^-Nr%!iii' '|^# r^i^ ia#** .^. C-iL ^ v/^ p^ MANUAL OF THE Mosses of North America. BY LEO LESaUEREUX AND THOMAS P. JAMES. WITH SIX PLATES ILLUSTRATING THE GENERA. gostan : S. E. CASSINO AND COMPANY. 1884. Copyright, BY S. E. CASSINO & CO. 1884. ai^^j C. J. PETERS AND SON, electrotypers and stereotypers, 145 High Stbeet. / PKEFACE. In 1848 William S. Sullivant published, in the first edition of Gray's Manual of Botany, descrijjtions of two hundred and five species of Mosses and sixty-six of Hepaticie. In the second edition of the same Manual, published in 1856, four hundred and ten species of Mosses and one hundred and seven of Ilepaticoe were described by him, with the addition of eight fine plates for the illustration of the more important genera.* This second edition becoming soon exhausted, Mr. Sullivant, urged, by the friends of American botany to piib- lish, in a separate volume, a Manual of American Mosses, decided to begin the preparation of such a work in connec- tion with the present writer, who had been since 1848 his constant assistant in bryological research. A large amount of material had been collected, the new mosses continually received had been examined and described, and much pre- paratory labor had thus been done wlien, in 1872, my sight partially failed me, and a few months later Sullivant's noble career was closed by death. The bryological collections of Sullivant, together with his library and his manuscript notes, had been bequeathed to the Harvard University Herabrium, and at the suggestion of Prof. * Separate issiies of both of these editions were made under the title of "Mnsci and Hepaticse of the Northern United States," the last of wliich reprints (containing some additions) is the work cited throughout the follow- ing pages as " Sullivant's Mosses of the tTnited States." iii iv PREFACE. Gray, who ardently desired that these valuable materials should be used in continuation of the plan begun by the donor, it was arranged that I should undertake the work in connection with Mr. Thomas P. James, of Cambridge, who would make the microscopical analyses of such species as had not yet been satisfactorily examined, and prepare sketches from which descrii^tions could be drawn. As large numbers of specimens and even whole collections were sent to us for determination, the work progressed slowly, but it was drawing toward completion when two years ago Mr. James was suddenly called away by death. I have since finished the descriptive part of the woi-k, with assistance from Mr. T. Kenauld, an eminent French bryologist, in the examination of some Hypneoe that had not been surely determined. But I was prevented by age and sickness from visiting Cam- bridge in order to complete at the library of the Herbarium the bibliographical part of the work, which could not be done with the few books at my disposal. In the emergency, having greatly admired the manner in which Mr. Sereno Watson — not a professed bryologist — had elaborated the Mosses of the Botany of California, I besought his assistance, little compre- hending at the time the weight which I was imposing upon one whose time and energies were already overtasked. This labor of revisal, and the charge of the work in its progress througli the press, Mr. Watson at length consented to undertake, especially through regard to the memory of his friend, my associate, Mr. James. It has involved a large amount of critical and editorial labor, and I dee2:)ly regret that I am permitted to do no more than to acknowledge, as I gratefully do, my profound obliga- tions to him. But I may bespeak the thanks of all those who are to use this volume, which he has made much more valuable and better adapted to their needs than it would otherwise have been. PREFACE. y This Manual of American Mosses is believed to include descriptions of all the species of mosses (about nine hundred) that are as yet known to occur on the North American Con- tinent within the limits of the United States and northward. It includes the results of the researches of Sullivant and myself, continued until 1872, as well as those of James, Austin, and Rau, and also such species as have been described by European bryologists, Schimper, Mitten, Mueller, Hampe, Lindberg, etc. Leo Lesquekeus. Columbus, Ohio, May, 1884. MANUAL OF THE MOSSES OF NOETH AMERICA. ARTIFICIAL Al^ALYSIS OF THE GENERA OF MOSSES. I. ACROCARPI. Fruit terminal, A. Capsule without a deciduous operculum. » Capsule dehiscing by irregular transverse rupture. Plants very small. -1- Leaves nerveless. Prothallium persistent. 1. Micromitrium. Capsule globose, nearly sessile. Calyptra min- ute, closely adhering. 2. Ephemerum. Capsule globose-ovate. Calyptra campanulate. Leaves nerveless, except in one species. H- ■<- Leaves with a distinct medial nerve. Prothallium none. 3. Physcomitrella. Caulescent. Capsule globose, apiculate. Calyptra campanulate. 7. Microbryum. Stemless. Calyptra reaching the middle of the capsule, phuilobate at base, splitting on one side. Leaves more closely areolate, minutely papillose on the back. 4. Sphserangium. Stemless. Capsule small, spherical, enclosed in a cluster of imbricate very concave or carinate leaves. t 5. Phascum. Caulescent. Capsule pedicellate. Calyptra cucullate. 6. Pleuridium. Plants larger, caulescent, ramose. Capsule ovate. « Calyptra cucullate. Leaves narrower, lanceolate-subulate. ■ 8. Bruchia. Capsule apophysate, except in one species. Calyptra mitriform, lobate or irregularly lacerate at base. 9. Archidium. Capsule globose, sessile. Calyptra irregularly torn, adhering. Spores remarkably large and few. « * Capsule dehiscing by four longitudinal slits. Andresea. Capsule sessile on a pedicellate vaginule. Plants brittle and rigid when dry. See Order II. Andreceacece. B. Capsule dehiscing by a deciduous operculum. * Mouth of the capsule naked. •<- Capsule sessile on a pedicellate vaginule. Sphagnum. Calyptra irregularly torn, persistent. Plants soft, flaccid. See Order I. 8pliajnace(B. 4 ANALYSIS OF GEXERA. -t- -t- Capsule on a proper pedicel. Vaginule sessile. 10. Astomum. Plants small. Operculum not easily detached. Calyp- tra cacullate. Flowers monoecious. 11. Gymnostomum. Plants larger. Operculum long-beaked. Calyp- tra cucullale. Flowers dioecious. 12. Ancectangium. Plants cespitose. Stems dichotomous, as in i-'leiirocarpi. 33. Anodus. Plants very short. Capsule small, obovate, long-pedi- cellale. Calyptra cucullate. Flowers monoecious, without para- physes. 38. Pharomitrium. Capsule immersed, globose. Calyptra oblique, plurilobate. Leaves with a long white awn. 39. Pottia. Capsule small, with a broad orifice. Calyptra cucullate. Leaves with a loose hyaline basilar areolation. 48. Hedwigia. Capsule obovate, immersed. Calyptra mitriform. Leaves hyaline, ciliate at the apex. 49. Pseudobraunia. Capsule long-pedicellate, pyriform. Calyptra narrow, cucullate. 31. Amphoridium. Capsule striate, urceolate. Calyptra cucullate. 59. Encalypta (1st Section). Capsule oblong-cylindrical. Calyptra very long, cylindrical-campanulate. 60. Calymperes. Calyptra twisted, persistent, plicate, constricted at base. 65. Schistostega. Plants small, delicate, frondlform. Capsule small, globular, pedicellate. Calyptra mitriform. 70. Pyramidula. Calyptra large, tetragonal, enclosing the capsule and dehiscent by lateral slits. 71. Aphanorhegrna. Capside globose, nearly sessile, splitting trans- versely in the middle at maturity. 72. Physcomitrium. Capsule pedicellate, globose or turbinate. Calyptia five-lobate, Avith a long terete straight beak. » * Mouth of the capsule furnished with teeth (peristome). H- Peristome single. ++ Teeth of the peristome 4. 62. Tetraphis. Capsule long-pedicellate, linear. Calyptra mitriform. Stems conspicuous. 63. Tetrodontium. Capsule ovate, Calyptra large, mitriform. Plants small, nearly stemless. ++ ++ Teeth of the peristome 8. 28. Octoblepharum. Capsule ovate, pedicellate. Leaves thick, membranaceous, of two or more layers of cells. ++++++ Teeth of the peristome 16. Calyptra mitriform. = Calyptra plicate. » 50. Coscinodon. Teeth cribrose. Operculum very large. -'- 51. Ptychomitrium. Teeth narrowly linear, deeply bifid to near the base. 52. Glyphoraitrium. Teeth entire. Calyptra large, covering the capsul(i to below the base, plicate and cleft at base. "^56. Orthotrichum (1st Section). Capsule emerging. Calyptra hairy, campanulate-mitrate. Leaves short, striate when dry. AiJALYSIS OF GENERA. 5 55. Ulota (2 species). Capsule longer-pedicellate, defluent into a long cuiluiii. Calyptra yellow, hairy, split at base. = = Calyptra not plicate. 36. Brachyodus. Plants very small. Teeth hyaline-punctulatc, more or less perforate. Calyptra 5-lobed at base, split on one side to near the apex. 37. Campylosteleum. Capsule thin, on a long slender geniculate pcaieel. I'eeth cleft to the middle or lower. Calyptra long- subulate. 26. Conomitrium. Calyptra short-conical, solid. Teeth entire or laciniate at the apex. Plants floating. 45. Cinclidotus. Calyptra split at base on one side. Teeth can- cellate, muUifid, membranous. 46. Grimmia. Teeth lanceolate, entire, cribrose or 2-3-cleft at the apex. Capsule oval, short-pedicellate. Leaves smooth, generally hair-pointed. 47. Racomitrium. Plants of large size. Calyptra subulate. Teeth 2-3-cleft into filiform segments. 66. Dissodon. Calyptra large, constricted at base. Teeth short or truncate, bigeminate. 67. Tayloria. Teeth long, loricate, entire or bifid, attached below the orifice. 69. Splachnum. Capsule with large apophysis. Teeth bigeminate. Calyptra small, conical, entire. ++++++++ Teeth of the peristome 16. Calyptra cucuUiform. = Leaves two-ranked. 25. Pissidens. Leaves frondiform. Teeth articulate, cleft to the middle into two unequal segments. 31. Distichium. Leaves subulate. Teeth linear, nearly entire, or bifid, or lacerate. 32. Eustichia. Leaves imbricate, carinate-compressed, with long flexuous points. Fruit unknown. = = Leaves spreading every way. a. Capsule cernuous-inclined, unequal. 15. Oreoweisia. Teeth abruptly lanceolate-subulate from an en- larged base ; articulations prominent. Leaves serrulate. 17. Cynodontium. Capsule short-ovate; coUum distinct, regular or strumose. Segments of the teeth unequal. Leaves serrulate at apex. 18. Dichodontium. Capsule solid; col! um short. Teeth large, bifid or tririd to below the middle. Leaves sheathing at base. 19. Trematodon. Capsule long-pedicellate, narrowed into a long apophysis. Teeth nearly entire or irregularly bifid to the base. •^21. Dicranella. Plants small. Leaves smooth, squarrose or secund. Teeth as in Dicraniim. •^ 22. Dicranum. Plants large. Teeth regularly bifid to the middle, closely articulate. Areolation linear" at the base, quadrate and inflated at the angles. 27. Leucobryum. Plants soft, yellowish, spongy. Leaves without costa. Teeth as in Dicranum. 6 ANALYSIS OF GENERA. 29. Ceratodon. Capsule ovate-oblong, with a short struma. Teeth bifid to near the base; segments narrowly linear, distinctly articulate. 30. Trichodon. Capsule narrowly cylindrical, arcuate. Segments of the teeth strongly nodose at the articulations. 78. Catoscopium. Capsule very small, globose, incurved at the colluin. Teeth short, irregular. Calyptra very narrow. 76. Conostomum. Teeth connivent into a cone. Capsule ribbed. b, Cai^sule more regular, slightly curved, somewhat pendulous on an arcuate pedicel. 24. CampyloptiS. Teeth bifid to the middle. Calyptra fringed at the base. 23. Dicranodontium. Teeth bifid to the base; segments narrow, linear. Calyptra not fringed. c. Capsule erect, oval or somewhat pyriform. 13. Weisia. Teeth lanceolate, entire, truncate or dentate at the apex. Capsule oval, smooth. 14. Dicranoweisia. Teeth longer, lanceolate, distinctly articulate. Plants large. Leaves arcuate or crispate. 16. Rhabdcweisia. Teeth linear-subulate, enlarged at the base. Capsule striate. 20. Angstrcemia. Teeth large, bifid to the middle. Capsule minute, subglobose, very long petlicellate. Male flowers discoid. 34. Seligeria. Teeth broad, lanceolate, obtuse, densely articulate. Capsule pyriform. Plants very small. 35. Blindia. Teeth entire, lanceolate, acute, perforated or bifid at the apex. Capsule inflated at the collum, obovate or pyriform. Plants of medium size. 54. Drummondia. Teeth very short, truncate. Capsule globose- oval. 64. Discelium. Teeth lanceolate, distantly articulate, cleft between the articulations. Calyptra split its whole length, remaining at- tached to the pedicel. 73. Entosthodon. Teeth distantly and strongly articulate, attached below tlie orifice of the pyriform capsule. 82. Mielichhoferia. Capsule pyriform with a long collum, inclined or pendulous. Teeth narrow from an enlarged base, strongly articulate. Calyptra very small, fugacious. d. Capsule erect, oblong or apophysate. 6L Syrrhopodon. Teeth entire, horizontal. Operculum subulate- rostrate. 68. Tetraplodon. Teeth short, connate by fours at base. Capsule with a long thick apophysis. ++ .M. ++ ++ ++ Teeth of the peristome 32. = Teeth more or less connate their whole length. 40. Didymodon. Teeth flat, narrow, linear-lanceolate, confluent at base, distantly articulate, rarely entire (16), generally split their whole length (32). 43. Desniatodoia. Teeth entire (16) or cleft to the base (."2); seg- ments papillose, tetragonal-terete, either free or connate by trans- verse partitions; basilar membrane protruding from t;:e orifice. J ANALYSIS OF GENERA. 7 = = Teeth free. 42. Trichostomum. Teeth united in pairs to a narro-w basilar membrane; segments equal, filiform, more or less fragmentary. 41. Leptotrichum. Peristome as in the last; teeth longer, more regular. Leaves long-subulate, glossy. 44. Barbula. Teeth very long, from a more or less broad tessellate marginal membrane, twisted around the columella. = = = Teeth large, adhering by their points to the tympaniform top of the columella. 93. Atrichum. Calyptra spinulose at the apex, cucullate. 94. Oligotrichum. Calyptra large, covered with scattered hairs. 95. Psilopilum. Teeth long and slender, some of them bipartite. \ Calyptra narrow, solid, smooth. '^ 96. Pogonatum. Calyptra densely hairy, covering the capsule, mitrate. ++++++ +H. ++ -M- Teeth of the peristome 64. 97. Polytrichum. Teeth adhering to the membrane, as in the last section. Calyptra densely hairy. ■i- -i- Peristome double: its teeth 16. ++ Capsule symmetrical, erect. Inner peristome of 8 or 16 cilia. 57. Macromitriura. Teeth lanceolate; inner membrane cleft or truncate. Calyptra campanulate, plicate. 58. Schlotheimia. Teeth revolute, fleshy; inner peristome rudi- mentary from a colored membrane. Calyptra campanulate, not plicate. 59. Encalypta (3d Section). Teeth filiform; cilia similar to the teeth. Calyptra very long, cylindrical or campanulate, not pli- cate. 56. Orthotrichura (2d Section). Teeth 8, bigeminate, or 16, gemi- nate; cilia filiform. Calyptra campanulate-mitrate, plicate, smooth or hairy. 55. Ulota. Peristome as in OrtTiotrichum. Calyptra yellow, hairy, deeply split at the base, obscurely plicate. ** ++ Capsule unsymmetrical, inclined to one side, oblique or pendulous. . = Inner peristome a plaited cone. 98. Diphyscium. Capsule gibbous, ovate, sessile. Plants small, nearly stemless. 99. Buxbaumia. Capsule gibbous-ovate on one side, flat to convex on the other, short-pedicellate. = = Inner peristome a membrane cut into 16 segments; these some- times separated by cilia. Calyptra cucullate. 74. Funaria. Capsule short-pyriform, curved in the upper part. Teeth obliquely curved; segments of the membrane entire or rudimentary. 83. Leptobryum. Capsule pyriform, erect or pendulous. Segments of the membrane separated by two appendiculate cilia. Leaves narrowly lanceolate. 84. Webera. Capsule long-pedicellate, cernuous or horizontal: cilia none, rudimentary or perfect, not appendiculate. Leaves lanceo- late, glossy; areolatiou narrowly rhomboidal; costa slender. 8 ANALYSIS OF GENERA. 85. Bryum. Capsule solid, pyriform. Inner peristome more per- fect. Leaves broader, with broader arcolation and strong costa. 86. Zieria. Capsule with a long colhun defluent into a short genicu- late pedicel. Teeth remotely articulate; segments narrow; cilia rudimentary. Leaves soft, greenish. 87. Mnium. Capsule oblong, horizontal or pendulous. Peristome as in Bryum, larger. Male flowers discoid. Leaves large, with a very broad areolation. 88. Cynclidium. Teeth short, adhering to the longer cupuliform reticulate membrane, which is pierced at the top by the columella. 89. Rhizogonium. Capsule long, obconical, arcuate. Peristome of Bryum. Leaves solid, long, narrowly lanceolate. 90. Leptotheca. Capsule erect, cylindrical. Teeth long, linear- ' lanceolate. Inner membrane short and entire, or longer and cut into segments without cilia. 79. Amblyodon. Teeth shorter than the segments, obtuse. Cap- \ sule cernuous, with a long collum. Leaves very loosely areolate. 80. Meesia. Capsule and peristome as in the last. Ai'eolation of the leaves small, rectangular. \ 81. Paludella. Peristome of Webera. Leaves squarrose. "^9L Aulacomnium. Capsule inclined, oblong-ovate with a distinct collum, ribbed when dry. Teeth linear-subulate above. 75. Bartramia. Capsule nearly spherical, erect or inclined, ribbed when dry. Peristome double (simple in one species, rudimentary in another); segments shorter than the teeth, split into two diverging parts; cilia none or scarcely visible. 77. Philonotis. Capsule globose, inclined. Segments separated by double cilia. Plants stronger. 92. Timmia. Capsule oblong-ovate, plicate-striate when dry. Inner membrane divided at the middle into filiform appendiculate seg- ments, united by fours at the apex. II. CLADOCARPI. Fruit terminal on short lateral branches. Peris- tome double, the outer of 16 teeth. 100. Fontinalis. Teeth linear; inner peristome of 16 cilia, connected by cross-bars or latticed. Calyptra conical, entire or cucullate. 101. Dichelyma. Cilia of the inner peristome free or appendiculate, latticed only at the upper part. Calyptra cucullate. Leaves long 1 and narrow. "^102. Cryphsea. Teeth long; inner peristome of 16 free subulate cilia, shorter than the teeth. III. PLEUROCARPI. Fruit lateral upon the stems or branches; flowers in the axils of the leaves. » Calyptra cucuUiform. Capsule ovate-oblong or cylindrical, erect or slightly inclined. ■*- Peristome simple ; teeth 16. 114. Fabronia. Teeth regular or bigeminate (absent in one species). Plants very small and delicate. Leaves ciliate on the borders, rarely entire. 116. Habrodon. Teeth linear-lanceolate, attached far below the orifice of the capsule. Plants very small. Leaves squarrose. J \ J i ANALYSIS OF GENERA. 9 117. Clasmatcdon. Teeth irregular, twice or thrice divided to the base. Capsule constricted under the orifice. Plants very small. •»- I- Peristome double, the outer of 16 teeth, the inner of 16 segments, with or without cilia. ++ Leaves papillose. 118. Thelia. Teeth linear-lanceolate, subulate; segments shorter than tlie teeth; cilia rudimentary. 119. Myurella. Peristome perfect; cilia 1 or 2, thick, shorter than the segments. 120. Leskea. Teeth narrowly lanceolate; segments narrow, linear; cilia none. Capsule oblong, erect or somewhat arcuate. 121. Anomodon. Teeth pale, linear-lanceolate; segments very short; cilia none. Capsule oblong or cylindrical. Plants large. ++ ++ Leaves not papillose, complanate. 105. Neckera. Teeth long, linear-lanceolate; segments short, fili- form. Leaves more or less undulate. 106. Homalia. Segments longer than the teeth; cilia single, short. Leaves distichous. 125. Cylindrothecium. Teeth attached far below the orifice of the capsule; segments narrow, carinate (abortive in one species). Leaves smooth. ++++++ Leaves not papillose nor complanate. = Inner peristome a membrane adhering to the teeth. 108. Leucodon. Teeth large, thin, granidose, distantly articulate. Perichcetium very long. Calyptra smooth. 103. Leptodon. Teeth distantly articulate, hyaline-bordered. Peri- chaetium very long. Calyptra hairy. 123. Pylaisia. Teeth densely articulate; segments long, partly adhering to the teeth. Calyptra smooth. = = Inner peristome free, divided to near the base into 10 segments. 104. Alsia. Teeth and carinate segments long, linear-lanceolate, with or without cilia. Calyptra smooth. Secondary stems dendroid. 107. Meteorium. Teeth and carinate segments short. Capsule small, oval. Plants long, slender, pendulous. 109. Pterigynandrum. Teeth short, distantly articulate; segments very short; cilia none. Calyptra smooth. Leaves sliglitly papil- lose on tlie back. 110. Pterogonium. Teeth long and closely articulate ; segments very short. Calyptra sparingly hairy. 111. Antitrichia. Teeth narrowly lanceolate, subulate; segments linear, a little shorter than the teeth. Perichastium long. 126. Climacium. Teeth confluent above the orifice of the capsule; segments as long as the teeth, cleft along the keel. Calyptra long, slender, embracing the base of the capsiile. Ramification dendroid. 115. Anacdmptodon. Teeth lanceolate, reflexed when dry; seg- ments filiform, like the cilia in Orthotrichurn. 122. Platygyrium. Teeth free to below the orifice of the capsule, broadly margined; segments narrow, linrar, as long as the teeth. Calyptra long, dimidiate, twisted around the capsule. 10 AT^ALYSIS OF GENERA. 124. Honialothecium. Teeth closely articulate, hyaline-bordered; segments iiee, short, linear-lanceolate, or longer and adhering to the teeth. Calyptra hairy. Capsule slightly cernuous or erect. 127. Orthothecium. Capsule erect or subinclined. Teeth hyaline on tlie margin; segments linear, as long as the teeth; cilia short or none. Leaves not costate. = = Inner peristome divided nearly to the middle into 16 segments; cilia 2 or 3. 128. Hypnum. Capsule cernuous, arcuate or horizontal, rarely erect. Peristome perfect; cilia articulate or appendiculate. « » Calyptra mitriform. Capsule exserted, horizontally inclined. 112. Hookeria. Teeth lanceolate; segments linear-lanceolate; cilia none. Leaves bicostate. Plants small. 113. Pterigophyllum. Peristome as in the last. Plants large. Leaves large, entire, ecostate; areolation very loose. y MAN^UAL OF NOETH AMEHICAN MOSSES. Ordek I. SPHAGXACE.E. Peat Mosses. Soft and flaccid caulescent Mosses, generally of large size, growing in more or less compact tufts or patches on the surface of bogs, or floating in stagnant water, more rarely on the bor- ders of mountain rivulets, whitish, yellowish, sometimes red or olive-colored, perennial by the annual prolongation of the stems or by simple innovations at the apex. Stems mostly un- divided and bearing copious lateral branches, composed of a triple cellular tissue, the outer (cortex) of large loose cells, the intermediate woody, the central parenchymatose or medullary. Branches partly spreading, partly deflexed and appressed to the stem, in lateral fascicles of 2 to 7, rarely more, those at the summit of the stem capitate, the fascicles gradually more dis- tant downward. Leaves nerveless, translucent, formed of a single layer of two kinds of cells ; 1st, large colorless and hya- line ones (utricles), generally perforated by pores and lined with sjjiral or circular filaments {fibrils), hence fibrillose and porose ; 2d, smaller chloroi^hyllose ones (ducts), narrowly linear, continuous, forming a net of rhomboidal or hexagonal meshes around the utricles : stem-leaves distant, obliquely inserted, erect or deflexed, flat or concave, ovate, obovate, or linguiform, generally obtuse, loosely areolate, their utricles often destitute of fibrils and of pores ; branch-leaves smaller, imbricated and 12 SPHAGNACE^. [Sphagnum. 5-ranted, round, ovate, or lanceolate, very concave or even con- volute. Inflorescence monoecious or dioscious. Male flowers (antheridia) borne upon clavate and catkin-like generally colored branches, solitary at the side of each leaf, globose or ovoid, pedicellate. Female flowers {archegonicC) generally 3 or 4, at first sessile in a bud-like involucre terminating a short branch, one only perfecting fruit and forming a capsule, which is at length raised upon a kind of pedicel {jpseudopodimn)^ formed by the gradual elongation of the base {vaginule) and covered by large perichsetial leaves. Capsule globose, operculate with a convex or nearly flat lid, the orifice naked (without peristome or annulus). Calyptra irregularly lacerate and adhering to the vaginule. Spores of two kinds, tetrahedral macrospores, and polyhedral microspores, the latter many times the smaller. On gei-mination the macrospores first produce a thin jjrothal- lium, either filamentose in water or expanded in a kind of net work upon the ground, upon which leaf-buds are afterwards formed. Like the Andre(zacem, the Sphar/nacecc differ much from the true Mosses. In their mode of germination, the first evolution of the plant, and the form of the antheridia, they are related to the caulescent Hepaticce. The structure of the stem, the imperfect calyptra, the organization of the capsule, and the two kinds of spores are without analogy among either the true Mosses or the HepaticcB. The Order consists of only the follow- ing genus. For more detailed descriptions and full synonymy reference may be made to Schimper's Torfmoose, Braithwaite's Sphagnacece or Peat-Mosses of Europe and North America, Lindberg's Enropas och Nord Amerikas Hvitmossor, and Husnot's Sphagnologia Europcea. 1. SPHAGNUM, Dill. (PI. I.) Character that of the Order. § 1. Acuta. Branch-leai^es erect: ducts forming part of the concave up>per surface, triangular in cross-section, the por- tion included hetioeen the utricles being icedge-form, the free surface convex : stem-leaves large, bordered by nurroiri and flexuous hyaline cells ; their utricles rarely fibrillose, mostly empty. Sphagnum.] SPHAGXACE^. 13 1. S. acutifoliura, Ehrli. Monoecious, green or more gen- erally purplish ; cortical zone of the steins a triple layer of cells destitute of pores ; branches in fascicles of 3 to 5, spreading, one or two of them pendent : stem-leaves ovate or Ungulate, erose or dentate at the apex, erect, the cells near the apex with a few slender fibrils or none, rarely porose ; branch-leaves deeply con- cave, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a truncate point, the upper lanceolate and subulate, all fibrillose, porose, and narrowly mar- gined ; i^erichaetial leaves oblong, gradually acuminate, sinuose- dentate at the recurved apex, the cells irregular and emjity : capsule long-pedicellate : spores ferruginous : male aments gen- erally red. — PL Crypt. Exsic. n. 72 ; Schimp. Torfm. 56, 1. 13 ; Braithw. Sj^hag. 66, t. 18-20. >S. nemoreum, Scop.; Lindberg, Sphag. 52. S. cajnllifoUum, Hedw., in part. Var. purpureum, Schimp, Plants purple ; the capitulum dense, subspherical : stem-leaves fibrillose. Var. fuscum,, Schimp. Plants rust-color, in very comjiact tufts ; branches closely incurved, pale at the apex. Hab. Very common, in open or shaded bogs, in valleys or on moun- tains. Many otlier varieties could be described : var. confertum, intermedium, &j\(\.robustum, Austin; })atulum anddeflexum, Scliimper; quinquefariiun, Lindb. ; elegans, Braithw., etc. ; the plants differing generally to some ex- tent in their aspect according to their siDecial habitat. 2. S. rubellum, Wils. Very much like the last, from which it differs in its dioecious inflorescence, more slender and very soft stems, shorter and mox-e obtuse oval-oblong branch-leaves 3-toothed at apex, and broad obtuse stem-leaves with utricles bipartite and sometimes fibx'illose. — Bryol. Brit. 19, t. 60 ; Schimp. Torfm. 70, t. 20. /S. acuti/olium, var. rubellum, Russ. ; Braithw. Sphag. 69, t. 19. Hab. New Brunswick (Fowler). Eare or rarely observed in this country. 3. S. strictum, Lindb, Dioecious, robust, yellowish-green ; stems long, solid, with 3 or 4 cortical layers of porose cells ; branches 3 to 5, curved and deflexed, two of them pendent : stem-leaves large, erect, lingulate-spatulate, erose-laciniate at the truncate apex, broadly margined and slightly appendiculate at base, with empty cells ; branch-leaves erect-spreading, ovate- lanceolate, subulate at the top of the branches ; cells closely fibrillose, with numerous pores ; perichrotial leaves oblong or l-t SPHAGNACEyE, [Sphagyium. oval, emarginate at the obtuse apex, the utricles empty : male aments yellowish-brown: — Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. 138, and Sphag. 49 ; Braithw. Sphag. 64, t. 17. S. GirgensoJinii, liuss. ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 14, t. 5. Var. squarrosulum, Kuss. Plants small : branch-leaves recurved at the aj^ex. Hac. In swamps and bogs, New Jersey and Canada; the variety at Little Falls, IS'ew Jersey {Austin). A large form (var. major) is found in the White IMountains, New Hampshire. 4. S. flmbriatum, Wils. Closely allied to the last, differ- ing in its glaucous-green color, tlie coitical cells in 2 or 3 layers, distinctly porose, the much larger stem-leaves ovate-spatulate and fimbriate at the upper border or from the middle, and the perichretial leaves much larger and with a closer areolation. — Bryol. Brit. 21, t. 60 ; Schimp. Torfm. 59, t. 15 ; Braithw. Sphag. 63, t. 16 ; Lindb. S])hag. 47. Hah. In swamps of the Palisades, New Jersey ( White); in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 11,000 feet altitude {Brewer). § 2. CuspiDATA. Ji ranch-leaves longer and narroioer, erect- S2oreading, imdulate on the margin when dry : ducts xoith the broad base exposed upon the bach of the leaf., cuneate between the utricles: stem-leaves small: cortical cells not porose. 5. S. CUSpidatum, Ehrh. Dioecious, generally long and slender, floating in loose tufts, greenish : stems filiform ; cortical cells large, in 2 (rarely 8) layers ; branches in fascicles of 3 to 5, spreading or pendent, cuspidate by the convolute terminal leaves : stem-leaves triangular, 2-3-toothed at the apex, broadly margined ; cells of the lower part long and narrow, the upper vermicular, fibrillose, not porose ; branch-leaves loose, lanceolate- acuminate, deeply concave, denticulate at the apex, subulate toward the end of the branches ; perichretial leaves distant, broadly ovate, truncate or obtuse at the apex, more or less fibrillose : capsules small, mostly long-pedicellate, scattered along the stem : s])ores light-brown. — PI. Crypt, n. 251 ; Schimp. Torfm. t. 16 ; Braithw. Sphag. 82, t. 26, 27 ; Lindb. Sphag. 62; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 11, t. 2 {S. laricinum, Aust. Muse. Appalach. n. 31). Var. Torreyanum. Very robust ; branches in fascicles of 4 or 5, very long, flat, linear-lanceolate : leaves long-lanceolate, Sphagnum.] SPHAGNACE^. 15 spreading, broadly margined, erose-dentate at the apex. — JS. Torreyamim., Sulliv. Mem. Amer. Acad. iv. 174, and Mosses of U. States, 13. S. cuspidaturn., var. Torreyi., Braithw., in part. Var. falcatum, Russ. Branches distinctly falcate at the ajjex. — Beitr. Torfm. 59. Var. plumosum, Schimp. Tufts soft, compact ; stems short and branches erect ; leaves lanceolate-subulate. — S. laxi- folium^ Muell. Syn. i. 97. Var. plumulosum, Schimp. Soft, as in the last; leaves shorter, very narrow. Var. serratum. Stem-leaves broadly margined; upper branch-leaves serrate from the middle, those of the comal branches from the base. — S. serratum^ Aust. Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 145. Var. hypnoides, Schimj). Stems in short dense tufts, with- out branches; leaves lanceolate, tubular, hamate-secund. — S. hypnoides., Braun. Hab. Ponds, aiul borders of streams flowing from bogs; not rare. Var. Tovreyanum, in bogs at the South; y?a-%.'plumosxim and jAumiilosum on alpine rivulets; var. serratum, at St. Augustine, Florida (J. Bonnell Smith). 6. S. intermedium, Hoffm. Closely allied to the preced- ing. Stems and reflexed brandies thicker ; cortical cells small, in 2 or 3 layers : stem-leaves shorter, broader, triangular ; branch-leaves broader, recurved at the apex ; the i^erichaetial closely imbricated : capsules on the tufted branches. — Braithw. Sjahag. 78, t. 24, 25. S. recicrmtm., Beauv. ; Brid. Bryol. Univ. i. 13 ; Schimp. Torfm. 1. 16. S. cuspidatum.^ var. Mauei, Aust. ; Rau & Harv. Cat. 49. Hac. With the preceding. 7. S. Lindbergii, Schimp. Monoecious, robust, greenish- brown : cortical cells in 3 or 4 layers, unequal, without fibrils or pores : stem-leaves reflexed, close, broadly Ungulate, fimbriate at the apex ; branch-leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, dentate at the apex, shining, broadly margined downward, with numerous small pores in the upper part : capsule on a thick pedicel, urceo- late when dry: spores yellow. — Torfm. t. 25; Braithw. Sphag. 77, t. 23 ; Lindb. Sphag. 60. Hab. Wet sloping rocks of White Face Mountain, New York (C. H. Peck) ; very rare. 16 SPHAGNACE^. [Sphagnum. § 3. Squarrosa. Plants stout: branch-leaves sqnarrose from the middle: ducts medial, oval, inflated and free on both sides, or covered by the borders of the utricles on the upper surface of the leaves : cortical cells not porose. 8. S. squarrosum, Pers. Monoecious, loosely and broadly cespitose, bluish-green : sterns solid, rigid, simple or forking, with small cortical cells in two layers ; branches in fascicles of 3 to 6 : stem-leaves soft, spreading or reflexed, linguiform, rounded and fimbriate at the a})ex, the utricles without fibres or pores ; branch-leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4-toothed at the apex, broadly margined by 2 or 3 rows of narrow cells, the xitricles fibrillose and with some large pores on the borders ; pericha^tial leaves very broad, subrevolute, thin, rounded at the apex: capsules numerous at and near the capitate apex, large, globose: spores yellow. — Schimp. Torfm. t. 17; Braithw. Sphag. 59, t. 14 ; Lindb. Sphag. 42. Var. squarrosulum, Schimp. Plants pale, with slender stems : leaves scarcely half as large as in the normal form : fruit unknown. — Torfm, 71. S. squarrosidum, Lesq. Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 3. Hab. Boggy places in woods; not rare. The variety in open moun- tain bogs; on Lassen's Peak, California, at about 5,000 feet altitude, forming by itself large bogs ( W. U. Brewer). 9. S. teres, Angstroem. Dioecious, loosely cespitose, yellow- ish brown ; male plants in separate tufts, more slender than the female, with subglobose heads composed mostly of short flower- bearing branches : stems solid, with 2 to 4 cortical layers of un- equal cells: stem-leaves large, oblong-ovate, rounded at the erose apex, the utricles empty ; branch-leaves closely imbricate, ovate, abruptly short-acuminate, recurved at the obscurely den- tate apex, the utricles fibrillose and poi'ose ; perichaetial leaves large, concave or subrevolute, erose at the rounded apex : cap- sule terminal, globose. — Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 13, t. 4; Schimp. Syn. 2 ed., 836. S. squarrosum, var: teres, Schimp. Torfm. 64 ; Braithw. Sphag. 62, t. 15. Hab. Marshes in Southern New Jersey [Austin); rare. 10. S. Wulfianum, Girgens. Monoecious, large, rigid, brownish-green, the apex variegated green and red : stems dark- brown ; cortical cells small, in 2 layers ; branches 7 to 14, half of them subarcuate or horizontal, tumescent, the rest slender, /sphagnum.] SPIIAGNACE^. 17 filiform, and pendent : stem-leaves small, reflexed, enlarged at the base, lingulate, obtuse, nearly entire, the utricles empty; branch-leaves small, ovate-lanceolate, dentate at the truncate apex, the upper lanceolate-subulate and narrowly margined, the utricles fibrillose and porose : perichcetial leaves broadly oblong, obtusely pointed, with empty utricles : male aments short, capi- tate, on pur]>le branchlets: capsules emerging from the tuft, globose. — Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 18, t. 9; Braithw. Sphag. 75, t. 22 ; Lindb. Sphag. 57. S. pi/cnocladmn, Angstr. Hab. Canada {Macoun, Fowler); ISTew York {Howe, Peck, Austin). § 4. MoLLiA. Plants short, closely cespitose, very soft when moistened, binttle when dry : stem-leaves narrowly mar- gined ; branch-leaves short: ducts near the concave sur- face {except in n. 14), sxd)cuneate xoith the broader side free, or entirely surrounded by the utricles. 11. S. rigidum, Schimp. Monoecious, densely cespitose, rigid, glaucous-green above, whitish below, the small cortical cells in a double or triple layer ; branches in close fascicles of 3 or 4, short, partly deflexed : stem-leaves erect, small, enlarged at the very base, obtuse-ovate or obtusely triangular ; branch- leaves ovate-oblong, dentate at the apex, often contracted in the middle and cucullate above, the utricles fibrillose and with numerous unequal pores ; the perich^tial ovate or oblong- lanceolate, subfalcate, deeply emarginate or bidentatc at the apex, the utricles fibrillose and porose : capsule immersed or short-pedicelled. — Torfm. t. 18; Braithw. Sphag. 56, t. 13. S. compactiim, var. rigidum, Nees & Hornsch. S. strictum^ Sulliv. Muse. Allegh. n. 201. /S". humile, Schimp. ; Sulliv, Icon. Muse. 5, t. 3. Var. squarrOSTim, Russ. Pale green; branches spreading horizontally ; leaves loose and squarrose. Hab. In bogs, especially southward, from the pine-barrens of Xcw Jersey to Florida; Yosemite Valley, in the spray of the Vernal Falls, and in rivulets at the foot of Mt. Dana (Bolander). The variety near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania {Ran). 12. S. Muelleri, Schimp. Delicate, pale-green : stems slender, the unequal cortical cells in three layers ; branches in fascicles of 3 or 4, partly arcuate, partly flagelliform and pen- dent : stem-leaves large, oblong or obovate, slightly dentate at the apex, fibrillose and porose like the branch-leaves, which are IS SPHAGNACE^. [S2)hagnum. erect and clasping to the middle, siibsquarrose above, oblong- lanceolate, with a narrow crenate border, the compressed ducts broader and free on tlie inner surface ; perich^tial leaves oblong, acuminate-lanceolate, coarsely dentate at and toward the apex, the utricles librillose and porose in the upper part only : spores yellow. — Torfm. t. 26 ; Sulliv, Icon. Muse. 9, t. 5. jS. mol- luscoides, Muell. Syn. i. 99. S. molle^ Aust. S. tnolle^ var. Muelleri, Braithw. Sphag. 54, t. 12. Had. Florida (Eussell); Lookout Mountain, Tennessee {Lesquereux)\ New Jersey (Austin). 13. S. molle, Sulliv. Dioecious, densely cespitose, v/hitish- green : stems short (an inch or two high), with two cortical layers of quadrangular cells ; branches close, 2 or 3 together, spreading: stem-leaves close, large, oblong, obtuse, spreading or deflexed, the utricles empty or slightly fibrillose and porose ;• branch-leaves very delicate, ovate-oblong, erect, convolute above, truncate-denticulate at the apex, the utricles with fibrils and thinly scattered spores ; perichffitial leaves imbricate, con- cave, constricted at the emarginate 2-3-toothed apex, utricles empty : capsule globose, exserted from the tufted branches. — Muse. Allegh. n. 205, Mosses of U. States, 13, and Icon. Muse. 7, t. 4 ; Braithw. Sphag. 53 ; Lindb. Sphag. 33. S. tahxdarey Sulliv. Muse. Allegh. n. 204, and Mosses of U. States, 12. 8. compactum, Brid., and var., Muell. Syn. ii. 539. Var. tenerum, Braithw, Stems short, whitish ; branches crowded: leaves acuminate, somewhat undulate. — Sphag. 55. S. tenenim, Sulliv. & Lesqx., Muse. Bor.-Amer. (1 ed.) n. 11 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 11. Hab. Table Mountain, South Carolina (Gray); Tallulah Falls, Geor- gia (Lesquereux); Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (James, Austin). 14. S. Garberi, Lesqx. & James. Dioecious, of medium size, green ; stems very soft, the rather large cortical cells in three layers: stem-leaves small, deltoid-ovate, subcucullate, nearly entire at the apex, the utricles large, scarcely narrower along the margin, slightly porose and librillose toward the base ; branch-leaves concave, imbricate at base, squarrose from the middle, dentate at the truncate apex, not margined, the large utricles closely fibrillose and porose, the very narrow ducts on the convex side of the leaf and nearly surrounded by the utricles; perichsetial leaves deeply concave but not Sphagnum.] SniAGXACEJE. 19 vaginate, ovate-acuminate, subfalcate, erose at the apex: cap- sules from the tufted branches, small, reddish-brown. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 133. S. humile Austin, Bull. Torr. Club, vii. 2. Hab. Florida {Dr. A. P. Garber). § 5. SuBSEcuNDA. JBranch-leuves more or less secund or falcate, very Jibrillose, more or less porose in the iq^i^er part: ducts medial., compressed or triangular., generally free on the broader side. 15. S. subsecundum, Nees. Dicecious, loosely cespitose, variously colored : stem solid, with a simple layer of cortical cells ; branches in fascicles of 3 or 4, recurved or pendent, short : stem-leaves small, enlarged at base, deltoid or ovate, cucullate at the obtuse minutely fimbriate apex, the utricles fibrillose and porose in the upper part only ; branch-leaves spreading, secund, ovate-acuminate, deeply concave, margined, 2-3-toothed at the apex, the utricles fibrillose and with numerous small pores, gen- erally 2-ranked close to the walls; perichretial leaves oblong- acuminate, fibrillose in the upper part : capsules in the tufted branches: spores ferruginous. — Bryol. Germ. i. 17, t. 3; Schimp. Torfm. t. 22 ; Braithw. Sphag. 48, t. 9, 10 ; Lindb. Sphag. 28. Var. auriculatum, Lindb. Stem-leaves distinctly auricu- late. — Schimp. Torfm. 77, t. 24. Var. laxum. Loosely cespitose, variegated in color : stem- leaves Ungulate, obtuse ; branch-leaves long-ovate, with cunei- form ducts near the convex surface ; perichretial leaves very large. — S. Lesciirii, Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 11. Var. contortum, Schimp. Dark green, with crowded and somewhat circinate branches: stem-leaves larger, the utricles fibrillose and porose their whole length ; branch-leaves larger. — S. contortum, Schultz ; Nees & Hornsch. Bryol. Germ. i. 15, t. 2, fig. 6. Var. obesum, Schimp. Very stout, with tiunid branches and large closely imbricate leaves. — S. contortum, var. obesum, Wils. Bryol. Brit. 22. Haii. Peat-bogs, in the middle and northern sections, generally border- ing ditches or filling depressions in the bogs. 16. S. laricinum, Spruce. Closely resembling the last, differing in the double or triple layer of cortical cells, the much 20 SPHAGNACE^. [Sphagnum. larger stem-leaves narrowed at base and eraarginate at the apex, the shorter imbricate and appressed (not secund) branch-leaves, the utricles elongated and flexuous, with fewer small pores on both sides of the walls, and the narrowly oval ducts free on both faces. — Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Supj^l. 17, t. 8 ; Braithw. Sphag. 44, t. 7, 8 ; Lindb. Sphag. 25. jS. contortum, var. lari- cinum, Wils. II AB. Marshes and bogs; Sand Lake, N. Y. (C. H. Peck); Gloucester County, Penn. (E. A. Ran). 17. S. Mendocinum, Sulliv. & Lesq. Elongated, floating, loosely cespitose, tawny above, yellowish white below ; stems solid, the cortical cells in a simple or double layer ; branches long and flexuous, in fascicles of 2 or 3, mostly oj^en, not pen- dent : stem-leaves oblong-ovate, auricled at base, marginate, fibrillose and porose in the upper part ; branch-leaves loosely imbricate, lanceolate, acuminate, subulate-dentate at the apex, the loner flexuous utricles with close fibrils and numerous minute pores in rows on both sides of the walls ; ducts medial and compressed, or narrowly triangular with the free base on the convex surface : fruit unknown. — Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 12, t. 3. S. auriculatam, Lesq. in Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 4; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (2 ed.) n. 23. S. suh- sectmdum^ var. longifoUum.^ Lesq. 1. c. Hab. Swamps near Mendocino City, California (Bolander, 1867); bogs near King River, California, at 8-9,000 feet altitude {Brewer). The species is allied to S. cuspidatum (to which it is referred by Braithwaite and Lindberg) in its habit and in the disposition of the ducts, to S. subsecundum in the structure of the leaves. 18. S. tenellum, Ehrh. Dioecious, soft and delicate, rarely cespitose, mostly floating, yellowish green or straw-color ; stems loose, slender, very long and flexuous, the cortical cells distant in a double layer ; branches short, solitary or 2 or 3 together, spreading or one of them reflexed : stem-leaves spreading or erect, large, oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire, densely fibrillose, with a few pores in the upper part ; branch-leaves loosely incumbent, comparatively short, ovate-lanceolate, distinctly margined, erose at the apex, strongly fibrillose, with many small pores on the upper surface ; perichoetial leaves loosely imbricate, oblong- lanceolate or Ungulate, fibrillose in the upper part : capsule small, thin-walled, ochraceous : spores large, yellow : male plants in sej^arate tufts ; aments small, orange-color. — Braithw. Sphagnum.] SPHAGXACE^. 21 Spliag, 42, t. 6 ; Lindb. Sphag. 22. S. moUuscum, Bruch. ; Scbimp. Torfm. 71, t. 21. Hab. Peat bogs; rare. Southern New Jersey {Austin); Canada (Fowler); Cascade Mountains, Oregon (Newberry). § 6. Cymbiformia. Plants robust : stem-leaves large, Ungulate or spatulate ; branch-leaves very concave, densely imbri- cate : cortical cells large, fibrillose and porose : ducts thick- loalled, somewhat triangular, medial or near the concave surface of the leaf. 19. S. cymbifolium, Ehrh. Dioecious, densely cespitose when growing out of water, rarely floating, yellowish green or purplish ; stems solid, simple or 2-parted, the cortical cells in 3 or 4 layers ; branches in fascicles of 3 to 5, two of them pen- dent, the rest curved : stem-leaves generally reflexed. Ungulate, rounded and erose at the apex, not margined, the utricles mostly empty or thinly fibrillose toward the apex ; branch-leaves broadly ovate, narrowed and cucullate toward the apex, sca- brous on the back by the perforation of the utricles, which are lai'ge and fibrillose, with few large 23ores, the ducts medial and narrowly oval ; perichtetial leaves small, ovate-lanceolate : cap- sule large, globose, dark-brown, stomatose : spores ferruginous : male plants slender, the aments rather thick, yellow. — Hannov. Mag. 1780, 235 ; Schimp, Torfm. 69, t. 19 ; Braithw. Sphag. 38, t. 5. S. palustre,JAnn.; Lindb. Sphag. 16. S. latifolium, Hedw. S. vulgare, Michx. Fl. ii. 285. Hab. Bogs and mountain rivulets ; common and variable. 20. S. papillosum, Lindb. Much like the last and gen- erally confounded with it. Cortical cells quadrangular, in four layers : stem-leaves rounded and minutely fringed at the apex ; branch-leaves round-ovate, the ducts densely and minutely papillose where in contact with the utricles which enclose them ; perichaBtial leaves oblong, plicate, the utricles empty in the lower part, porose and fibrillose above. — Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. X. 280, and Sphag. 14 ; Austin, Muse. Appal. Exsicc. Suppl. n. 451 ; Braithw. Sphag. 35, t. 4. Hab. New Jersey (Austin); Canada (Fowler); Pennsylvania [E. A. Bau). 21. S. Austini, Stilliv. Pale green, resembling the last two species in size and aspect, differing especially in the stem- leaves distinctly fimbriate, with the utricles porose and fibrillose 22 SPHAGXACE^. [Sphagnum. in the lower part, empty in the upper ; branch-leaves denticulate above the middle and scabrous at the cucuUate apex, with the triangular ducts free on the concave side of the leaf, and the walls of the utricles bordered by a fringe of rudimentary fibres ; perichsetial leaves large, oblong, obtuse, fimbriate at the apex : flowers moncBcious, and the small capsule short-pedicellate. — Icon. Muse. Suppl. 9, t. 1 ; Austin, Muse. Appal. Exsicc. n. 2 ; Braithw. Sphag. 33, t. 3. Hab. Swamps in Ocean County, New Jersey (Austiji, E. A. Rau); also found in Sweden by Lindberg. 22. S. Portoricense, Hampe. Dioecious (?), very large, generally floating, the exposed portion greenish, the immersed grayish brown ; stems solid, the cortical cells in 3 or 4 layers, fibrillose and slightly porose ; branches in fascicles of 4 or 5, some ament-like, attenuate at base, erect or arcuate, others longer, more slender and pendent : stem-leaves appendiculate or substipulate, broadly triangular-ovate, entire, the utricles without pores and with few fibrils; branch-leaves closely imbricate, cucullate and scabrous on the back at the apex, broadly ovate, obtuse, minutely fimbriate all around like the stem-leaves, narrowly margined, the utricles fibrillose and porose and with the walls made papillose by the bases of abor- tive fibrils; ducts as in the last species: fruit unknown. — Linncea, xxv. 359 ; Austin, Muse. Appal. Exsicc. n. 1 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 3, t. 2 ; Braithw. SjDhag. 32, t. 2 ; Lindb. Sphag. 9. S. Sulliv a^itianum, Austin, Am. Journ. Sci. 2 ser., xxxv. 253. Hab. Manchester Pond, Ocean County, New Jersey (Austin); Atlantic County, etc., New Jersey (E. A. Rau). Described by Hampe from specimens collected in Porto Rico. § 7. Cyclophylla. Loosely cespitose: stems short, loith or mostly without short simple ament-like branches : leaves loosely imbricate, orbicular or ovate, broadly obtuse : ducts central, oval, thick-walled : cortical cells large, in a single layer. Plants generally destroyed by drought and an- nually reproduced from the prothallium. 23. S. cyclophyllum, Sulliv. & Lesq. Dia?cious ; plants ament-like, soft, prostrate or erect and loosely cespitose, of a whitish-glaucous color : leaves very large, round-ovate, flaccid, very entire, with two rows of thin marginal cells, the utricles long, flexuous, fibrillose, with minute pores along the borders ; Sphagnum.] SPHAGNA CE^. 23 pericha3tial leaves oblong-ovate, erose or truncate at the apex : capsule globose, small, immersed in the lateral bud-like pericha)- tium : male aments upon short simple tufted branches. — Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (ed. 1), n. 5; SuUiv. Mosses of U. States, 11, Icon. Muse. 13, t. 6, and Suppl. 16, t. 7 ; Lindb. Sphag. 80. S. obtusifoHum, var. turgidum.. Hook. & Wils. in Drumm. Muse. Bor.-Amer. (Coll. II.), n. 17. iS. laricinum, var. cydo- pki/llum, Lindb., in jjart. ; Braithw. Sphag. 47, t. 8, fig. d. Hab, Growing in tufts in depressions in sandstone rocks or in sandy ground in the mountains of the Southern States from Alabama to Florida; floating in deep swamps near New Orleans; southern New Jersey, where it was discovered in fruit by Mr. Austin. 24. S. sedoides, Brid. Loosely cespitose, soft, purplish, the branches very short, scattered, simple or mere bud-like branchlets : leaves closely imbricated, oblong-ovate, obtuse, denticulate at and below the apex, narrowly margined, the utricles fibrillose, rarely porose : fruit unknown. — Bryol. Univ. i. 750; Sulliv. Muse. Allegh. n. 208, Mosses of U. States, 12, and Icon. Muse. 11, t. 6. S. Pylaiei, var. sedoides., Lindb.; Braithw. Sphag. 86, t. 28, B. Considered by Mueller (Syn. i. 92) to be a young state of S. cyinhifolium.. Hab. Springy places, on Table Rock, South Carolina {Gray, Lesque- reux); Mount Marcy, New York (Torrey). 25. S. Fitzgeraldi, Renauld, in litt. Plants in short compact whitish tufts ; stems slender, with a single cortical layer of large rectangular-elongated cellules ; branches single or two together, short, arcuate or pendent : stem-leaves oblong or obovate, truncate and dentate at the apex, auriculate at the base, bordered by two rows of very narrow cells ; the utricles fibrose, without pores ; branch-leaves narrow, linear-oblong, truncate, denticulate at the apex and along the borders to the middle ; the mai-ginal cells and utricles as in the stem-leaves ; ducts medial, nearly square, much smaller than the utricles, but free on the lower and upper surface : flowers and fruit unknown. Hab. Florida, on decaying leaves of palmetto (C. 77. Fitzgerald). Species allied to ^S. sedoides, Brid., differing in the stem-leaves, obovate and auriculate at base, those of the branches narrow, nearly linear, den- ticulate to the middle, truncate at the apex, and in the small square free intermediate ducts. 26. S. Pylaesii, Brid. Dioecious, loosely cespitose, reddish brown, more robust than the preceding ; branches solitary or 24 SPHAGNACE^. [Sphagnum. fascicled in twos or threes, short, arcuate, filiform : leaves of the stem, branches and perichaatium oblong-ovate, broadly obtuse, entire or erose at the apex : capsule small, globose, immersed on short lateral branches : male plants more robust, the aments in the upper slightly inflated branches. — Bryol. Univ. i. 749; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 12, t. 6, and Suppl. 15, t. 6; BraithAV. Sphag. 85, t. 28, excl. var. S. cymbifoliwn, forma Juuenilis, Muell. Syn. i. 92. ^iS". sedoides, var., Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (ed. 1), n. 4. Hab. Same as the preceding; stagnant marshes, Southern New Jersey, in fruit (Austin, J. Donnell Smith), §8. Abnormia. Ste7ns and branch-leaves with porose cells and no fibres. Plants of large size, shining wheii dry. 27. S. macrophyllum, Bernh. Dioecious, very long, generally floating, dark olive-green or brown ; stems solid, with a double or triple layer of thick-walled transversely oval or subquadrate cells ; branches in fascicles of 3 or 4, diverging and spreading : stem-leaves small, ovate, enlarged at base, tapering to an obtuse apex, entire ; branch-leaves rigid, nar- rowly lanceolate, subulate, denticulate at the convolute apex, the utricles long and fusiform, with pores in longitudinal rows in the middle, the nearly circular thin-walled ducts central and free on both sides : 2>ericha3tium lateral and tufted, with oblong-lanceolate obtuse leaves, denticulate at the apex : cap- sule globose, short-pedicellate : spores sulphur-yellow, tetrahe- dral and papillose : male flowers unknown. — Brid. Bryol. Univ. i. 10 ; Sulliv. Muse. Allegh. n. 207, Mosses of U. States, 12, and Icon. Muse. 1, t. 1. ; Braithw. Sphag. 87, t. 29 ; Lindb. Sphag. 72. Var. Floridanum, Aust. Areoles of the leaves twice as long as in the normal form, with 40 to 70 minute pores in two rows. — Bull. Torrey Club, vii. 15. S. cribrosum, Lindb. Sphag. 74. Hab. Swamps of the Southern States, from New Jersey to Florida, rarely fruiting; the variety in Florida (Austin, J. Donnell Smith). Andrecea.] ANDEE^ACE^. 25 Order II. ANDRE^ACE^. Schizocarpous Mosses. Plants ascending from a prostrate rooting base, of dark color and generally black, branching by innovations from under the flower-bearing apex, and dichotomous. Leaves thickish, open or falcate-secund, papillose or warty ; areolation circular or hexagonal in the upj^er part, quadrate in the lower, sinuous- vermicular at base. Flowers monoecious or dicecious, terminal, gemmiform. Calyptra very thin, closely adherent. Capsule oval, immersed in the large perichsetium before maturity and then protruded by the elongation of the receptacle or vaginule, splitting from the collum upward into 4 or rarely 6 equal seg- ments, which cohere at the quadrangular apex. Spores small, at first coherent by fours in glomerules. Plants cespitose, growing on rocks in alpine or subalpine localities; all the American species monoecious. 1. ANDREW A, Ehrh. (PI. 1.) The only genus. Characters as of the Order. 1. A. petrophila, Ehrh. Leaves spreading, rarely secund, ovate and oblong-lanceolate, concave, oblique at the hyaline crenulate apex, papillose on the back, ecostate; perichaetial leaves convolute, light-yellow. — Beitr. i. 192 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 628 ; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl., i. 6, t. 1, A. A. rupestris, Hedw. H AB. Wet granitic rocks, on high mountains ; very variable. 2. A. rupestris, Turn. Leaves erect, subimbricate at the ovate base, open, linear-lanceolate, spreading, incurved or sub- secund at the * apex ; costa depressed, excurrent ; areolation punctiforra, striate. — Muse. Col. Hyb. Spec. 14 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 631. Jnngermannia rupestris, Linn. Fl.-Suec. 1045. A. Eothii, Web. & Mohr ; Braithw. 1. c. 12, t. 2, A. Hab. On rocks, with the preceding; common in the mountains of Georgia and Carolina, descending to the plains northward. On gneiss rocks near Yonkers, New York, on the borders of the Hudson [E. C. Howe). 26 ANDEE^ACE^. [Andrecea. 3. A. crassinervia, Bruch. Stem prostrate, fragile : leaves falcate-secund, oblong at base, abruptly lanceolate, cuspidate by the semiterete excurrent costa, papillose at the apex ; jDericlioetial leaves large : capsule small, short-necked. — Denkschr. Acad. Muench. 1828, 279, t. 10 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 633 ; Braithw. 1. c. 11, t. 1, C. Hab. Mountains of New England (Oakes). Order III. BRYACE^. True Mosses. Plants generally low and tufted, from a filiform prothallium, with short, fleshy or hard, elongated, round or slightly com- pressed, rarely angular stems, either rooting at base and erect, bearing the organs of fructification at the apex {Acrocarpi) and continued by innovations from below the flowers, or pro- cumbent and creeping, rooting at intervals through their whole length, and bearing flowers on short lateral branches ( Clado- carjn), or in buds at the axils of the leaves {Pleuro carpi). Leaves inserted at right angles to the stems, open-spreading or oblique-erect, comj^osed of a single layer of cells, rarely of two or three, simple-nerved in the middle or binerved at base or nerveless. Flowers gemmaceous or inclosed in involucral leaves {perichoitium, and perigonium)^ rarely discoid or ex- posed to view, surrounded by open involucral leaves at the apex of the stems, synoecious, autoecious, monoecious or dioecious. Capsule globular, oblong, oval or cylindrical, traversed length- wise by the columella, irregularly breaking around in the middle at maturity for the emission of spores, or more gen- erally opening at its upper part by a cover {op>erci(lum) de- tached by the inflation of the cells of the annulus and ex- 230sing the orifice, which is either naked {gymnostome) or surrounded by a simple or double peristome attached to the inner border of the capsule. The simple or outer peristome is composed of 4 to 32 teeth or more, coherent in pairs ; the inner is formed of a yellowish pellucid membrane attached to BKYACE^. 27 the inner base of the teeth, dividing above into 16 lanceolate double segments, which are carinate on the outside by the cohesion of the segments their whole length, or cleft along the divisural hne and disjoined, or adhering merely by promi- nent articulations and thus perforated on the keel ; segments alternating with the teeth of the external peristome and often separated by 1 to 3 filiform articulate or more rarely transversely laciniate or appendiculate cilia. Spores of one kind only, till- ing the inner sac of the capsule, dispersing at maturity and producing by germination the filiform prothalliuni, from which sprout the primitive buds of the plants. Systematic Arrang-ement of Tribes and Genera. Series I. ACROCARPI. Flowers terminal, becoming lateral only by innovations from under the flowers. A. Dehiscence of the capsule irregular, transverse. Teibe I. PHASCE^. Plants minute. Leaves soft, very loosely areo- late. Capsule globular, immersed, subsessile or short-pedicellate. « Plants bud-like, on a persistent prothallium. Leaves nerveless, except in one species. Calyptra minute, closely adhering. 1. Micronaitrium. Calyptra larger, campanulate. 2. Ephemerum. * * Leaves distinctly nerved, Prothallium none. Caulescent. Capsule globose, apiculate. Calyptra campanulate. 3. Physcomitrella. Stemless. Capsule enclosed in a cluster of imbricate concave leaves. 4. Spheerangium. Caulescent. Capsule pedicellate. Calyptra cucullate. 5. Phascum. Plants larger; stems divided. Capsule ovate. Calyptra cucullate. 6. Pleuridium. Stemless. Leaves more closely areolate, mi- nutely papillose on the back. 7. Microbryum. Caulescent. Capsule apophysate, except in one species. Calyptra mitrate. 8. Bruchia. Capsule globose. Calyptra irregularly torn. Spores very large and few. 9. Archidium. B. Capsule dehiscing by a deciduous operculum. Tkibe II. WEISIE^^. Plants cespitose. Leaves simply costate; areo- lation opaque, punctiform or quadrate, generally papillose in the upper part, oblong-hexagonal, pellucid or chlorophyllose in the 28 BRYACEJE. lower. Operculum rostrate, cucullate. Peristome simple or none. Calyptra * Peristome none. Plants small. Capsule erect ; operculum strongly adherent. Plants larger. Operculum long-beaked, de- ciduous. Plants large, dicliotomously divided, as in Pleurocar2:>L 10. Astomum. 11. Gymnostomum. 12. Anoectaiigium.. * * Peristome simple, of 16 teeth, iri-egularly splitting or perforated Plants small. Capsule long-pedicellate. Teeth tj'ansversely articulate, entire or perforated. Plants large. Periclia3tium sheathing. Teeth more distinctly articulate, entire or bitid at apex. Leaves soft, coarsely papillose, serrulate above. Capsule sliglitly curved. Leaves minutely papillose on both faces. Cap- sule striate, erect. Leaves minutely crenulate. Capsule short, ovate, with a distinct collum regular or strumose. Teeth irregularly split. Leaves enlarged, sheathing at base, irregularly serrulate. Teeth 2-3-cleft to the middle. 13. Weisia. 14. Dicranoweisia. 15. Oreoweisia. 16. Rhabdoweisia. n. Cynodontium. 18. Dichodontium. * * * Teeth regularly bifid to the middle (Dicranoid). Leaves smooth; basilar areolation quadrate, enlarged at the angles. Leaves lanceolate-subulate. Capsule arcuate with a long narrow collum. 19. Trematodon. 20. Angstroemia. 21. Dicranella. Stems nearly simple, filiform. Capsule small, erect, subglobose. Plants small. Capsule cernuous. Segments of the teeth filiform, granulose. Plants large. Leaves spreading or secund, not or scarcely sheathing; costa strong, more or less dilated toward the base. Leaves long, setaceous-subulate, the upper part filled by the broad costa ; basilar areo- lation nuicli enlarged, brown at the angles. Capsule on a curved flexuous pedicel. Calyp- tra cucullate, ciliate at base. Plants frondose. Leaves distichous, conduplicate in the lower part, alate on the back, expanded above into a simply costate lamina. Peri- stome of Dicraiium. {Subtribe Fissidente^. ) Frond-like; not aquatic. 25. Pissidens. Plants slender, branching and floating. Leaves distant. 26. Conomitrium. Plants soft, spongy, whitish yellow. Leaves thick, composed of three superposed layers of cells, with intercellular simple narrow ducts. ( Subtribe Leucobrye^. ) Peristome of Dicranum. 27. Leucobryum. 22. Dicranum. 23. Dicranodontium. 24. Campylopus. BKYACE^. 29 29. 30. Ceratodon. Trichodon. Peristome of 8 stort teeth. 28. Octoblepharum. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, clasping at base, open, spreading or disti- chous; costa strong, percurrent. Capsule ovate-cylindrical, erect or inclined, long-pedicellate. Teeth of tlie peristome 16, divided to near the base into two equal strongly articulate segments, or irregu- larly split; none in EustirJaa. (Siibtrihe Ceratouoxte^.) Leaves strongly costate. Capsule ovate-oblong, striate. Leaves long-subulate from an oblong sheathing base. Capsule narrow, cylindrical. Leaves distichous, subulate from the half- clasping base. Leaves distichous, canaliculate-plicate, closely unbricate. 32. Eustichia. Plants generally minute. Leaves open, narrow. Capsule erect, tumid at the collum, turbinate when dry. Peristome none, or simple, and of 16 smooth acute or obtuse teeth. (Subtribe Seligeiue^.) Peristome none. Plants small. Peristome of without a divisural line. 31. Distichium. 33. Anodus. 16 teeth, solid. Plants large. Areolation of the leaves enlarged, orange-colored at the basal angles. Plants very small. Calyptramitriform. Teeth hyaline-punctulate. Plants small ; pedicel long, slender, geniculate. Teeih subulate. 34. Seligeria. Blindia. Brachyodus. 37. Campylosteleum. 35 36 Tkibe III. POTTIES. Branches fastigiate by innovations. Leaves with a parenchymatose quadrate-hexagonal areolation. papillose and chlorophyllose in the upper part, dilated and byaline at base. Capsule erect, narrowly oval or cylindrical. Peristome rarely absent, generally of 16 flat membranous teeth, sometimes simple or rudimentary, mostly split to the base into 32 terete filiform obscurely articulate segments. Capsule immersed. Peristome none. Capsule erect, pedicellate. Peristome none or imperfect, of 16 flat teeth. Teeth slender, linear-lanceolate, confluent at base, entire or cleft above. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, glossy. Teeth cleft to the base into two linear unequal segments. Leaves gradually lengthening from the base upward. Teeth cleft to the base into two equal very papillose, half-terete segments, entire or irregularly interrupted. Leaves ovate or obovate. Segments subterete or tetragonal-filiform, free or irregularly transversely connate, erect or slightly twisted to the left. Columella projecting beyond the orifice. Teeth divided to the base into long filifornr segments, twisted to the left, borne upon a more or less elongated tessellate membrane. 38. Pharomitrium. 39. Pottia. 40. Didymodon. 41. Leptotrichum. 42. Trichostomum. 43. Desmatodon. 44. Barbula. 30 BRYACE^. Calyptra cucul- TrjBE IV. GRIMMIE^. Plants tufted or pulvinate. Leaves short, solid, often piliferoiis-acuminate; areolation dense, obscure, puncti- forni, minutely round-quadrate and chloropliyllose above. Capsule regular, on a straight or arcuate pedicel. Teeth 16, transversely articulate, entire, cribrose or variously cleft, rarely absent. Calyptra generally niitriform, sometimes split on one side or lobed. Plants floating in long tufts, late. Teeth cancellate. Leaves hair-pointed. Calyptra lobate-mitrate. Capsule emerging on an arcuate pedicel; teeth cribrose or lacunose. Plants pulvinate. Capsule immersed. Teeth cribrose. Capsule immersed. Lid persistent. Teeth 32. Capsule on a short curved pedicel. Teeth none, or cleft or perforated. Capsule erect on a straight pedicel. Plants large. Calyptra niitriform-subulate. Teeth irregularly cleft to below the middle, or to the base into two filiform segments. 45. Cinclidotus. 4G. Grimmia. Subgen. ScJiistidium. Subgen. Scoiileria. Subgen. Gasterogrimmia. Subgen. Gumbelia. 47. Racomitrmm. Leaves hyaline, ciliate at apex. Capsule im- mersed. Peristome none. Capsule long-pedicelled, pyrif orm or turbinate. 48. 49. Hed"w^igia. Braunia. Tribe V. ORTHOTRICHE^. Plants tufted. Leaves of close texture, as in Grimmia. Calyptra mitriform (cucullate in n. 53 and 54), plicate, often hairy. Peristome rarely absent, simple or double, the outer of 8 bigeminate or 16 geminate flat short lanceolate entire or perforated teeth, the inner lanceolate segments. of 8 or 16 simple filiform cilia or Calyptra Teeth cribrose. the capsule to the base. Calyptra covering the capsule to the middle. Teeth narrowly lanceolate. Calyptra covering the capsule to below the base, plicate and cleft at base. Teeth entire. Capsule striate, urceolate. Calyptra cucullate. Calyptra large, cuculliform. Teeth short, truncate. Leaves long, flexuous, crisp when dry. Calyp- tra hairy. Leaves shorter, striate when dry. Capsule mostly immersed, 8-16-striate. Calyptra campauulate, naked or hairy. Calyptra campanulate, plicate, laciniate at base. Calyptra campanulate, not plicate. Teeth spirally revohite. Calyptra very large, cylindrical-campanulate, covering the whole capsule. Calyptra twisted, persistent, plicate, con- stricted at base, enclosing the capsule. Peristome none. 50. 51. Coscinodon. Pty chomitrium . 52. Glyphomitrium. 53. Amphoridium. 54. Drummondia. 55. Ulota. 56. Orthotrichum. 57. Macromitrium. 58. 59. Schlotheimia. Encalypta. 60. Calsonperes. I / BRYACE^. 31 Calyptra cucullate-dimidiate. Peristome of 16 horizontal teeth. 61. Syrrhopodon. Tribe VI. TETRAPHIDE^. Plants tnfted. Leaves and areolation nearly as in Brye(B. Peristome composed of tlie cellular part of the lid, divided into 4 broadly lanceolate teeth. Caulescent. Calyptra thin, white, reddish at apex. 62. Tetraphis. Stemless. Calyptra covering the capsule to the base. 63. Tetrodontium. Tkibe VII. DISCELIE^. Plants gemmiform, very small. Leaves not costate. Capsuje oval, pedicellate. Peristome of 16 simple teeth, split at base. Character of the Tribe. 64. Discelium. Tribe VIII. SCHISTOSTEGE^. Plants annual, from a colored pro- thallium, delicate, dimorphous; the sterile frondit'orm, with leaves verticillate and confluent at base; the fertile frondiform in the lower part only, with apical flowers and a few minute horizontally tufted leaves. Ca^Dsule small. Peristome none. Single genus. 65. Schistostega. Tribe IX. SPLACHNE^. Plants and leaves of soft loose texture. Male flowers discoid. Capsule witli an apophysis varying in shape and size. * Calyptra mitriform. Apophysis not discolored by age. Leaves ovate or spatulate, obtuse. Peristome of 16 short or truncate teetli. (SQ. Dissodon. Leaves long, spatulate-acuminate. Teeth of the peristome long, attached below the ori- fice of the capsule. 67. Tayloria. * * Calyptra small, conic, entire or cucullate. Apophysis discolored by age. Leaves more densely reticulate. Teeth solid, bigeminate. 68. Tetraplodon. Leaves tufted; areolation very loose. Apo- physis enlarged after maturity, becoming . subglobose and colored. 69. Splachnum. Tkibe X. PHYSCOMITIIIE^. Plants short, soft. Leaves large; areo- lation very larj^e, hyaline. Capsule rarely symmetrical, generally cornuous and gibbous. Peristome absent or of 16 teeth, inclined to the right, with an inner membrane divided into irregular segments or rudimentary. Calyptra large, tetragonal, enfolding the cap- snie. * ' » ' = 70. Pyramidula. Capsule subglobose, splitting in the middle at maturity without decoloration on tlie line of separation. 71. Aphanorhegma. Capsule pyriform, regularly dehiscent; orifice narrow. Peristome none. 72. Physcomitrmm. Capsule cernuous or pyriform. Peristome of 16 articulate teeth. 73. Entosthodon. 32 BEYACEiE. Capsule cernnous, or erect at base, curved above. Peristome of 16 teeth curved to the right, with an internal membrane rudi- mentary or divided into segments. 74. Funaria. Tkibe XL BARTRAMIE^. Leaves papillose on both faces; areolation minute, quadrate in the upper part of the leaves. Capsule nearly spherical, cernuous, ribbed when dry. Peristome none, simple or double. Stems erect, tomentose, with dichotomous branches. Teeth of the peristome, when formed, attached to the basilar membrane above the orifice. Plants small. Leaves 5-ranked, imbricate. Teeth of the peristome connivent in a cone. Plants long, branching in dichotomous inno- vations and fasciculate branchlets. 75. Bartramia. 76. Conostonaum. 77. Philonotis. Tkibe XII. MEESIE^E. Leaves 3-8-ranked. Capsule long-pedicellate and long-necked, cernuous. Peristome double; outer teeth much shorter than the 16 segments of the carinate membrane, absent in CatoscopitLm. Capsule very small, globose, thick, black. Teeth of the peristome short. 78. Leaves thin, remote, very loosely areolate, peUucid. 79. Areolation of the leaves small, rectangular, chlorophyllose. 80. Stems nearly simple. Leaves abruptly re- flexed from the middle. Peristome of Webera. Catoscopium. Amblyodon. Meesia. 81. Paludella. Tribe XIII. BRYE^. Plants of various size. Leaves simply costate, generally dentate; areolation equal, smooth. Capsule globose, ovate or pyrlform, cernuous, horizontal or pendent, very rarely erect. Peristome generally double; teeth transversely barred; inner mem- brane divided into segments alternating with the teeth, generally separated by cilia. Peristome simple. Teeth narrowly linear, with nodose articulation. Leaves narrow, subulate. Capsule long- necked. Peristome double. Cilia appen- diculate. Leaves lanceolate, glossy, thinly costate: are- olation narrow, linear-hexagonal. Capsule short-necked. Inner membrane broad ; cilia smooth. Capsule thinner, long-necked, horizontal. Inner membrane narrow: segments en- tire; cilia none or very short. Cellules of the areolation rhombic-hexagonal, loose, solid. Capsule pyriform, mostly reg- ular. Teeth of the peristome lobed; seg- ments adhering to the peristome or free; cilia fragmentary, or 2 or 3, generally ap- pendicuiate, — Inner peristome free ; mem- 82, Mielichhoferia. 83, Leptobryum. 84, "Webera, proper Subgen. Polilia. I BRYACEJE. 83 brane large; segments perf ect, witli 2 or 3 appeiidicLilate cilia. Cilia and segments adhering to the teeth. Cilia and segments free; cilia more or less perfect. Plants large. Comal leaves rosulate. Flowers dioecious, discoid. Leaves soft, gi'eenish white. Capsule very long-necked, recurved. Plants and leaves large. Upper leaves rosu- late; areolation very large, round-hexagonal. Teeth of the peristome short, adhering to a long cupuliforin reticulated inner mem- brane pierced at top by the columella. Leaves long, solid. Capsule obconical, cer- nuous, enlarged at the orifice. Peristome double, perfect. Capsule erect, cylindrical-oblong. Teeth long; membrane short, entire or divided into seg- ments; cilia none. Plants radiculose-tomentose. Leaves densely areolate. Capsule oblong, cernuous. Peri- stome of 3fntuiii. {Suhtribe Aulacomnie-^. ) Leaves subequal; areolation round-hexagonal, papillose in the upper part. Capsule oblong, horizcntal, obscurely striate. Peristome double; outer teeth connate at base; inner membrane divided into nodose filiform ap- pendiculate segments or cilia united in fours. (Subtribe Timmie^.) 85. Brynm, proper. Subgen. Pty choslomum. Subgen. Cladodium. Subgen. Bhodobryum. 86. Zieria. 87. Mnium. 88. Cinclidiuni. 89. Rhizogonium. 90. Leptotheca. 91. AulacomniurQ. 92. Timmia. Tribe XIV. POLYTRICHE^. Plants woody, late inside. Peristome simple, of 32 or 64 adhering to the membranous enlarged top of Leaves not sheathing at base. Calyptra cu- cullate, spinulose at the apex only. Peri- stome of 32 teeth. Leaves subtubulose at apex. Calyptra large, sparsely hairy. Capsule thin. Teeth ir- regular. Calyptra very narrow, smooth. Capsule oval- globose, incurved and laterally compressed. Leaves thick, clasping at base; lamelljB cover- ing the whole lamina. Capsule cylindrical- Leaves thick, lamel- solid linguiform teeth, the columella. 93. Atrichum. 94. 95. oblong. Plants large. Capsule quadrate or hexagonal on a short subglobose apophysis. Teeth 64. 96. 97. Oligotrichum. Psilopilum. Pogonatum. Polytrichum. Tribe XV. BUXBAUMIE^. Stemless plants with large oblique ventricose capsules. Peristome double, the outer rudimentary, the inner membranous, twisted into a 16-32-plicate truncate cone. Basilar leaves Ungulate. Capsule yellowish green, gibbous-ovate. 98. Diphiscium. Leaves dentate-ciliate, not costate. Capsule solid, blackish. 99. Buxbaumia. 34 BRYACE^. Series II. CLADOCARPI. Fruit terminal on short lateral branches. Tkibe XVI. FONTINALE^. Aquatic plants, rooting at base only, floating. Leaves thin. Flcnvers direcious. Calyptra cucullate. Teetli of the double peristome linear; inner membrane divided into long cilia forming a latticed cone by transverse partitions, or the cilia free, longer than the teetb, appendiculate. Cilia united into a cone by transverse parti- tions. 100. Fontinalis. Cilia simple or appendiculate, latticed in the upper part only. 101. Dichelyma. Series III. PLEUROCARPI. Fruit lateral, sessile upon the stems or branches. Flowers in axillary buds. Tribe XVII. NECKERE^. Primary stems creeping; the secondary erect or creeping, witli dichotomous or pinnate branches. Leaves smootli, minutely areolate. Caj^sule generally immersed in the perichietium. Calyptra cucullate-conical, often hairy. Peristome simple or double, rarely absent. Peristome double; teeth linear-lanceolate; segments very narrow, linear; cilia none. Calyptra rough or papillose. 102. Cryphsea. Peristome simple. Vaginule and calyptra hairy. 103. Leptodon. Secondary stems dendroid ; paraphyllia multi- form. Peristome double; segments long- linear, enlarged and carinate at base, with or without cilia. 104. Alsia. Plants erect or pendent. Leaves flat, glossy. Peristome double; inner membrane divided into filiform segments. 105. Neckera. Plants distichous. Leaves diverging side- wise, cultriform. Capsule long-pedicellate. Peristome double. 106. Homalia. Plants long, pendent. Leaves cordate-clasp- ing. Peristome double. 107. Meteorium. Tribe XVIIL LEUCODONTE^. Primary stems creeping; the sec- ondary erect or pendent, simple or ramose. Leaves solid, sub- scarious, plicate lengthwise; areolation in distinct rows, punctiform- angular. Calyptra large, cucullate. Leaves deciirrent, not costate. Peristome simple; teeth distantly articulate, 2-3-cleft at apex. 108. Leucodon. Leaves slightly papillose on the back. Peri- stome double. Teeth short; segments short, imperfect; cilia none. 109. Pterigynandrum. Leaves scarious, glossy; areolation very small, smooth. Calyptra sparingly hairy. Peri- stome doulile ; segments half as long as the teeth. Cilia none. 110. Pterog'Oniuin. I ERYACEJE. 35 Calyptra smootli. Peristome double. Teeth narrowly lanceolate-subulate; segments shorter than the teeth, subulate; basilar membrane none. 111. Antitrichia. Tribe XIX. HOOKERTE^. Plants small, soft, hypnoid; areolation large. Calyptra conical-mitrate. Peristome double. Leaves bicostate, often margined, more or less distinctly serrate. 112. Hookeria. Leaves plane, large, very obtuse, not costate; areolation very large. 113. Pterygophyllum. Tribe XX. FABRONIE^. Plants very small. Leaves thin, delicate, ciliate-dentate or entire. Capsule pyriform, with a distinct coUum. Calyptra cucullate, split on one side. Peristome simple or none. Leaves delicate, not costate, dentate-ciliate. Calyptra thin. 114. Fabronia. Plants more robust. Leaves entire, thinly costate to the middle. Peristome double; segments shorter than the teeth. 115. Anacamptodon. Plants very small. Leaves squarrose when moist, entire. Peristome simple. 116. Habrodon. Plants minute. Leaves minutely serrulate above. Capsule thin, constricted under the orifice. Teeth of the simple peristome very irregular. 117. Clasmatodon. Tribe XXL LESKEACE^. Primary stems creeping. Leaves soft, areolation minute, hexagonal, papillose and chlorophyllose above, hexagonal-rectangular below. Capsule symmetrical, erect or curved. Peristome double; teeth linear-lanceolate, subulate; segments shorter than the teeth; cilia none or rudimentary, rarely perfect. Plants glaucous yellow. Leaves pellucid; cells conspicuously papillose. Capsule cy- lindrical, erect; membrane broad, carinate, without segments. 118. Thelia. Branches julaceous. Leaves glaucous green, closely imbricate. Capsule suberect, long- pedicellate, inflated at the coUum. Peri- stome double, perfect. 119. Myurella. Plants small. Leaves soft, costate, papillose on both faces (except in one species). Cap- sule oblong, erect or subarcuate, thin. Seg- ments of the peristome narrow, linear; cilia none. 120. Leskea. Leaves with a minute chlorophyllose puncti- form obscure areolation, papillose on both faces. Capsule erect, cylindrical-oblong, regular. Teeth pale; segments short, nar- rowly linear. 121. Anomodon. Tribe XXIL ORTHOTHECIE^. Plants in wide yellow mats. Leaves smooth; areolation narrowly rhomboidal or linear, quadrate at the basal angles. Capsule erect, symmetrical. Peristome double. 36 BKYACE^. Ijeaves densely crowded, glossy, not costate. Calyptra dimidiate, long, twisted. Seg- ments of tlie peristome narrowly linear, as long as the teeth; cilia none. Leaves spreading or subsecund, not costate, glossy. Teeth of tlie peristome hyaline- bordered; segments linear-subulate, longer than tlie teetli; cilia rudimentary. Leaves long, thinly costate. Calyptra hairy. Capsule soft, regular. Membrane narrow; segments shorter than the teeth, with or without cilia. Plants large, more or less compressed. Leaves costate, entire. Capsule cylindrical, long- pedicellate. Teeth distantly articulate; seg- ments very narrowly linear; cilia none. Plants lai'ge, dendroid. Leaves in two forms, squamiform on the stems. Calyptra long, dimidiate, clasping the top of the pedicel. Capsule oblong-cylindrical, long and long- pedicellate, yegments as long as the teeth, cleft to the base; cilia none. Plants yellow. Leaves sulcate, not costate. Capsule erect or slightly incurved. Teeth of the peristome hyaline-bordered ; segments as long, linear; cilia short or none. 122. Platygyrium. 123. Pylaisia. 124. Homalothecmm. 125. Cylindrothecium. 126. Climacmm. 127. Orthothecium. Tribe XXIIL HYPNE^. Plants of very variable habit. Leaves of diverse forms, spreading or squarrose, rarely erect, often secund or falcate, with or without costa or bicostate at base, generally scarious, smooth and glossy; areolation parenchymatous, more or less nar- rowed, sometimes very narrow and vermicular, quadrate and en- larged at the basal angles. Vaginule attached to a perichajtial generally rooting branchlet. Calyptra cucullate. Capsule long- pedicellate, cernuous or horizontal, more or less incurved. Peri- stome double, generally perfect, with 2 or 3 cilia appendiculate or articulate. — A single genus, represented in this work by nearly 200 species, divided into 28 subgenera, which are considered as genera by most recent bryologists. 128. Hypnum. Series I. ACROCARPI. Fruit terminal, becoming lateral only when thrown aside by innovations from under the flowers. A. CLETSTOCARPI. — Capsule falling off with the pedicel or from it at maturity, dehiscing irregularly transversely in the middle for the emission of the spores. Tribe I. PHASCE^. Plants very small, soft. Leaves loosely areolate. Capsule globular, immersed, subsessile or short-pedicellate. Ephemerum.] ERYACE^. 37 1. Plants stemless,from a more or less persistent prothallium. 1. MIOROMITRIUM, Aust. Plants scarcely visible without the glass. Leaves ecostate. Inflorescence syncEcious. Cajjsule globose, apiculate or point- less. Calyptra very small, closely adherent. Spores few, large. Scarcely distinct from Ephemerum. 1. M. megalosporum, Aust. Leaves broadly ovate lanceolate, obtusely serrate : capsule pale, globose, apiculate ) vaginule large, ovate, truncate ; calyptra concentric : spores nearly smooth. — Muse. Appal, n. 47 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 20, 1. 11. Ephemerum teiieriim, Bruch ; Bryol. Eur. 1. 1. Nano- mitrium teiierum, Lindb. Manip. Muse. ii. 409. Hac. On broken clayey ground, with the following; very rare [Austin), 2. M. Austini, Aust. Leaves oj^en, recurved, lingulate- lanceolate, remotely serrate in the upper part : capsule apicu- late ; calyptra concentric : spores slightly papillose, of \ the diameter of the preceding. — Muse. Appal, n. 45 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 21, t. 12. Ephemerum Austini., Sulliv. Ms. Hab. Wet ground in woods ; Closter, New Jersey (J.u.sit)i). 3. M. synoicum, Aust. Much like the last : leaves longer, more distant, erect, obscurely serrulate : capsule pointless, sometimes in pairs in the same pericliaetium ; calyptra gen- erally excentric or on one side of the capsule : spores a little smaller and papillose. — Muse. Appal, n. 46 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 22, t. 13. Ephemerum synoic'um, James, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (1865), 106 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. (2 ed.), n. 27. Hab. Sides of ditches in clayey ground near Camden, New Jersey, and around Philadelphia (James). 2. EPHEMERUM, Hampe. Pseudo-dioecious. Flowers gemmiform ; female buds gre- garious upon the same prothallium. Calyptra campanulate. Capsule globose-ovate, apiculate. Leaves nerved, except in the first sijecies. Plants slightly stouter. * Leaves not costate. 1. E. serratum, Hampe. Prothallium dark green : leaves oblong or lanceolate-acuminate, coarsely and irregularly serrate 38 BEYACE^. [Epiiemerum. or subciliate : capsule dark purple, shining. — Linneea, xii. 552 ; Muell. Syn. i. 31 ; Bryol. Eur. 1. 1. JPhascum serratum, Schreb. Phase. 9, t. 2 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 14. Var. angustifoliura, Schimp. Leaves narrower, linear- lanceolate, obtusely and distantly serrate : capsule smaller, longer pedicellate, globose-ovate to conical, more distinctly apiculate : spores smaller. — Ephemerum minutissimuni, Lindb. Manip. Muse. ii. 411. Hab. Broken fields, on the ground, in winter or early spring. Closter, New Jersey [Austin); California (Bolander). The variety at Cambridge, Massachusetts (James), and at the Carlton House, Saskatch- ewan (Brummond). * * Leaves costate. 2. E. crassinervium, Hampe. Leaves long, lanceolate, subulate, flexuous, erect, more or less coarsely and irregularly serrate on the borders toward the apex and on the back of the costa, which is flatter and often disappears at the base, but is continuous to the apex : capsule short-pedicellate : spores large, papillose. — Muell. Syn. i. 33 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 17, t. 8. Phascwn crassinervium^ Schwaeg. Suppl. i. 4, t. 2; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 14. Hab. Moist clay ground and open fields ; common and very variable. 3. E. spinulosum, Bruch & Schimp. Differs from the last in the narrow very soft leaves having the costa (loosely areolate and effaced near the base) excurrent into a long soft hyaline spinulose arista, and in the loosely areolate membrane of the capsule. — Schimp. Syn. 6, and Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 139. Phascwn crassinervium^ var. (?), Sulliv. 1. c, 14. Hab. Same as the preceding. 4. E. papillosum, Aust. Closely allied to E. crassiner- vium, differing in the narrower leaves, with equally distant serratures and papillose on both sides, and in the mitriform calyptra, distinctly papillose. — Muse. Appal, n. 50 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 19, t. 10. Hab. On thin soil, upon rocks; Palisades, New Jersey [Austin). 5. E. hystrix, Lindb. Plants larger: leaves slightly ex- ceeding the capsule, open-erect or subsecund, rigid, cannliculate- carinate, narrowly lanceolate-subulate, very acute, long-spinu- lose upon both sides and on the margins ; costa thick, not dis- tinctly defined, continuous, nearly filling the subulate point: M Physcomitrella.] BRYACE^. 39 capsule sessile, large, globose, very shortly eonic-rostellate ; calyptra minutely papillose : spores very large, minutely tuber- culate. — Manip. Muse. ii. 411. Phascum serratuM, var. an- gustifolium^ Drumm. Muse. Bor.-Am. (Coll. II.) n. 2, in part. Hab. Louisiana, with E. spinulosum [Drummond]. This species, like the two preceding, is apparently only a marked variety of the polymorphous and common E. crassinernium. 6. E. cohserens, Muell. Prothallium thin, yellowish green : leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate above ; costa effaced at base, continuous upward to the apex : cajjsule subglobose with a short obtuse point, iDurplish brown. — Syn. i. 32 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 1. Pliascimx cohcerens, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 25, t. 1, figs. 1-6 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 15. Hab. Clay banks along streams, common and variable. 7. E. stenophyllum, Schimp. Leaves erect, narrowly lanceolate-subulate, serrate or nearly entire at the apex ; costa loosely areolate, scarcely distinct except toward the apex where it passes into a short entire point ; cells chloro})hyllose. — Syn. (1 ed.), 5. Phascxmi stenophyllum, Voit. PJ. sessile, Muell. ; Bryol. Eur. t. 2 ; Sulliv., 1. c, 14. PJ. pallidum, Schimp. Syn. (2 ed.), 5 ; recorded as sent by Sullivant in 1842. Hab. On clay soil, Ohio; Closter, New Jersey [Austin.). 2. Plants with short stem,s : prothallium, none. 3. PHYSCOMITRELLA, Schimp. Stems radiculose at base. Leaves spreading or reflexed, nar- rowly costate, dentate. Capsule thin, soft, globose. Calyptra campanulate, fugacious, vesicular when young. 1. P. patens, Schimp.* Plants subcespitose, pale green: stem very short : leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper obovate- * Aphanoregma sekratum, Sulliv., differs from this species only In the regular dehiscence of the capsule, which divides in the middle and is therefore considered as operculate or stegocarpous, though no decoloration nor any kind of modification of texture is observable on the line of dis- ruption. But for this regular dehiscence Aphanoregma should be de- scribed here merely as a variety of Physcomitrella patens. It is there- fore a remarkable connecting link between the Ephemerece and the PhyscomitriecB, which resemble each other also in the areolation of the leaves. It is from these considerations that Lindberg and some other 40 BRYACE^. [Si)h(jErangium. acuminate, rosulate, serrate above, costate to near the apex : antheridia sessile in the axil of a leaf, or in young plants termi- nal in the buds and becoming lateral by the growth of the female flower : capsule immersed, or pedicellate and exserted. — Bryol. Eur. t. 3. Fhascuin patens^ Hedw. Stirp. Crypt, i. 28, t. 10; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 15. Hab. Wet clayey or sandy grouud in bottoms, on the banks of rivers, etc. ; not rare in Ohio. 4. SPH^RANGIUM, Schimp. Plants gemmiform, very small, gregarious or irregularly loosely cespitose. Lower leaves very small, the upj^er very large, subconvolute-imbricated or clustered in a small bulb- like head, concave or carinate, costate, minutely papillose on the back or on both sides. Male and female flowers cohering, or rooting as distinct plants. Capsule either short-pedicellate and erect or on a longer slender curved pedicel, spherical, enclosed in the perichatium. Calyptra erect, very small, mitriform. SjDores small, subglobose, minutely granulose, brown. 1. S. muticum, Schimp. Plant yellowish brown: lower and middle leaves ovate-acuminate, more or less recurved at the apex and mucronate by the excurrent costa ; upper leaves two, rarely three, twice as large as the lower, mucronate by the excurrent recurved costa or irregularly erose at the apex : cap- sule short-pedicellate, erect, slightly mamillate at top, orange. — Syn. Muse. 13. Phasctwi muticum, Schreb. Phase, t. 1, fig. 11, 12 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 15. Acaulon muticum, Muell. Syn. ; Bryol. Eur. t. 4. Hab. California {Bolander). 2. S. rufescens. Plants greenish yellow: lower leaves very small, ecostate, the upper very large, convolute in an authors include the genus Ephemerum as the lowest member of the Phj/s- comitriece. "We have here retained the classification followed by the recent authors whose works are more generally known and more acces- sible to students, — Schimper, Wilson, Sullivant, etc., — not merely be- cause it has been adoj^ted by all American bryologists, but because it is by far the simplest, and the most serviceable in the study of mosses. Phascum.] BRYACE^. 41 obtusely tetragonal head, deeply concave, cuspidate by the thick excurrent costa, denticulate or erose at the apex : male buds sessile at the base of the fertile ones : capsule on an erect flexuous or arcuate pedicel. — Acaulon ric/'escens, A. Jaegei-, Muse. Cleist. 19. Acaulon triquetrum, var., Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (2 ed.), n. 31. Hac. Very common in the Eastern and Central States. This species is intermediate between the last and tlie next following, and so near to both that it is difficult to indicate a constant specific character. The color of the more distinctly triangular perichsetium, as well as the occasionally longer and curved pedicel, refers it to S. triquetruin ; but in the generally short and straight pedicel, the leaves not at all or scarcely revolate on the margin and more distinctly erose-denticulate at the apex, and the bulb-like heads indistinctly triquetrous, it approaches S. mutlcu)n. 3. S. triquetrum, Schimp. Plants pale green or yellowish, distinctly triquetrous : lower leaves small, somewhat nerveless, the middle broadly ovate and costate, and the terminal deeply carinate, rellexed on the margins, minutely erose at the apex, mucronate by the excurrent recurved point of the costa : cap- sule pendent from a longer arcuate pedicel. — Syn. Muse. 14. Phascum triquetrum., Spruce, Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2901 ; Sulliv. Mosses of TJ. States, 15. Acaulon triquetrum, Muell. Syn. ; Bryol. Eur., t. 4. Hak. Open soil; New England {Ingraham, James); New Jersey {Austin); Santee Canal, South Carolina (Ravenel); Saskatchewan {Druinmond). 4, S. Schimperianum. Plants sparsely gi-eganous,ovoid- bulbiform : leaves closely imbi'icate, the lower small, ecostate, the upper much larger, deeply concave, recurved at the apex, papillose on both faces, recurved on the margin, erose-dentate in the u]iper part, the costa appearing below the apex and ex- current into a long point : capsule globose, scarcely mamillate, orange-colored, horizontally inclined by a curve of the some- what long pedicel. — Phascum Schimperianum, Sitlliv. Mosses of U. States, 15. Acaulon Schimperianum, Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 18, t. 9. Hab. San Marcos, Texas {Wriglit); Athens, Illinois [E. Hall). 5. PHASCUM, Linn., in part. (PL 1.) Plants more robust, distinctly caulescent. Leaves costate ; cells of the areolation loose, hexagonal-rectangular and hyaline 42 BRYACE^. [Phascum. on the lower part, more dense, quadrate or round-hexagonal in the upper. Flowers monoecious ; the male gemmaceous (in American species), upon the stem at the base of the branches or naked in the axil of a perichaetial leaf. Capsule pedicellate, sub-globose or ovate-oblong, apiculate or obtusely rostellate. Calyptra cucullate. Columella persistent. 1. P. Carniolicum, Web. & Mohr. Plants minute, ces- pitulose : stems short, simple or bifid : lower leaves small, lanceolate, the upper and comal long-lanceolate, spreading or erect, incurved, complicate when dry ; costa strong, percurrent or excurrent into a short point ; areolation chlorophyllose in the upper part : male flowers at the base of the stems : capsule short-pedicellate, subglobose, obtusely pointed, shining, reddish brown. — Bot. Taschenb. 69 and 450 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 5. Acau- lon Carniolicum^ Muell. Syn. i. 23. Hab. Silicious soil and stones on the plains of Western Kansas {"E. Hall). 2. P. CUSpidatum, Schreb. Plants subcespitose : stems short and simple, or divided by basilar innovations or flagelliform branches : leaves close, shutting up in the gemmules on the short stems or erect-spreading, more or less distant, ovate- lanceolate, the terminal carinate-concave, long-acuminate, cuspi- date by the more or less excurrent round costa, very entire, somewhat revolute in the lower part ; areolation minutely papillose : capsule on a short straight or slightly curved pedicel, immersed, globose or rarely ovate, obtusely acuminate, reddish brown. — Phase. 8, t. 1 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 5. Var. piliferurQ, Bruch & Schimp. Costa prolonged into a long filiform point : capsule larger ; pedicel generally curved. — I^. piliferxim., Schreb., 1. c, t. 1, fig. 7. Hab. Dry soil in old fields, on the borders of meadows, along fences, etc. Both the normal form and the variety are very common. Other varieties are enmnerated by European authors, but are easily referred to the type. 3. P. bryoid.es, Dicks. Loosely cespitose or occasionally densely tufted, the jDlants short, prostrate when old ; innova- tions basilar : leaves small, distant, ovate-lanceolate, the upper oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate by the excurrent costa, concave, entire and margins recurved : calyptra large, yellowish, reach- ing the middle of the capsule : capsule emerging on a long thick Pleuridiwn.] BRYACE^. 43 pedicel, oval or oblong, sliglitly incurved, gradually narrowed into an obtuse beak, brown. — Crypt, fasc. 4, t. 10, fig. 3 ; Bi-yol. Eur. t. G. P. (pjmnostotnoides^ Brid. Bryol. Univ. i. 48, Pottia hryoides, Lindb. Trichost. 10. Hab. On the south side of a hill near Oakland, California (Bolander) ; very rare in the United States. 6. PLEURIDIUM, Brid. Plants annual, or jjersisting by innovations from the apex after the maturing of the fruit. Leaves oblong at base, lanceo- late-subulate, obtusely serrate at the apex, costate, the u})per tufted. Calyptra cucuUate. Capsule ovate-globose or ovate- apiculate, smooth, shining, short-pedicellate. — Phascwn^ Linn, and authors, in part. * Floioers bisexual. 1. P. subulatum, Bruch & Schimp. Plants cespitose, yellowish green : lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, erect, the upper lanceolate-subulate, erect-spreading or subsecund, much exceed- ing the top of the capsule ; costa broad, reaching to the obscurely serrate apex : antheridia naked in the axils of jjerichaetial leaves : capsule globose-ovate, apiculate. — Bryol. Eur. t. 9. Phascum subulatum, Schreb. ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 16. Var. stramineum, Lesq. Plants pale yellow ; stems with long slender flaoelliform innovations and short distant leaves ; comal leaves more abruptly narrow^ed at the apex. — PleuricUum, stramineum, Sulliv. & Lesq. ; Austin, Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 142. P. sitbulatum, Lesq. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xiii. 2. P. subu- latum, var., Watson, Bot. Calif, ii. 359. Hab. Diy hills and old fields; rare. Pennsylvania {Jaines)\ Cali- fornia (Bolander). The variety was at first admitted as a species and figured for a plate of Sullivant's Icones. It is intermediate between the typical form and the following. 2. P. Ravenelii, Aust. Differs from the last in its shorter stems, the comal leaves broader, lanceolate or ovate-oblong in the lower part, carinate, the costa excurrent into a more or less elongated smooth awl-shaped point, the capsule a little larger and broadly apiculate. — Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 142. Hab. Light sandy soil. South Carolina {Bavenel); New Jersey and New England [Austin, Bennett, Jesup). 44 BRYACE^. [Pleurldium. * * Floioers monoecious / 9?iale plants gemmifonn, axillari/. 3. P. altsrnifolium, Brid., in pai-t. Plants cespitose, at first simple and erect, after a year becoming prostrate and • brancliinof in lona: ila2:elliform innovations : comal leaves enlarged at the ovate base, abruptly narrowed into a slender awl-shaped slightly serrulate jDoint, filled by the stout ex- curreut costa : capsule ovate or subglobose, obliquely apiculate : calyptra split to near the acuminate ai^ex. — Bryol. Eur. t. 10. jPkascum alternifoliu7n, Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 15. Var. Lancastriense, Sulliv. & Lesq. Leaves longer ; areolation more dense : capsule more obtuse ; spores larger. — ■ Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (ed. 1), n. 30. Var. robustuin, Sulliv. & Lesq. Plants twice as long as in the common form: comal leaves shorter: spores large. — Same, n. 31. Archidium Lescurii, Aust. Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 144. Hab. Open fields, on sandy and clayey ground; very common. The first variety at Lancaster, Ohio, with Bruchia SuUlvantii ; the last on the Raccoon Mountains, Alabama, in humid depressions on sandstone rocks, with Bruchia Sullivantii, var. nigricans {Lesquereux}. 4. P. Sullivantii, Aust. Plants gregarious : stems rigid, julaceous ; innovations filiform, nearly as long as the stems : leaves closely imbricate and appressed, the lower ovate- mucronate, denticulate, the upper enlarged, longer pointed, obscurely serrate ; perichaetial leaves much longer, oblong-ovate, abruptly cuspidate, erose-serrate above ; costa thick, percurrent or excurrent : capsule large, round-ovate, short-i^edicellate, ob- tusely mamillate ; calyptra large, campanulate, obtusely acumin- ate. — Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 142. Pliascum nervosum^ Drumm. Coll. n. 6; Sulliv. Mosses of IT. States, 16. Pleuridium ner- vosum^ Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 19, t. 10. Hac. Pennsylvania [I)nimmond)\ South Carolina, on light sandy soil [RaveneX). Phascum nervosum, Hook., a species of the Cape of Good Hope, is evidently different. 5. P. Bolanderi, Muell. Leaves long-lanceolate and subu- late, minutely denticulate from the middle upward, with a pale excurrent costa : capsule ovate, obliquely apiculate, short- pedicellate ; calyptra dimidiate, often split, blackened at the apex. — Jaeger, Muse. Cleist. 32. Hab. Near San Francisco, California {Bolander). Distinguished from other species of the genus by the leaves obscurely serrulate from the middle upward, by the pale costa, the short-pedicellate capsule, and the top of the calyptra appearing as if burned. ( Bruchia.] BRYACE^. 45 7. MIOROBRYUM, Schimp. Plants very small, gregarious or subcesi^itose, gemmiform. Leaves more closely areolate, strongly costate, minutely papil- lose on the back. Flowers monoecious : antheridia very small in the axils of the comal leaves. Capsule ovate, obtusely apic- ulate, erect upon a short pedicel. Calyptra reaching to the middle of the capsule, plurilobate, split on one side. 1. M. Flcerkeanum, Schimp. Leaves open, erect, slightly curved back at the top ; the lower small, ovate-apiculate, cos- tate to the middle, more densely areolate ; the upper broadly ovate, mucronate by the stiff brown sharp point of the excurrent costa ; cells of the areolation at base loose and hyaline, in the upper part small, yellowish-chlorophyllose. — Syn. Muse. 11. Phascutn FloerJceamim, Web. & Mohr ; Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 3, t. 3. Acaidon FloerJceanum, Muell. ; Bryol. Eur. t. 3. Hab. Very rare; found in Illinois by E. Hall, a few plants only, mixed with Pottia subsessills. 8. BRUCHIA, Schwaegr. (PI. 1.) Plants gregarious, short, simple or sparingly dichotomous. Stem-leaves small, distant, the upper and comal crowded, much longer, all costate to the apex ; basilar areolation hexagonal- rectangular, narrower upward. Capsule with a long solid collum (without collum in J^. palustris), oval, rostell ate, emerg- ing on a more or less elongated pedicel. Calyptra thin, lobate or lacerate at base, mitriform. 1. B. palustris, Muell. Hypogynous : plants cespitose : lower leaves distant, ovate-lanceolate, narrowly costate ; the upper and comal much longer, abruptly narrowly subulate from a lanceolate base ; costa stout, excurrent into a long semi- cylindrical awn: antheridia naked in the axils of perichoetial leaves : capsule rather large, ovate-acuminate, pale yellow. — Syn. i. 19. Pleuridiwn palustre^ Bryol. Eur. t. 10. Phascum palustre^ Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 16. Sporledera palustris^ Schimp. Hab. Sandy soil; rare. Louisiana [Drummond) \ Burlington, New Jersey {James). 46 BKYACE^. [Bruchia. 2. B. flexuosa, Muell. Stems comparatively long, curved downward at base : stem-leaves distant, very small, narrowly lanceolate-subulate, obscurely serrate at the apex : ilowers moncecious or paroecious ; antheridia in the axils of comal leaves or in separate buds. — Bot. Zeit. v. 99. Phascum Jiexuosum, Schwaegr. Suppl. ii. 1, t. 101. Var. microcarpa, Wils. Very slender : leaves very nar- rowly subulate, the entire margin obscurely serrulate : capsule narrow, longer apiculate, long-pedicellate, — H. microcarpa, Wils. ; Drunim. JMusc. Amer. (Coll. II.), n. 14. Sporledera setifolia, Jaeger, Muse. Cleist. 35. Hab. Clayey ground in fields, mixed with the following. 3. B. Sullivantii, Aust. Similar to the last, differing merely in the short stems and narrowly ovate-lanceolate leaves, the upper somewhat longer and elongated lanceolate-subulate, subpaj)illose, the areolation more compact and texture more solid. — Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 143. H. flexuosa, Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 22 (excl. descr.), t. 13. Var. nigricans. Leaves shorter: capsule with a shorter collum : spores larger. — P. flexuosa, var. nigricans, Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 17 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Ara. Exsicc. n. 33. H. nigricans, Austin, 1. c. Hab. With the preceding; the variety on borders of depressions filled with water and ConfervcB at the top of the Kaccoon Mountains, Alabama (Lesquereux). The variety is evidently due to immersion, as higher upon the dry sand of the borders of the depressions the moss gradually assumes its normal form. 4. B. Bolanderi, Lesq. Monoecious, densely gregarious or subcespitose, pale green : stem-leaves distant, lanceolate, the comal erect-spreading, short-subulate from the lanceolate slightly enlarged base ; costa broad, flat, vanishing below the obtusely serrulate apex ; perichaetial leaves tubulose, narrowly lanceolate from the middle : male flowers in separate buds upon the primary prostrate stems : capsule erect or slightly oblique, long- necked, upon a long flexuous thick j^edicel ; calyptra short, split to the middle on one side. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 5 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 23, t. 14. Hab. Westfall's Meadow, near Bigtree Grove, Mariposa County, Cali- fornia, at 8,000 feet altitude (Bolander). The species is allied to the European B.Vogesiaca, Schwaegr., differing BrucJiia.] BRYACE^. 47 especially in the shorter leaves, the perichsetial longer and more or less tubulose, in the short beak and collum of the capsule, the thick pedicel, etc. 5. B. Beyriclliana, Muell. Stems short, simple : leaves curved when dry, open-erect when moist, those of the stem nar- rowly lanceolate, the comal gradually long-subulate from the enlarged base, obscui-ely serrulate at the apex : flowers paroe- cious : capsule solid, oblong, Math a short indistinct collum, subimmersed, its top not surpassing the leaves ; pedicel short, flexuous ; calyptra large, broadly laciniate, covei'ing the capsule to its base. — Bot. Zeit. v. 99 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 25, t. 15, partly made upon specimens of the next species. Sporle- dera Heyrichiana, Hamj^e, Linnaea, xi. 279. Phascum Bey- ricJiianum^ Schwaegr. Suppl. iv. t. 301. Hab. First found near Baltimore by Beyrich ; Burlington, New Jersey {James); Illinois {Vasey). 6. B. brevicollis, Lesq. & James. Differing from the last in the longer-pedicellate emergent broadly oval capsule, with a distinct collum defluent into the pedicel, in the shorter apiculate calyptra reaching to the collum, and in the shorter leaves, broader at base, and narrowed into a long entire awl-shaped point entirely filled by the enlarged costa. — Proc. Am. Acad, xiv. 135. Hab. Santee Canal, South Carolina (Bavenel). 7. B. curviseta. Plants short : lower leaves small, lanceo- late, the upper much longer, narrowly subulate from a short broadly ovate base, denticulate at and near the apex ; costa stout, filling the awl-shaped canaliculate point : flowers monoe- cious : capsule emergent, ovate, with a distinct collum, abruptly narrowed or truncate upon a somewhat long pedicel, which is geniculate or abruptly curved in the middle ; lid short, acumi- nate ; calyptra large, covering the capsule to below the middle, smooth. — B. Vogesiaca, var. 2, Hook. & Wilson, Drumm, Muse. Amer. (Coll. II.), n. 15, in part. Hab. Louisiana, near New Orleans (Drummond). Compared with B. bremcollis it differs in the leaves distinctly denticu- late above, in the larger and shorter calyptra, the capsule truncate at base, and the longer geniculate pedicel. 8. B. Hallii, Aust. Plants small, gregarious, yellowish green : stem ^ cent, long, slender, filiform : lower leaves small, closely appressed, broadly ovate-acuminate, the upper longer, 48 BRYACE.E. [Brnchia. oblong or obovate at base, more gradually acuminate, all very- entire, glossy ; costa enlarged upward, somewhat excurrent : capsule exserted, pyriform-elliptical, somewhat long-beaked, the comparatively long collum gradually narrowed to the long straight pedicel ; calyptra smooth, mitriform or subcucullate, lobed, covering a third of the capsule. — Biill. Torr. Club, v. 21. Hab. Near Houston, Texas (E. Hall), A very fine and distinct species, recognized at once by its short appressed imbricate leaves, and the cajisule exserted on a long straiglit pedicel. 9. B. Donnellii, Aust. Paroecious, of the size of I^. flex- uosa : leaves more abruptly subulate from a nearly round base, distinctly papillose : pedicel more strict : capsule 2-colored, with a thicker and longer collum : spores nearly twice as large. — Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 144. Hab. Florida [J. Donnell Smith). This species has a long thick collum and large spores, as in B. Texana, which, however, has much shorter smooth leaves. It also lias the in- florescence and large spores of B. Hallii, but the collum in this last species is much shorter and the leaves are smooth. — (Austin). 10. B. Texana, Aust. Compared with the preceding it differs in the shorter stems ; the lower leaves narrower, longer- lanceolate-acuminate and flexuous, the upper much longer, oval at base, abruptly narrowed and very narrowly subulate-canalic, ulate upward, flexuous when dry ; costa dilated upward, per- current ; areolation longer and narrower below, rapidly passing above to very small minutely granulose cells : capsule a little shorter, with a more slender beak and a thicker collum abruptly narrowed to the pedicel. — Bull. Torr. Club, v. 21. Hab. Near Houston, Texas (E. Flail). 11. B. brevipes, Hook. Resembling B.flexuosa in aspect, but distinguished by its small size, the rigid leaves more enlarged at base, abruptly narrowed into a longer awl-shaped point entirely filled by the costa, by the shorter pyriform immersed capsule truncate at base and sharply apiculate, by the very short pedicel, and larger spores. — Icon. PI. t. 231 ; Hook. & Wils., Drumm. Muse. Amer. (Coll. II.), n. 15, in part; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 24, t. 14. Hab. Louisiana {Drummond); South Carolina, on sandy ground (Ravenel); Petersburg, Virginia (James). 12. B. brevifolia, Sulliv. Subcespitose, the stems very short, erect, densely foliate ; lower leaves minute, ovate-acumi- Archidium.] BRYACE.E. 49 nate, the upper comparatively short, scarcely reaching to the middle of the capsule, large, ovate and clasping at base, abruptly narrowed into a broad blunt point ; costa flat, broad, j^ercurrent : flowers monoecious ; male buds terminal : capsule very large for the size of the plant, obovate-oblong, truncate at base, abruptly acuminate ; pedicel very short ; calyptra scarcely covering a third of the capsule. — Mosses of U. States, 17, and Icon. Muse. 25, t. 15. B. Vbffesiaca, var. 2, Hook. & Wils., Drumm. Muse. Amer. (Coll. II.), n. 15, m part. Hab. Louisiana {Driimmond}; sandy ground on the Santee Canal, South Carolina {Ravenel). 13. B. Ravenelii, Wils. Plants very small (the smallest of the genus), closely gregarious : leaves close together, the lower minute, the middle linear-lanceolate and erect, the upper much longer, spreading, lanceolate, gradually narrowed to a denticulate apex ; costa broad, percurrent : flowers monoecious : capsule nearly immersed, short, obovate and apiculate, its scarcely distinct short coUum abruptly narrowed into the very short pedicel ; calyptra distinctly and sometimes profusely papil- lose. — Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 17, and Icon. Muse. 26, 1. 16. Var. mollis. Calyptra less papillose ; capsule Avith a slightly more marked collum : leaves shorter, not exceeding the capsule. — J^. Carolinice, Austin, Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 144. Hab. Banks of the Santee Canal, South Carolina {Ravenel); the variety in Florida (J. Bonnell Smith). 14. B. Hampeana, Muell. Leaves enlarged at base, nar- rowed and subulate above, the entire margin obscurely denticu- late : capsule obovate, with a moderately long collum ; calyptra laciniate at base, distinctly papillose vesiculose. — Syn. i. 18. Sporledera Schwaegricheni, Hampe in litt. Hab. Louisiana (Drummond). Differing from the last especially In the distinct somewhat long neck of the capsule. 3. Plants ^oith branching and prostrate stems. Calyptra adherent to the capside. Spores remarkably large and few. 9. ARCHIDIUM, Brid. (PI. 1.) Plants small, branching by short and erect or by long pros- trate innovations. Leaves linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 50 BEYACE.E. [Archidium. costate ; areolation loose, uniform, hexagonal-rhomboidal, sliglitly chlorophyllose. Flowers monoecious, gemmiform. Calyptra very thin, irregularly lacerate. Capsule globose, sessile. SjDores few, larger than in any other moss, ^ m.m. in diameter, smooth. 1. A. Ohioense, Schimp. Monoecious: stems filiform: leaves spreading, subulate by the excurrent costa, serrulate above ; perichaetial leaves broadly lanceolate, narrowed into a long point, costate : capsule globose, on short lateral branches : spores 16 to 20, angular, smooth. — Bryol. Eur. Arch, 3 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 14, and Icon. Muse. 16, t. 7 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsice. n. 28. A. phascoides, Sulliv. Muse. Allegh. n. 213. Var. Donnellii. More robust, yellowish green : leaves thin, subscarious; areolation less distinct: male flowers more gen- erally terminal. — A. Donnellii^ Austin, Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 190. II/VB. Meadows and waste fields, Central Ohio and Northern Alabama. The variety in Florida (./. JDonnell Smith). 2. A. tenerrimum, Mitten. Differing from the last, espe- cially in the hypogynous inflorescence, the antheridia being placed in the axils of one or two small leaves at the base of the perichoetial ones, as in the European A. phascoides, Brid.; the cells of the areolation are much shorter, closer and firm. — Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 17. A. 2^hascoides, Drumm. Muse. Am. (Coll. II.), n. 11. Hab. Louisiana (Drummond). 3. A. Ravenelii, Aust. Synoecious : plants much divided below : lower leaves distant, very small, ovate and appressed, or larger and open, the upper closely imbricate-tufted or pressed together in gemmules, ovate-lanceolate, distinctly acuminate or acute or obtuse, very entire ; costa vanishing below the apex or excurrent into a short point ; areolation very loose, round, oval or rhomboidal, slightly longer and broader toward the base. — Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 145. Hab. South Carolina (Bavenel); Florida {J. Donnell Smith). 4. A. longifolium, Lesq. & James. Synoecious: cespitose, sometimes in compact tufts, yellowish green ; stems short, slender: leaves long and narrow, open, flexuous, narrowly lanceolate-subulate; areolation in long quadrangular cells, be- Astomiim.] BRYACE^. 51 coming shorter and nearly quadrate at base; costa stout, excurrent into a smooth awl-shaped point : male flowers in the axils of j^erichtetial leaves. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 134. Hab, Florida (Garber), in fine copiously fruiting specimens. 5. A. Hallii, Aust. Monoecious, the male flowers terminal on a distinct branch : leaves with a very loose areolation and the margins often obscurely recurved ; costa often long-excur- rent. — Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 145. Hab. Texas {E. Hall). This species is not satisfactorily known. B. STEGO CARPI. — Capsules opening in the upper part by a dehiscent lid. Tribe II. WEISIE^. Plants cespitose, sometimes very small, generally of medium size. Leaves simply costate ; areolation opaque, composed of parenchymatous cells, small, punctiform or quadrate and gen- erally papillose in the upper part of the leaf, larger, oblong- hexagonal and pellucid or chlorophyllose at the enlarged base. Capsule solid, generally exserted upon a more or less elongated pedicel, rarely immersed, erect or curved, sometimes inclined or pendent, subcylindrical, with a short collum or none. Lid rostrate. Peristome simple or none ; teeth flat, entire or bifid. Calyi^tra cucullate. 1. Peristome none. 10. ASTOMUM, Hampe. Plants small, simple or branching. Upper leaves longer, tufted, linear-lanceolate, curling. Flowers moncecious. Cap- sule erect, symmetrical ; lid distinctly formed but not easily detached. — Systegium, Schimp. 1- A. crispum, Hampe. Stems short, branching: lower leaves very small, narrowly ovate, the upper linear-lanceolate, densely tufted, minutely papillose on the back, crispate when dry; costa round, excurrent into a short point, borders invo- lute : capsule globose, short-pedicellate, immersed ; lid short- 62 BKYACEuE. [Astomum. conical, acute. — Liiinaea, xii. 552; Bryol. Eur. t. 12. Phascum crisjmm, Hedw. Stirp. Muse. Frond, i. 25, t. 9 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 16. Hab. Bare sandy soil under bushes, Yineennes, Ind. (Lesquereux); Texas ( Wright), imperfect specimens; Pennsylvania (James). Eare. 2. A. Ludovicianum, Sulliv. Differs from the last in its stronger and more divided habit, the capsules more numerous, often clustered 2 or 3 in the same perichsetium, oblong-oval, with a more elongated obtuse lid. — Icon. Muse. 21, t. 12. Phascum crispum, var. rostellatum, Hook. & Wils., Drumm. Muse. Am. (Coll. II.), n. 10. P. Ludovicianum^ Sulliv. Mosses U. States, 16. Systegium erythrostegium, Scliimi). Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 140. Hab. Near New Orleans (Drummond) \ Florida {Chapman). 3. A. Sllllivantii, Schimp. Closely resembles A. crisptim^ differing in the plants being smaller, more slender and generally simple, the capsule smaller, bright orange with a slightly longer- beaked lid, and a shorter calyptra. — Bryol. Eur. Astom. 2 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 20, t. 11. Phascum, crispum, Sulliv. Muse. Allegh. n. 211, in part. P. Sullivatitii, Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 16. Hab. Commonly found in meadows, especially in new clover fields. 4. A. nitidulum, Schimp. Plants much smaller and less branched than in the last : leaves shorter, open, scarcely convo- lute when moistened : capsule ovoid, shining, chestnut-color ; lid obliquely rostellate : calyj^tra short, scarcely reaching the base of the lid. — Bryol. Eur, Astom. 3 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am, n. 36. Phascum nitidulum^ Muell. ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 16. Var. pygmaeum, Lesq. Plants minute, much divided : costa simply percurrent, not passing above the apex : capsule oval, orange-colored : lid straight, obtusely beaked. Hab. On the naked ground in meadows, often found with the preced- ing; Central Ohio. 11. GYMNOSTOMUM, Hedw. (PI. 1.; Plants cespitose. Stems slender ; branches dichotoraous or fasciculate. Leaves small, gradually larger upwards and tufted at the apex, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, concave or canalic- Gymnostomum.] BRYACE^. 53 ulate by a solid costa, prominent on the back ; areolation minute, quadrate in the upjDer part. Flowers dioecious in the American species. Capsule symmetrical ; lid long-beaked. 1. G. calcareum, Nees & Hornsch. Plants densely tufted, green above, ferruginous below ; stems radiculose : lower leaves very small, gradually or abruptly larger upward, linear-lanceo- late, costate to near the blunt aj^ex, concave, borders minutely crenulate ; lower perichffitial leaves sheathing, the upper spread- ing, very concave, lanceolate-acute : capsule exserted on a com- paratively long pedicel, oblong, yellowish brown, truncate* or slightly constricted under the orifice when dry ; annulus short, persistent ; lid subulate-rostrate from a conical base. — Bryol. Germ. 153, t. 10 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 32. Trichostoniunx calcareum^ Lindb. Trichost. 19. Var. brevifolium, Schunp. Plants slender and delicate : lower leaves distant, very small, scarcely perceivable to the naked eye, the upper close and tufted, oblong-lanceolate, recurved from the middle, acute or blunt at the apex: capsule small, ovate or sub-globose. — G. viridulum, Bryol. Eur. t. 31. Var. perpusillum, Sulliv. Very small. Leaves erect, ovate- lanceolate: capsule 2)yriform-oval. — Pacif. R. Rejx iv. 185. Hab. On slate rocks, near Little Falls, New York (Austin)^ the first variety near Belleville, Canada West {Macoun), the second on clayey soil near San Francisco, California (Bigelow). 2. G. rupestre, Schwaegr. More or less densely tufted : stems 1 to 5 cent, long, slender, with dichotomous or fasciculate divisions : leaves gradually increasing in size from the base to the top, spreading or recurved, linear-lanceolate, blunt at apex, minutely papillose on the back or smooth, costate to below the apex ; perichaetial leaves enlarged at base, somewhat sheathing : capsule ovate-oblong, rarely sub-globose, thin-walled, pale yellow or reddish brown, shining, truncate when empty ; pedicel reddish ; lid conical-acimiinate or short-beaked ; annulus none. — Suppl. I., part 1, 31, t. xi. ; Bryol. Eur. t. 33, 34. Trichosto- muni ceruginosum, Lindb. Trichost. 19. Var. stelligerum, Schimp. Loosely cespitose, more robust : leaves longer, incurved when dry : capsule pale, reddish at the orifice ; lid obliquely rostrate. Closely resembles the following. — G. tophaceum, Austin, Bull. Ton*. Club. vi. 42. \ 54 BRYACE^, [Gymnostomum. Hab. Surface and fissures of damp or shaded overhanging rocks, in the mountains especially, not rare. The variety on calcareous rocks, Dallas County, Texas (E. Hall). This and the next species are extremely variable, and some of the varie- ties are indifferently referable to one or the other. Var. stelUgeriun, which represents G. stelligerum and G. articiilatum, Smith, and G. pomiferum, Nees & Hornsch., is considered by Wilson and others as a variety of G. ciirnirostrinn. It is apparently from sterile plants of one of the numerous varieties of tliis species that G. Clintoni, Aust. (Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 42), has been made. 3. G. curvirostrum, Iledw. Plants dark red or brown, soft or solid, 1 to 10 cent, long, with close fastigiate branches more or less covered with a reddish felt of radicles : leaves spreading, slightly incurved when dry, lanceolate-acute, concave at the hyaline base, carinate above, smooth or slightly papillose, with borders entire or sometimes slightly serrate and recurved above the base ; costa vanishing under the apex : capsule long- pedicellate, ovate, oblong or sub-globose, thick-walled, chestnut- color, shining, turbinate when dry and empty ; lid enlarged and conical at base, prolonged into a long oblique tubular beak re- maining attached to the columella and persisting long after dis- ruption from the orifice of the capsule ; annulus of a double i-ow of small persistent cells : spores larger than in the preceding, — Stirp. Crypt, ii. 68, t. 24 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 35 and 36. Pottia curvirostris, Ehrh. Hab. Limestone rocks, and on deposits of carbonate of lime or tufa, near springs; very abundant at Niagara Falls. 4. G. tenue, Schrader. Plants very small, 1 m.ra. high, widely subcespitose : leaves linear, gradually narrower to the obtuse apex, concave ; pericha3tial leaves sheathing to the middle, there recurved, thinly costate, the inner ecostate and smaller : capsule oblong-elliptical ; lid short-beaked ; annulus broad ; peristome mostly none or composed of minute narrow teeth. — Coll. PL Crypt, n. 31 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 30. Gyroioeisia tenuis^ Schimp. Syn. 2 ed., 38. Weisia temois, Muell. Hab. On limestone rocks. Lake Winnipeg (JDritmmond). 12. ANCECTANGIUM, Schwaegr. (in part). Plants compactedly pulvinate-cespitose, with dichotomous and fastigiate branches, radiculose their whole length. Leaves spreadmg, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, subulate, opaque, Weisia.] BRYACEJE. 55 densely jjapillose, with a round costa. Flowers monoecious. Capsule erect, oval or sub-globose, Avith a short inflated collum, smooth, of thin texture ; lid obliquely long-beaked ; annulus very narrow. Spores small. A strange genus {r/cmts paradoxum, as Schimper calls it), with, the dichotomous fastigiate ramification of tlie Pleurocarpi, but a true Gym- nostomum in the sliape of the leaves, their areolation, and the organiza- tion of the capsule. 1. A. Peckii, Sulliv. Tlesemhlmg A. compactzim, Sehwaegr., the essential cliaracters of which are indicated in the description of the genus, differing merely in the great size of the jilants, the much longer narrowly lanceolate leaves gradually increasing in length upward, subulate-pointed, slightly contracted above the short concave ovate clasping base, carinate-plicate above ; areola- tion more distinctly quadrangular in the uj^per part of the leaves and chlorophyllose at the base ; fruit unknown. — Aust. Muse. Appal, n. 64, and Icon. Muse. Suppl. 38, t. 25. Hab. Under overhanging rocks, Catskill Mountains, New York (C.H.Peck). 2. Peristome sim2)Ie. 13. WEISIA, Hedw. (PL 1.) Mosses of small size, cespitose or pulvinate. Leaves lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate and subulate, twisted when dry. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, rarely synoecious. Capsule long-pedicel- late, erect, oval-oblong, symmetrical or rarely slightly incurved, with a peristome of 16 more or less perfect lanceolate teeth) either entire or perforated or split at the apex, or to the middle, solid, transversely articulate, granulose, slightly marked with a vertical divisural line. Spores large, verrucose. 1. W. viridula, Brid. Monoecious. Plants more or less densely cespitose and ])ulvinate, bright green : stems about ^ cent, long, nearly simple or with fastigiate branches : lower leaves minute, the upper abruptly much longer, open and flex- uous, crispate when dry, linear-lanceolate, mucronate by the stout excurrent costa, enlarged at the pale concave and flat- margined base, tubulose in the ujjper i)art by the involute 56 BKYACE^. [Weisia. borders : calyptra reaching to the middle of the capsule : cap- sule oval-oblong, of thick texture, slightly constricted under the orifice, wrinkled lengthwise when dry, light brown ; pedicel twisted to the right ; lid long-beaked, straight or bent ob- liquely ; teeth very vai'iable, linear-lanceolate, broad or narrow, often truncate or bifid at the apex with two to five articula- tions, sometimes merely rudimentary and scarcely distinguish- able ; annulus narrow, persistent. — Bryol. Univ. i. 334 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 21. W. controversa and W. tnicrodonta^ Hedw. Var. stenocarpa, Muell. Capsule narrower, subcylindri- cal, thin-walled, substriate, greenish brown ; lid long-beaked, cernuous or curved ; teeth nearly entire. Var. densifolia, Muell. Plants larger, more densely cespi- tose : leaves crowded, narrower ; teeth imperfect. Var. amblyodon, Muell. Leaves shorter and broader: teeth truncate, very short or scarcely perceivable, pale. — TK gymnostonioides and W. microstoma^ Nees & Hornsch. W. Brandegei^ Austin, Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 46. Var. gymnostomoides, Muell. Plants small: leaves shorter than in the normal form: capsule small, elliptical; teeth rudimentary, scarcely visible. — 7F! gymnostomoides, Brid. ITymenostomum microsto^num, Austin, Muse. Appal, n. 63. Gymnostom.ii'in Hauanum,^ Austin, Bull. Torr. Club, v. 21. Hab. On the ground in meadows, broken fields, borders of ditches, clay banks, etc.; var. stenocarpa in Arkansas {F. L. Harvey); var. amblyo- don in Colorado, (Brandefjee); the last variety near Bethlehem, Pennsyl- vania {E. A. Eau, F. Wolle), on rocky ground, Palisades of New Jersey (Austin), New England {James). The most common, most variable, illusive and ambiguous species. Among the numerous forms which have been at different times con- sidered and described as specific, those described above are the more distinct. To the var. gymnostomoides are to be referred all tlie speci- mens that have been communicated under tlie generic name Hymenosto- mum, which genus is not yet known from North America. 2. W. longiseta, Lesq. & James. Much like the last in the characters of the leaves, it differs in the dioecious inflores- cence, the numerous male plants with gemmiform polyjohylloua aggregate flowers, the small curved ovate 8-sulcate capsule on a long, very slender, pale yellow pedicel, the teeth of the peristome large, perfect, linear-lanceolate, lacunose along the divisural line, regularly bifid, spreading when dry, and the spores large and ferruginous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 136. W. viridula^ Dicranoweisia.] BRYACE^. 67 var. australis, Aust. Muse. Appal. Suppl. n. 466, and Bull. Torr. Club, vii. 4. Hab. On the ground, Enteiprise, Florida ( TT'. A. Foster, Austin). The pale green color of the plants, the long slender yellowish pedicel, the curved capsule, and the large perforated or split teeth give to this species the appearance of a Dicranum. 3. W. Wolfli. Differs from the preceding in the generally- larger leaves, nearly exactly tubulose in the upper part, and curved back when moistened, in the short pedicel of the cylind- rical oblong capsule, which is not sulcate nor constricted under the orifice when dry, and in the truncate teeth. Hab. On the ground near Canton, Illinois (S. Wolf). The dioecious inflorescence especiallj' separates this species from W. viri- dula, var. stenocarpa, and also from W. viucronulata, Schimp., which it resembles in the form of the leaves and in the peristome. 14. DICRANOWEISIA, Lindb. Plants of larger size ; branches fastigiate. Perichoetium dis- tinct, sheathing. Peristome more jierfect ; teeth lanceolate, distinctly articulate, entire or bifid at the apex. Flowers moncEcious. 1. D. crispula, Lindb. Plants pulvinate, rarely cespitose, yellowish or dark green ; stems slender, 2 c. m. long or more : leaves enlarged at the concave base, long-subulate and nearly tubulose in the upper part, costate to below the apex, open, fal- cate-secund, much crispate when dry ; basilar cells narrowly rectangular, enlarged, quadrate and yellow at the angles ; peri- chaetial leaves short, tubulose, obtuse, sheathing to near the apex: capsule long-pedicellate, of thin texture, oblong-ovate, rugose, constricted under the orifice when dry ; lid obliquely subulate-rostrate ; teeth of the peristome free to below the orifice of the capsule, narrowly lanceolate, entire or split at the apex ; annulusnone, — Lindb. in Milde, Bryol. Siles. 47. Weisia cris- pula, Hedw. Spec. Muse, 68, t. 12 ; Bryol, Eur. t. 26. Hab. On decayed trunks, California (Bolancler)', Rocky Mountains {E. Hall, Downie); Utah (Watson); Oregon [Nevius). 2. D. cirrhata, Lindb., 1. c. Plants much divided, ferruginous in the lower part, bright green above : leaves open, curved up from the middle, the lower short, lanceolate, the u^jper much longer, ovate-concave at base, linear-lanceolate, carinate and re- 58 BRYACE^. [Oreoweisicu flexed on the borders in the upper part, obtusely pointed, soft, cirrhate-crispate when dry ; alar cells gradually larger : cajjsule oblong or subcylindrical, reddish at the orjfice ; lid subulate- rostrate ; teeth linear-lanceolate, entire at the minutely jjunc- tulate apex ; annulus of three rows of small cells, pei-sistent. — Weisia cirrhata^ Hedw. Siiec. Muse. 69, 1. 12 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 25. Hab. On rocks, boulders, roots of trees aud decayed wood, Coast Ranges, California, and Oregon, very common; near Athens, Illinois [E. Hall), sterile plants, perhaj^s representing a variety. The species is distinguished from the preceding by the shorter leaves not as narrowly and long-subulate to the apex, reflexed on tlie borders, the longer and narrower capsule, the compound annulus, the entire teeth, etc. 15. OREO WEISIA, Schimp. Plants pulvinate. Leaves soft, coarsely papillose and minutely serrulate above ; basilar areolation hyaline, the upjjer chloro- phyllose. Perichaetiuin not sheathing. Capsule more or less curved. Inflorescence and jDeristome of Dicrmioweisia. 1. O. serrulata, Schimp. Densely pulvinate-cespitose ; plants radiculose below : leaves crowded, narrowly lanceolate, enlarged and concave to the middle, the perichaetial longer, all flexuous, open or incurved, carinate above, costate to below the somewhat obtuse apex : capsule of thick texture, oblong, short- necked ; pedicel whitish ; lid with a short blunt inclined beak ; teeth of the peristome dark orange in the lower part, pale above, abruptly lanceolate-subulate from the enlarged base, entire, per- forated or bifid, prominently articulate, flexuous at the apex ; annulus none. — Syn. Muse, (2 ed.), 57. Weisia serrulata, Funck ; Brid., Bryol. Univ. i. 804 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 27. IIab. Narrowville, Pennsylvania (James) ; Palisades of New Jersey (Austin), sterile; Nulato, Alaska (Rothrock), fertile. 16. RHABDO WEISIA, Bruch & Schimp. (PI. 1.) Plants small, dichotomous, densely aggregate. Leaves long, narrow, crispate when diy, minutely papillose on both faces ; areolation quadrate, chlorophyllose in the upper part, longer, hexagonal and hyaline near the base. Inflorescence monoecious. Capsule 8-striate, 8-costate when dry. Lid long-subulate, beaked. Teeth of the peristome linear-subulate, enlarged at base. Cynodontlum.] BEYACE^. 59 1. R. fugax, Brucli . ISchreberi. 3. D. Schreberi, Schimp. In size and aspect this species is like the preceding, from which it differs in its dioecious in- florescence, the leaves shorter, carinate above, not as abruptly and narrowly subulate, serrulate toward the apex, and in the Dicranella.] BRTACE^. 55 shorter less distinct collum of the smooth (not striate) capsule. — Biyol. Eur. Coroll. 13. Dicramtm 6'chreberi, Swartz. ; Hedw. Sp. Muse. 144, t. 33 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 53. Anisothecium msjoimz, Lindb. ; Braithw. 1. c, t. 16, E. Var. occidentalis, Aust. Leaves often very entire ; cells half as broad. — Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 344. Hab. Hills in the Adirondack Mountains (Lesquereux) ; White Moun- tains of New England, and clay ditches near Lancaster, Pennsylvania {James); the variety near Portland, Oregon (Nevius). 4. D. Squarrosa, Schimp. DicEcious: plants robust, ces- pitose, radiculose, yellowish or dark-green : leaves enlarged, and sheathing at the oblong base, lanceolate, concave, divaricate- squarrose from the middle, blunt at the crenulate apex : capsule obovate or oblong-ovate, cernuous, with a short distinct collum or none ; lid long-conical or short-beaked ; annulus none. Bryol. Eur. Coroll. 13. Dicranum sqiiarrosum, Sclirad. Journ. Bot. V. 68; Bryol. Eur. t. 52. Anisothecium sqxmrrosuni Lindb.; Braithw. 1. c. 114, t. 16, F. Hab. Alaska (Han-ington). * * Leaves secimd or suhsecund. Flowers dioecious. 5. D. cerviculata, Schimp. Densely and widely cespitose, bright green ; stems short, 1 cent, long : leaves half-clas])ing at base, flexuous, spreading or secund, lanceolate-subulate, con- cave, entire, glossy ; costa flat, percurrent, enlarged at base : capsule light brown, broadly ovate, gibbous with a short stru- mose collum; pedicel slender, yellow; annulus very narrow, per- sistent ; lid long subulate-rostrate, — BryoL Eur. Coroll. 13; Braith. 1. c. 109, t. 16, A. Dicranum cervicidatum, Hedw. Muse. Frond, iii. 89, t. 37; Bryol. Eur. t. 56; SuUiv. Mosses of U. States, 21. Hab. Upon peat, on the sides of ditches in cranberry marshes of Northern Ohio (Lesquereux); White Mountains (James). 6. D. varia, Schimp. Gregarious or cespitose; plants short : leaves erect-spreading or turned to one side, oblong at base, gradually lanceolate-subulate, carinate, entire or slightly denticulate at the apex ; costa percurrent : capsule reddish- brown, cernuous, oblong-ovate, with a short indistinct collum, constricted under the orifice when dry ; lid large, short-beaked ; peristome large, dark red, the teeth connivent at the apex into a cone ; annulus none. — Bryol. Eur. Coroll. 13. Dicra- 66 BEYACEyE. [Bicrandla. num varium, Hedw. Muse. Frond, ii. 93, t, 34; Biyol. Eur. t. 57 and 58 ; Sulliv. 1. c. AnisotJvecium varium, Mitt. A. rubrum, Lindb. ; Braithw. 1. c. 110, t. IG, B. IlAB. Wet ground ; clayey and sandy banks in plain districts. A very common and variable species. Plants with capsules of diverse forms are often found in the same tufts. 7. D. rufescens, Schimp. Of the same size and apjiearance as the last, differing in the less crowded falcate-secund linear- lanceolate leaves with a broader areolation, the cai^sule ovate, erect, symmetrical, smaller, the pedicel dark red, and the lid conical-acuminate. — Bryol. Eur. Coroll. 13. Dicrmi^fm rii.fes- cens. Turner, Muse. Hibern. 66 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 59 ; Sulliv. 1. c. Anisothecium rufescens, Lindb.; Braithw. 1. c. 112, t. 16, C. Hab. Clay and gravelly soil, plains and mountains. 8. D. debilis. Size and appearance of the plants same as in the preceding. Leaves gradually increasing in length from the base upward, linear-lanceolate, witli borders undulate and recurved ; areolation loose ; costa vanishing below the blunt apex : capsule oval, erect, symmetrical, without collum ; lid long-rostrate, straight ; annulus large, simple. — Dicranura debile. Hook & Wils., Drumm. Muse. Am. (Coll. II.), n. 51, 52 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 21, and Icon. Muse. 33, t. 20. Hab. Banks of ditches and roadsides, South Carolina to Florida; very common in Cuba, 9. D. subulata, Schimp. Loosely tufted and somewhat larger than the last : leaves half-clasping at the elliptical base, narrowed above into a long setaceous subulate entire point ; costa excurrent ; areolation minute ; j^erichretial leaves tubulose at base, abruptly longer subulate : capsule cernuous, ovate, gibbous, not strumose or slightly so, obscurely striate, jilicate when dry ; pedicel long, red ; lid long subulate-rostrate, curved ; annulus double. — Bryol. Eur. Coroll. 13. Dicranum suhulatum, Hedw. Spec. Muse. 128, t. 34 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 60 ; Sulliv. 1. e. 21. Dicranella secunda, Lindb. ; Braithw. 1. c. 106, t. 15, E. Hab. Alpine and subalpine regions, eastern and western slopes of North America; not uncommon. 10. D. heteromalla, Schimp. Plants cespitose, of medium size, simple or forking : leaves crowded, secund, lanceolate from the base, narrowly long-subulate, denticulate or entire at the apex, glossy ; perichaetial leaves with a short half-clasping base, abruptly and narrowly long-subulate : capsule cernuous, more Dicranum.] BRYACE^. 67 or less reclined, ovate or oblong, obscurely sti'iate, plicate when dry, with a short, often indistinct, collum, slightly constricted under the obliquely inclined orifice ; pedicel yellow ; lid long subulate-beaked ; teeth bifid or trifid ; annulus simple, very nar- row. — Bryol. Eur. Coroll. 13; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. i. 107, t. 15, G. Dicranum heteromcdlum, Hedw. Muse. Frond. 1. 68, t. 26 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 62 ; SuUiv. 1. c. Hab. Rocks, clay banks, naked soil, roots of trees, especially in moun- tainous regions; very common. A very variable species; the leaves sometimes erect-open and strict (var. orthophylla), or interruptedly tufted (var. interrupta, Schimp.); capsule sometimes straight (var. orthocarpa), etc. It is easily distinguished from the preceding by the bright color of the glossy leaves and the yellow pedi- cel of the reddish capsule, which elongated when dry has its orifice cui'ved inward or oblique. 11. D. curvata, Schimp. Loosely cespitose; stems shorter than in the last species : leaves setaceous, subulate from a short ovate base, canaliculate upAvards, minutely denticulate at the apex, falcate ; perichretial leaves longer at the oblong base : cap- sule erect or scarcely inclined, oblong, distinctly striate, sym- metrical ; lid large at the higlily convex base, less narrowly subulate ; teeth regularly bifid to the middle ; annulus broader. — Bryol. Eur. Coroll. 13 ; Braithw. 1. c. 106, 1. 15, F. Dicranum curvatitm, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 132, t. 31 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 61. Hab. On sandstone, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (T. C. Porter); White Mountains (James). Very rare. 22. DICRANUM, Hedw. (PI. 1,2.) Plants large, once or many times dichotomous. Stems radic- ulose at base or all covered Avith a coating of radicles. Leaves spreading or secund, rarely papillose, lanceolate-subulate or long- lanceolate, with a solid semi-terete more or less dilated costa ; cells of the areolation linear-oblong in the upper part of the leaves, long and generally very narrow toward the base, enlarged quadrate and sometimes inflated and colored at the angles ; peri- chsetial leaves more or less sheathhig. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Capsule erect or cernuous, with a regular or rarely strumose collum. Operculum subulate-beaked. Teeth of the peristome bifid, purple at base. 68 BRYACE^. [Dicranum. * Plants small^ taiony yellow: capsule short-pedicellate^ en- larged at the orifice wheyx dry ; teeth very hygroscopic^ radiate-spreading when dry. 1. D. fulvellum, Smith. Moncecious: densely piilvinate ; stems slender, 1 c. m. long : leaves falcate-secund, concave, oblong at base, subulate-canaliculate to the obscurely serrulate apex ; costa percurrent ; perichrotial leaves sheathing to the middle, lanceolate, long setaceous-tubulose above : capsule small, ovate-oblong, erect or slightly cernuous, with a short equal collum, smooth, constricted under the broad orifice when dry ; lid obliquely short-beaked ; teeth split into two unequal long-subulate segments ; annulus double. — Fl. Brit. iii. 1209 ; Schimp. Syn. 77 ; Braithw. 1. c. 141, t. 19, G. Arctoa fulvella, Bryol. Eur. t. 86 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 19. Hab. On wet black soil in alpine regions, and in fissures of rocks; highest mountains of New England and New York. '&' * * Plants larger, many times dichotomoxis, prostrate at base : leaves close, falcate: capside cernuoxis with strumose collum: flowers monoecious. 2. D. Starkii, Web. & Mohr. Plants green, cespitose: leaves setaceous-subulate from an ovate-lanceolate base, entire, falcate-secund, crisj^ate when dry ; cells of the areolation linear nearly to the base, square-inflated at the angles : caj^sule cylin- drical-oblong, more or less arcuate, obscurely striate ; lid subu- late, long-beaked ; annulus double, large. — Bot. Tasch. 189 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 64 ; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. i. 144, t. 20, C. Hab. Alpine regions, in fissures of rocks and on the ground ; White Mountains {Oakes, James); Eocky Mountains {Brununond, Muse. Am. n. 83). 3. D. falcatum, Hedw. Differs from the last in its more compact growth, the leaves more regularly and strongly falcate, dark green passing to black, obscurely denticulate at the apex, not crispate when dry, with alar cells smaller and scarcely or not at all inflated : the capsule is shorter, thick, inflated or gibbous, not striate, with a shorter pedicel ; peristome dark purple ; annulus simple, narrower. — Sp. Muse. 150, t. 32 ; Bryol. Eur, t. 65 ; Braithw. 1. c. 143, t. 20, B. Hab. Same as the preceding. 4. D. Blyttii, Bruch & Schimp. Tufts loose, dusky green ; stems erect, divided into fragile slender branches : leaves erect Bicranum.] BRYACEJ5. gg at base, spreading, flexuous or subsecund above, lanceolate- subulate, entire, shorter and narrower than in the two preceding species, very thinly costate ; alar cells large, inflated ; perichas- tial leaves long-sheathing, shorter pointed: capsule smaller, cernuous or incurved, not gibbous but struraose, smooth ; teeth of the peristome narrower : male flowers near the base of the innovations, not close to the perichjetium as in both the preced- ing species. — Bryol. Eur. t. 63. JJ. tSc/dsti, Lindb. Hab. Same as the preceding. * * * Plants cesjntose, tomeyitose: areolation inflated at the basal angles : floioers dioecious ; perichcBtium sheathing : capsule erect, long-ovate loith a short equal collum ; pedicel pale, t'lvisted to the left when dry ; teeth narrower. 5. D. Strictum, Schleich. Plants pale or yellowish green: leaves rigid, very brittle, lanceolate-subulate, canaliculate above ; alar cells very large, orange : teeth dark-orange, irregularly bifid ; annulus very narrow. — Schwsegr. Suppl. i. 188, t. 43 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 66. Hab. Decayed trunks; Lake Superior [Agasslz); Little Slave Lake {Macoun)\ Fort Colville {Lyall)\ Northwestern Montana, and on Kettle River and at Spokan Falls, Washington Territory ( Watson) ; mountains of California [Bolander). 6. D. montanum, Hedw. Plants densely and widely cespitose : leaves soft, spreading or slightly secund, crispate when dry, lanceolate-subulate, concave, serrulate, slightly papil- lose on the back and green above, pale, smooth and loosely areolate in the lower part ; alar cells small, tawny ; perichtBtial leaves abruptly subulate : capsule pale, obscurely striate ; annulus rather large. — Sp. Muse. 143, t. 35 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 67. Hab. On decaying trunks, northern and mountain regions; rare. 7. D. viride, Schimp. Plants pulvinate and cespitose : leaves brittle, open-erect, lanceolate-subulate, canaliculate, thick- costate ; areolation rectangular, short in the upper part, larg^er and hyaline from the middle downward, brown at the angles ; perichaetial leaves abruptly subulate : cajjsule oblong, erect or slightly curved. — Bryol. Eur. Suppl. Dicranum, 1, t. 1. Campylopus viridis, SuUiv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. n. 72 ; SulHv. Mosses of U. States, 103, and Icon. Muse. 30, t. 18. Hab. Trunks of prostrate trees in dense woods; not rare in the North- ern States, but not yet found in fruit. 70 BKYACE^. [Dicranum. 8. D. flagellare, Hedw. Tufts compact, bright green; stems short, producing from the axils of the upper leaves small slender fugacious branchlets {flagellce) with very small ap- pressed bracteal leaves: stem-leaves lanceolate-subulate, con- cave, denticulate at the apex, subsecund, the upper twisted when dry ; costa broad, comi^ressed : capsule long-cylindrical, striate, somewhat plicate when dry. — Muse. Frond, iii. 1, t. 1 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 68 ; Braithw. 1. c. 155, t. 23, C. Var. subfluitans, Aust. Stems immersed, longer, slender ; leaves more distant. — Bull, Torr. Club, vi. 344. Hab. Decayed trunks in deep woods, very common. The variety in depressions of flat roclis; New Yorli, sterile {Austin). 9. D. fulvum. Hooker. Plants dusky yellow or brownish green, loosely cespitose ; stems solid, curved down at base : leaves spreading, flexuous or falcate-secund, tufted at the apex, crispate when dry, narrowly ovate at base, gradually long-seta- ceous-subulate, canaliculate to the denticulate apex : capsule short-pedicellate, cylindrical-oblong, brown or black, plicate when old; annulus double, narrow. — Muse. Exot. t. 149. D. interrtqytum, Brid. ; Bryol. Eur. t. 69 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 22. Syrrhopodon (?) Eauei, Aust. Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 74. Hab. Shaded sandstone rocks in hilly regions ; not rare. Judging fi'om tlie description of the author, Syrrhopodon Rauei differs from this species in being less robust, the leaves shorter and less crowded, the areolation less enlarged, the costa not as strong, the male flowers terminal. These are the characters of the young plants of D. ful- vum, the leaves being shorter, less crowded, and of a more delicate texture. The male flowers are always terminal, only imshed aside each succeeding year by the new innovations, the tufted leaves at the tops of the innova- tions giving the stems an interrupted appearance. 10. D. longifolium, Hedw. Tufts soft, pale or whitish green, glossy; stems arched and geniculate, slender, slightly radiculose : leaves long, falcate-secund, rarely spreading, open at the short lanceolate base, constricted into a very long sub- tiibulose-subulate point, serrate above on the borders and the back ; inner perichsetial leaves convolute and sheathing to near the apex : capsule cylindrical, erect or slightly curved, not stri- ate, yellowish brown ; pedicel reddish in the lower part. — Muse. Frond, iii. 24, t. 9 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 72; Braitlnv. 1. c. 158, t. 24, B. Var. strictius, Aust. Stems longer, more rigid, immersed ; leaves shorter, erect. — Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 344. Dicranum.] BRYACE^. 71 Var. plumosum, Lesq. Ilypnoid-plumose in aspect ; tufts very loose ; stems mostly simple, without radicles : leaves longer, nari'ower, open, ilexiious or falcate, denticulate on the borders, rugose on the back. — Dicranodonthim nitidum., James, Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 34. II AB. Hocks and bark of living trees, the beech especially, in sub- alpine regions; not rare in the Adirondack mountains. Var. strictius, in depressions on flat rocks, with the variety of D. flagellare {Austin) ; var. plumosum, at Dixville Notch, New Hampshire, under a dam (James). 11. D. albicans, Bruch & Schimp. Plants densely cespi- tose, yellowish green when moistened, whitish when dry ; stems stout and very long, thickly tomentose : leaves erect or slightly turned to one side, oblong at base, narrowly lanceolate- acuminate, nearly tubulose by the incurving borders ; costa very broad, enlarged at base and filling the whole leaf except a nar- row border; outer perichaetial leaves short-sheathing at base, abruptly lanceolate-subulate and broadly costate, the inner long- sheathing, ecostate : capsule long, cylindrical, smooth ; beak of the lid as long as the capsule, narrowly subulate ; teeth large, densely striolate, papillose above, connate at base, bifid and jier- forated to the middle; annulus simjjle, large. — Bryol. Eur. t. 73. Campt/lojius Shaicii, Wils. Hab. Subalpine and arctic regions; Northwestern America (Douglas). * * * * Pkuits of large size, radicidose-tomentose to the base of the highest innovations : leaves long, more or less curved, lanceolate-subulate, glossy ; areolation of the basilar angles broadly quadrate: floicers dioecioiis / male buds often j^^'o- dicced on small annual plants from the prothalliwn and mixed in the felt of radicles: capsule long, cernuous^ arcuate. 12. D. elongatum, Schwaegr. Plants in compact yellow- ish green tufts ; stems very long and slender : leaves open-erect or subsecund, lanceolate-subulate from an enlarged oblong base, very entire, smooth ; costa narrow, vanishing in the apex ; cells of the areolation very narrow, enlarged, quadrangular at the angles : capsule cernuoxTS, gibbous-ovate, substriate, furrowed- plicate when empty ; pedicel pale, comparatively short ; lid pale, long-stibulate, rostrate from a conical base ; annulus simple, nar- row. — Suppl. i. 171, t. 43 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 76. B. Macouni, Aust., Coult. Bot. Gaz. ii. 96, sterile specimens. 72 BRYACE^ [Dicraniim. Var. orthocarpum, Schimp. Plants slender: leaves shorter, erect; capsule small, erect. Hab. Bogs and damp rocks, in alpine and subalpine regions; Mount Marcy; Wliite Mountains; Northfirn sliores of Lalic Superior (^Ir/assfe); Rocky Mountains (Drummond); Vancouver Island [Macoun). 13, D. fuscescens, Turn. Plants loosely cespitose, vari- able in size, slender or robust : leaves more or less tufted at the tops of the innovations, secund or flexuous, pale green or tawny yellow, slightly twasted in the upper part when dry, narrowly lanceolate-subulate, concave ; costa flat and broad ; cells of the areolation minute, rounded-quadrate in the uj^per part of the leaves, long and narrowly rectangular from the middle down- ward, even to the base near the costa, enlarged, quadrate and yellow at the angles ; pericha3tial leaves sheathing, abruptly short-subulate pointed: calyptra large, white: capsule ovate- oblong, more or less turgid, inflated at the collum, striate, fur- rowed when dry ; lid pale, long subulate-beaked ; teeth irregu- larly split and perforated; annulus narrow. — Muse. Hibern. 60, t. 5. D. congestum, Brid. Muse. Recent. Suppl. i. 176 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 77 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 22. Var. longirostre, Schimp. Leaves narrower, crispate when dry, subserrulate at the apex : capsule shorter, ovate, turgid, distinctly striate ; lid with a longer slender beak. — I), longi- rostre, Schw^aegr. Var. flexicaule, Schimp. Stems long, decumbent, genicu- late or flexuous, without radicles : leaves falcate secund : ca2> sule long-pedicellate. — 1>. flexicaule, Brid. Var. angustifolium, Schimp. Plants short, densely tufted : leaves erect, narrow, blackish or dull green. Hab. On rocks and decayed wood, very common in mountainous regions and very variable. The above described varieties and some others less marked have been observed in North America. The species is rare in California. A variety with leaves papillose on the back has been sent from the redwoods of that State by Bolander. 14. D. Muhlenbeckii, Bruch & Schimp. Plants densely cespitose and tomentose, dark green, passing to black when old ; stems long, erect : leaves crowded, sjireading, flexuous, twisted-crisjDate when dry, lanceolate-subulate, concave or sub- tubulose above, denticulate toward the apex, smooth on the back, loosely areolate toward the base ; alar cells not inflated nor enlarged, orange-colored ; inner jierichietial leaves long- Dicranum.] BRTACEiE. 73 tubulose, abruptly short-subulate : capsule erect, cylindrical, subarcuate, scarcely striate, on a long straw-colored pedicel ; lid shorter than in the last species, oblique ; annulus narrow. — Bryol. Eur. t. 78. Campylopus Bauei^ Aust., Coult. Bot, Gaz. i. 28. Hab. Eoots of trees iu the Rocky Mountains [E. Hall) ; Santa Fe, New Mexico (Fendler). 15. D. rhabdocarpum, Sulliv. Closely allied to the pre- ceding-, it differs in the plants being simple or rarely divided by innovations, the leaves lanceolate or slightly subulate or linear- lanceolate, acuminate, open-erect or subsecund, crispate when dry, the inner pericheetial leaves narrowed into a long thong- shaped point, the cajDsule narrower cylindrical, erect, substru- mose or inflated at the long collum, strongly striate especially when dry, polished, the long straight-beaked lid, the teeth jjale red and more regular, the annulus large and subrevoluble. — Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. iv. 172, t. 3. Hab. Same as the last; Rocky Mountains {E. Hall, Downie); Mt. Graham, Arizona (Eothrock); Santa Fe {Fendler). 16. D. fragilifolium, Lindb. Plants densely cespitose ; stems slendei*, erect : leaves erect, strict, brittle and generally broken at the aj^ex, lanceolate, gradually narrowed from the base into a long setaceous point, very entire, glossy ; cells of the areolation quadrate above, rectangular below, filled with greenish yellow chlorophyll, pellucid and enlarged at the angles ; perichoetial leaves convolute, sheathing, constricted into a setar ceous point : capsule ovate, striate by dark lines to below the orifice, furrowed when dry ; lid with a subulate curved pale beak ; teeth entire to above the middle, bifid, not perforated above ; annulus simjDle, revoluble. — Schimp. Syn. 89, and Bryol. Eur. Suppl. Dicrautim, 2, t. 2. Hab. Vancouver Island {Macoun, 1875). 17. D. scoparium, Iledw. In loose yellowish, rarely green tufts ; stems solid, generally long : leaves secund or falcate, rarely erect, more or less tufted at the top of the innovations, linear-subulate from a lanceolate base, sharply serrate and undu- late on the borders in the upper part ; costa compressed, fur- rowed and denticulate on the back toward the apex ; areolation rectangular in the upper part, narrower and vermicular toward the base, large, quadrate, orange-colored at the angles : male 74 BRYACE^. [Dlcramtm. plants produced in buds in the felt of radicles : capsule long^ cernuous, rarely erect, cylindrical, somewhat incurved, arcuate when dry, solid ; lid convex at base, gradually narrowed into a strong beak, as long as the capsule ; peristome solid, dark red ; annulus none. — Fund, Muse. ii. 92 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 75 ; Braithvv. 1. c. 146, t. 21, A. Bryum scoparium^ Linn. Spec. PL 1117. Var. squarrosum. Leaves broader, reflexed-squarrose, the pericha3tial costate, with a longer flexuous dentate point : cap- sule narrower. — D. scoparium^ var., Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor,- Am. Exsicc. n. 60. Var. paludosum, Bruch & Schimp. Tufts light green ; plants long, robust : leaves large, rugulose. Much like D. paludosum, and often confounded with it. Var. pallidum. Plants and leaves pale green ; cells of the areolation long and vermicular, irregularly walled ; pericha^tial leaves rounded-sinuate above : capsule cylindrical, very arched. — D. pallidum, Muell. ; not Bruch tfe Schimp. D. scoparium.^ var., Sulliv. & Lesq. 1. c, n. 61. Hab. Sandy ground, roots of trees, rocks, etc., plains, bills and moun- tains; very common and variable. The first variety on granite rocks in the Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania; the second in bogs, Northern Ohio, etc. ; the last in woods in level districts. 18. D. majus, Turn. Somewhat like the preceding, but easily recognizable by the dark green color of the long slender loosely and irregularly cespitose plants, which are sometimes scattered among other mosses, by the much longer narrower more distinctly falcate glossy leaves, and the shorter soft green capsules turning to black when old, with short pale pedicels generally aggregated two or more in the same perichaetium. — Muse. Hibern. 59, t. 4 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 85. Hab. Deep woods, in subalpine and northern regions ; rare in America. Sitka (Bischoff); Port Discovery, Washington Territory {Pickcrlny). In the aggregation of two or more capsules in the same perichsetium this species resembles D. Drummondi, but it is at once recognized by its long slender stems, the falcate narrow leaves, the color of the plants, etc. ***** Plants of great size, thicJdy tomentose-radicidose : leaves long, glossy, transversely rugose ; costa flat : male buds originating in the tomoitum, rarely on separate plants. 19. D. palnstre, La Pyl. Widely cespitose ; stems slender, yellowish green : leaves open-erect, obscurely undulate above, I Dicranum.] BRYACE^ 75 linear-lanceolate, serrate on the back and on the borders, nar- rowly costate to below the apex ; areolation narrow, enlarged and broadly rectangular at the base and the angles ; perichaetial leaves tubulose, abruptly narrowed into a short point : capsule ovate-oblong, erect or slightly cernuous, striate, strumose at the oolluui, tawny yellow; pedicel slender, someAvhat flexuous, yellowish above, pale red below ; lid pale red, long-subulate ; annulus none. — Brid. Bryol. Univ. i. 814 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 79. D. Bo7)jeani, DeNot. ; Braithw. 1. c. 149, t. 21, B. Var. Brewerianum, Lesq. Leaves narrower, scarcely undulate, falcate-secund ; cells of the areolation longer. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 7. Hab. Peat bogs of Northern Ohio and Penns3'lvania {Lesquereux)\ Lake Winnipeg {Bourgecai); Vancouver Island (Macoun), Tlie variety in mountains of California {Brewer). A rare or rarely observed species, resembling a variety of D. scoparinm, but differing in the slender erect stems, the soft leaves loosely areolate at base, the inner periohtetial leaves short-apioulate, the short pale soft dis- tinctly striate capsule, etc. 20. D. Schraderi, Web. & Mohr. Tufts wide, compact, yellowish green ; stems often very long, erect : leaves close, erect, appressed and subsecund, the upper bright green, the lower yel- lowish, lanceolate, obtusely pointed, deeply undulate, sharply dentate on the back and borders from the middle upward ; cells of the areolation small, rhomboidal-quadrate and obscure in the upper part, long and narrowly rectangular toward the base, abruptly much dilated and orange-colored at the angles : capsule slightly longer than in the last species, more obscurely striate ; peristome small; annulus simple, narrow. — Crypt. Gei*m. 177; Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 1G6, t. 41 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 80. Hab. Common in peat bogs; mountains and cold regions. 21. D. Spurium, Hedw. Robust, loosely cespitose, strav- color or yellowish green ; stems erect or decumbent, brittle : leaves interruptedly tufted, the lower short, ovate-lanceolate, concave ; the upper longer, linear-lanceolate, undulate from be- low the middle upward, rugose, papillose on the back, serrate on the border and on the subpercurrent costa; cells of the areola- tion small, ovate-quadrate and obscure in the upper part, nar- rowly linear in the middle and down to the base near the costa, round-quadrate, enlarged and dark-colored near the angles; perichsetial leaves tubulose, shortly subulate-pointed : fruit soli- 76 BRYACE.E. [Dicranum. tary : capsule oblong or subcylindrical, incurved, striate, deeply furrowed and constricted under the orifice when dry ; annulus double. — Muse. Frond, ii. 82, t. 30 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 81 ; Braithw. 1. c. 151, t. 22, A. D.palUdimi^ Bruch &> Schimp. Bryol. Eur, i. {Dicranum) 39. Var. condensatum. Stems short, densely tufted : leaves shorter, bi'oader, rigid, very close, open when dry. — D. con- densatum, Hedw. Spec. Muse. 139, t. 34, J), spicriicm, var., Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. n. 68''. Hab. Shaded sandy ground ; the variety in dry sandy places or hills, es- pecially in southern districts ; not rare. 22. D, Drummondi, Muell. Plants closely and widely cespitose, bright green above ; stems robust : lower leaves spreading or recurved, the upper secund or falcate, twisted at the apex when dry, oblong, concave in the lower part, lanceo- late-subulate, convolute or canaliculate, denticulate above ; costa broad, vanishing with or below the aj^ex, denticulate or papil- lose in the upper part ; cells of the areolation oval-oblong, very small toward the apex, oblong or broadly linear in the middle, abruptly much enlarged below, round-quadrate, reddish brown, filling the whole tumescent subauriculate base : capsules aggre- gated, short-pedicellate, cylindrical-oblong, incurved, slightly inflated at base, deeply furrowed and constricted under the orifice when dry ; teeth distantly articulate, s])lit to near the base, regular; annulus large, simple. — Syn. Muse. i. 35G, in part; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 23, and Icon. Muse. Suppl. 48, t. 33 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (ed. 2), n. 88 ; Lindb. Adnot. Bryol. in Bot. Notis. 1865, 78 and 79. Hab. Shade of pine woods, New Jersey; subalpine regions of New York and New England ; eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains ; not rare. 23. D. undulatum, Turn. Plants in loose wide disjointed tufts ; stems thick, very tomentose : leaves spreading-subsquar- rosc, the terminal involute or secund, pale green, oblong-ovate toward the decurrent base, linear-lanceolate, very imdulate above, sharply denticulate ; costa narrow, bilamellate on the back and serrate ; areolation pale, loose, enlarged at base : fruits clustered : capsule long-cylindrical, arcuate, obscurely striate ; lid with a very long subulate beak ; annulus narrow. — Muse. Hib. 59 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 82, 83. Hab. Shaded swampy ground; plains and mountains; common. CampT/lopus.] BRYACE.E. 77 23. DICRANODONTIUM, Bruch & Schimp. (PL 1.) Plants densely cespitose : stems slender, tomentose, dichoto- mous or fastigiately branching. Leaves spreading or falcate- seciind, rigid, long-setaceous subulate from a lanceolate base, glossy; costa enlarged, filling the whole narrow part of the leaf ; basilar areolation rectangular, hyaline, enlarged and brown-colored at the angles. Flowers dioecious. Calyptra large, cucullate, entire at base. Ca^^sule oblong or cylindrical, soft, not striate or plicate when dry, erect on a long flexuous- arched pedicel. Lid convex at base with a long acicular beak. Peristome attached deep below the orifice of the capsule, of 16 narrow teeth cleft to near the base into two linear unequal segments, distantly articulate, striolate to the apex, connivent at apex when moistened, open when dry. Annidus none. 1. D. longirostre, Bruch & Schimp. Tufts soft, yellowish green above the thick reddish brown tomentum : leaves easily detached, slightly sheathing at base, serrate or entire at the apex, smooth on the back ; alar cells inflated, hyaline or reddish, filling the whole base on both sides of the costa. — Bryol. Eur. t. 88. Didymodon longirostrum^ Web. & Mohr, Tasch. 155. Hab. On sandstone rocks ; Alleghany Mountains ( Sullivant) ; Southern Ohio {Lesquereux), sterile. 24. OAMPYLOPUS, Brid. (PL 1.) Aspect of Dicranum. Leaves broadly costate ; areolation enlarged, hyaline, brown-tinted at the often excavated angles ; costa sulcate or smooth on the back. Flowers dioecious. Ca- lyptra cucullate, ciliate at base. Capsule symmetrical, solid, generally striate. Lid subulate-beaked. Peristome as in Dicranum. Annulus large, simple or compound. As the peristome, ciliate calj'ptra, and thick texture of the annulated capsule are the essential characters which separate this genus from the last, and as the plants are generally found sterile, it is often difficult to determine their reference to Dlcranodontium or to Campylopus. As also the characters of the leaves of both genera are variable, the American spe- cies, all described from sterile specimens, are subject to criticism. The descriptions, however, are made upon good and generally numerous specimens. 78 BRYACE^. [Campylopus. 1. 0. flexuOSUS, Brid, Tufts flattened, rigid, bright green above, reddish tomentose below : leaves crowded, open or turned to one side, solid, lanceolate-subulate, serrulate at the apex, deeply excavated at the angles; costa smooth on the back : caj^sule oblong-ovate or elliptical, costate when dry ; an- nulus large, simple. — Bryol. Univ. i. 469 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 89 ; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. i. 132, t. 18, F. Hab. Shaded rocks, on Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina {Sulli- vant); sterile. 2. C. Tallulensis, Sulliv. & Lesq. Tufts yellowish white, glossy outside, brown within ; stems simple or dichotomous, sparingly radiculose toward the base : leaves open-erect, close, narrowly lanceolate from a somewhat decurrent not excavated base, concave, serrate at the aj^ex ; costa percurrent ; basal cells very large, broadly quadrangular, inflated, light brown. — Muse. Bor.-Amer. n. 73" ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 27, t. 17. Hab. Wet flat rocks, on the river-banks at Tallulah Falls, Georgia. Compared with the last, it clearly differs in tlie pale yellovvisli green color, tlie exactly linear leaves sub-decurrent and not excavated at tlie angles, witli larger inflated basilar cells, and the costa not entirely filling the leaves at tlie apex, but bordered by a band of the lamina. 3. 0. introflexus, Bridel. Plants yellowish green above, brown below ; stems short, erect : leaves apjiressed, erect-open, narrowly lanceolate, canaliculate above, constricted into a long hyaline denticulate hair-point straight or geniculate at base when dry ; costa broad, three-fifths of the width of the leaves at base, lamellate on the back ; basal cells large, orange-colored, the medial longer, narrower, rectangular and hyaline. — Bryol. Univ. i. 472 ; Braithw. 1. c. 135, 1. 19, C. Dicramcm introflexum, Hedw. Spec. Muse. 147, t. 29. C. leucotricJius^ Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Amer. Exsicc. n. 73 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 19, and Icon. Muse. 28, t. 17. Hab. Dry sandy rocks, Eaccoon Mountains, Alabama (Lesquereux). 4. 0. Leanus, Sulliv. Plants more or less densely cespitose, short, straw-color, tawny below ; stems radiculose to the apex, branching by slender capitate fasciculate innovations: leaves crowded, open-erect, rarely subsecund, linear-lanceolate, subu- late, not decurrent at base ; costa broad, flat ; areolation linear- oblong, the cells only slightly larger toward the base, not enlarged at the angles ; abortive leaves forming compact tufts of linear thickish fleshy filaments like a deformity produced by I J Campijlojms.] BRYACE^. 79 insects. — Mosses of U. States, 19, and Icon. Muse. 29, t. 18. Syrrhopodon Leanus, Sulliv. Muse. Allegh. n. 172. Hab. On much decayed logs or soft woody earth in forest swamps of the Middle States and westward ; not common. 5. 0. Hallii, Lesq. Plants in compact pale green glossy- tufts ; stems short, 2 cm. long, many times clichotomous, tomen- tose to the apex : leaves strict, rigid, linear-lanceolate, tubulose, very entire at the apex, and smooth throughout; casta very- broad, covering the whole lamina except two small auricles at base composed of a few colored inflated cells. — Porter & Coult. Flora of Colorado, 155. Hab. High ridges of the Colorado Momitains [E. Hall). Eeserahling C brevipes (Schimp. Bryol. Eur. Suppl. Campylopus, t. 2), but differing in the broader costa, and the leaves constricted at base into short obtuse auricles with one or two rows of colored cells. 6. 0. frigidus, Lesq. 1, c. Resembles the preceding species in the broad dilated costa, but differs in the longer narroAver leaves, slightly- denticulate at the apex, open, flexuous when dry, and scabrous on the back ; alar cells round. Hab. Same as the last {E. Hall). 7. C. subleucogaster. Plants loosely cespitulose, dirty yellow ; stems short, slender, simple in the lower part, divided at the apex into short capitate" branchlets composing a crispate bristly tuft : lower leaves minute, erect, the comal longer, ovate- acuminate with a flat broad nerve passing up to a gradually narrowed canaliculate subulate strict point, serrulate at the apex ; basilar cells large, pellucid, regularly hexagonal, with a few smaller quadrate inflated yellowish ones underneath, the alar numerous, very loose, brownish-colored, pellucid, slightly excavated ; perichretial leaves much larger, sheathing or convo- lute at base, loosely reticulate, with a long-flexuous more coarsely subulate point. — Dicranwn subleucogaster, Muell. Bull. Torr. Club, v. 50. Hab. On M-et clayey ground; Mobile, Alabama (MoTir). This species differs from the European Dicranwn leucogaster, Muell., in the more flexuous thicker longer hairy stems, the alar cells whitish and loose, and the others smaller, 8. C. Donnellii. Differs from the last in its tawny green color, the leaves more open, subfalcate, longer and more abruptly narrowed, often spinulose-serrate and whitish at the apex, the costa narrower, etc. — Dicramcm Donnellii, Aust., Coult. Bot. 80 BRYACEiE. [Campylopus. Gaz. iv. 150. Dicramcm suhleucogaster, Aust. Muse. Appal. Exsicc. Suppl. 1, n. 470. Hag. Southern Florida; common. 9. 0. VirginicuS. Plants widely cespitose, tawny green; stems short, flexuous, slender, nearly equally foliate : leaves strict, erect-open, abruptly long setaceous-subulate from a sub- quadrate-ovate base, canaliculate, minutely serrate on the mar- gins; costa broad, striate, scabrous on the back or subserrate at the apex ; cells of the areolation oblong and oval, hyalme, rhomboidal-oblong or linear toward the middle, smaller above, the basal much enlarged ; some of the apical leaves brittle, truncate from a narrower base, deciduous, more convolute, longer and gradually acuminate, entire and smooth on the back, with cells shorter, hyaline, the basilar scarcely different and the costa not distinct from the lamina. — Dicranum Virginicwn^ Aust., Coult. Bot. Gaz. iv. 150. Hab. Biackwater Falls, West Virginia {J. Donnell Smith). From the remarks of the author, the slender stems are ahout 2 ra.m. long, the young ones clothed with a delicate entangled white tomentum. Aboi;t one-half of the expanded portion of the leaves is composed of large hyaline cells; ascending along the costa, these gradually become chloro- phyllose and smaller, while toward the margin they become much nar- rower and longer; the basal cells although much enlarged are not inflated, and there appear to be no true alar cells; the lamina rarely extends to the middle of the subulate portion of the leaf. 10. C. gracilicaulis, Mitt. Stems slender, 1 or 2 c. ra. long, simple and radiculose in the lower part : lower leaves closely appressed, the upper tufted, longer, spreading, narrowly lanceo- late-acuminate from an elliptical base ; costa covering a third part of the lamina and distinct to near the apex ; borders in- curved, slightly denticulate above ; lower cells loose, oblong, pellucid, gradually shorter, rhomboidal above ; inner ])ericha9- tial leaves long, convolute at base, abruptly narrowed into a narrow subulate hyaline-denticulate point : capsule immersed in the comal leaves, oval, equal, scabrous at base: caly23tra fim- briate. — Journ. Linn. Soc. xii. 83. Hab. South Florida {Austin). 11. C angustiretis. Very like the preceding species in aspect, differing in the lower leaves less appressed, the cells much longer, sublinear, the alar dirty red, much contracted. — Dicranum ang^istiretis, Aust., Coult. Bot. Gaz. iv. 150. Hab. With the preceding species and probably a variety of it. Fissidens.] BRYACE^. Ql SuBTRiBE I. — FISSIDENTE^. Stems frondiform. Leaves distichous, conduplicate below, alate on the back, the upper part expanded into a vertical simple lamina with a percurrent or excurrent costa ; areolation small, chlorophyllose. Operculum and peristome as in Dicranum. 25. FISSIDENS, Hedw. (PI. 1.) Plants simple or sparingly branched. Flowers gemmiform, terminal or axillary. Calyptra cucullate or mitriform. Cap- sule cernuous or erect. Teeth of the peristome horizontally in- curved when dry. Annulus narrow. Spores small, smooth. — Skit02'>hyllum, La Pyl. * Monoecious. Fruit and flowers terminal., or rarely lateral. -H- Plants less than one c. m. long. 1. F. Olosteri, Aust. Plants gregarious, very minute or stemless : male flowers attached to the base : leaves pericha9tial, the lower very small, broadly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the upper at least twice as large, the lanceolate lamina about equal to the ovate-plicate base ; costa endmg below the apex ; areo- lation quadrate-oblong, equal : cai>sule oblong-ovate, on a thick pedicel ; lid with a long conical beak, entirely covered by the calyptra; teeth long, reflexed ; annulus indistinct. — Bull. Torr. Club, V. 21 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 44, t. 29. Hab. On the ground, near Closter, N.J. (Austin). Smaller than F. exills, its nearest congener, and distinguished by its shorter leaves, the blade almost obsolete. 2. F. bryoides, Hedw. Plants small, gregarious : leaves with a lingulate-lanceolate lamina, bordered all around by a pale rounded margin either connivent at the apex with the shortly excurrent costa, or ending below the minutely serrate apex ; perigonial leaves broad-ovate at base, erose on the borders below tlie abruptly narrowed short apical lamina : male flowers in numerous axillary pedicellate buds: capsule erect, oblong- ovate ; annulus very narrow, indistinct. — Muse. Frond, iii. 67, t. 29, excluding fig. 10; Bryol. Eur. t. 101; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. i. 71, t. 10, E. 82 BRYACE^E. [Flssldens. Var. CSBSpitans, Schimp. Plants loosely cespitose, much longer, branching by innovations ; lamina narrow, the borders and costa disappearing below the minutely serrulate apex. Hab. Shaded ground ; often covering the earth of flower pots in con- servatories; the variety at News River, White Mountains (Rev. D, D. Allen). 3. P. incurvus, Schwaegr. Plants very slender and small : leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate, apiculate, with a very narrow border vanishing toward the apex ; costa terminating below the obscurely erose apex or excuruent in a sharp j^oint : capsule horizontal or oblique, rarely erect, small, oval. — Su])j»l. ii. 5, t. 49 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 99 ; Braithw. 1. c. 69, t. 10, C. Dicranurti incurvum, Web. & Mohr. Hab. Shaded rocks and on sandstone in streams ; not rare. According to Schimper the species is not distinctly defined. The only essential character is the terminal position of the male flowers. Austin asserted that he had found a form of it with axillary male flowers, which seems to indicate that it is a mere variety of F. hryoides. 4. F. inconstans, Schimp. Similar to F. incurmis in size and aspect; plants generally simple: leaves 8 to 16 pairs, linear-lanceolate, acute ; borders narrow, hyaline, continuous to near the slightly serrulate apex ; dorsal wing entire, narrowed to the base and there confluent with the pellucid costa, which ends below the apex : flowers synoecious or monoecious, antheridia and archegonia numerous and terminal, without para- physes, or the male buds axillary in the lower leaves of the fruit-bearing plants : calyptra split to near the apex : capsule cylindric-oval, erect ; lid conical, rostellate, nearly erect. — Syn. Muse. (ed. 2), 114. F. si/noicus, Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 103. Hab. San Marcos, Texas {Wright). The author remai-ks that the species is very inconstant in its mode of fructification, which is sometimes terminal and cladogenous, sometimes axillary, and that the capsule is smaller than in F. incurvus, of which it may be a variety. In the Texan specimens we have generally found the flowers terminal and syna'cious, but sometimes with axillary buds near the base of the fertile plants. The stems are stronger, the leaves shorter and broader, and the areolation smaller than in F. incurvus. It is re- ferred to F. hryoides by Braithwaite. 5. P. limbatus, Sulliv. Plants small : leaves 8 to 10 pairs, oblong, acuminate, with a thick costa ending below the apex and a pellucid border gradually enlarging from near the apex to Fissidens.] BRYACE^. 83 the base of the auricles ; areolation minute-subquadrate below, loose and angularly rounded in the lamina : flowers monoecious, the male gemmiform, axillary : cajDSule unequally oval, sub- cernuous ; teeth split to near the base, much iuflexed. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 185, t. 1. Had. Near San Francisco (Bigelow). Comparable to F. brijokles, from which it differs in the cernuous cap- sule, the deeply split teeth, and especially the pellucid entire margin, which becomes very broad at the base of the auricles. -1- -f- Plants of larger size. 6. F. crassipes, Wils. Plants 2 to 4 c. m. long: leaves close, soft, liugulate-acuminate, unequally margined, the border enlarged below to the middle of the auricles, disappearing to- ward the base and below the slightly crenulate apex ; costa thick, subpercurrent : flowers terminal; male buds on basilar branchlets : capsule nearly erect, oblong-oval, strongly con- stricted below the orifice when dry ; lid short-beaked ; pedicel thick, reddish toward the base, yellowish above ; segments of the teeth distinctly papillose ; annulus minute. — Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. 1. 100. F. incurvus, var. crassipes, Schimp. F. viridulus, var. major, Wils. Bryol. Brit. 303, t. 53, R. Hab. On wet rocks ; not rare in Europe. The species is admitted on the authority of Jaeger's Fissidentacece, n. 77. We have seen no American specimen of it. 7. F. Floridanus, Lesq. & James. Plants of about the same size as in the preceding, branching from the base, brown in the lower part, bright green above : leaves densely crowded, the upper slightly scythe-shaped, plicate to above the middle, minutely erose-denticulate at the apex, surrounded below by a somewhat large jaale border ; costa vanishing below the aj^ex ; areolation minute, hexagonal, narrower and less distinct in the lamina, which is prolonged on the back of the auricles and abruptly cut at base : flowers monoecious ; the male terminal on somewhat long lateral branches ; the perichfetium on a short radiculose branch from the middle of the stem, bearing one or rarely two fruits ; perichaetial leaves loosely areolate, with broad auricles narrowly alate to the middle, abruptly narrowed above into a short lamina : capsule oblong-ovate, cernuous, on a thick reddish pedicel ; lid large, long-beaked. — Proc. Am Acad. xiv. 137. Hab. Florida (Gai'ber). 84 BRYACEiE. [Fissidens. Comparable to F. osmundoides, Hedw., from which it differs in the monoecious inflorescence, the serrulate apex of the leaves, and the minute hexagonal areolatiou. 8. F. ventricosus, Lesq. Plants robust, loosely and widely cespitose, nearly black throughout, dark green only at the top of the recent innovations, generally immersed; stems two cm. long or more, branching from the base, radiculose in the axils of the leaves : leaves close, erect-open, cultriform, pli- cate and venti'icose to the middle, bordered by a thick smooth margin confluent at the apex with the tihick costa, which is ex- current into a blunt point or rarely vanishing below it ; areola- tion minute, ovate-quadrate or irregularly polygonal: flowers terminal : calyptra large, cucullate : cajasule very shortly pedi- cellate, subimmersed, erect, obovate, narrowing and confluent into the pedicel, dark green ; lid short, conical, obtuse ; teeth large, erect : spores large. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 7 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 45, t. 30. Hab. On submerged rocks, Mendocino City, California (Bolander). Species comparable to F. rufulus, Bruch & Schimp., from which it differs in the more obtuse thick-margined leaves, etc. * * Floicers dioecious. +- Plants niimite. 9. F. hyalinus, Wils. & Hook. Gregarious; stems 2 or 3 m.m. long, simple: leaves 3 or 4 pairs, very soft, oblong- lanceolate, interruptedly narrowly marginate, ecostate, plicate to the middle, with a broad margin gradually narrowed to the base ; meshes of the areolation large, hexagonal, hyaline- pellucid : fertile flowers terminal, the male not seen : calyptra subcylindrical, covering the beak of the lid : capsule oblong, erect, enlarged at the orifice, short-pedicellate ; teeth reddish, solid, closely articulate. — Journ. Bot. (1841) iii. 89, t. 2; Sulliv. Muse. Alleghan. n. 180, Mosses of U. States 24, and Icon. Muse. 34, t. 21. Hab. Moist rocky ledges at Bank Lick, near Cincinnati (T. G. Lea); clay banks near Painesville, OlMp (//. C. Beardslee); very rare. 10. F. exigUUS, Sulliv. Gregarious, pale green : leaves 4 to 6 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, obscurely short-acuminate, entire, not margined, plicate to the middle ; dorsal h^.mina gradually narrowed and vanishing at base ; costa flexuous, siibpercurrent : male and female plants similar : flowers termmal : capsule erect, Fissidens.] BRYACE^. 85 oblong-oval, narrowed and confluent to the pedicel ; lid ros- tellate ; teeth split to the middle. — Muse. Allegh. n. 182 ; Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. iii. 60, t. 2, B ; Mosses of U. States 24 and 103, and Icon. Muse. 36, t. 23. I^. incurvus, var. exiguus^ Aust. Muse. Apical, n. 103. Hab. On stones in moist and sliaded ravines, dry channels of brooks, etc. ; common. 11. F. minutulus, Sulliv. Size and asj)ect of the last : leaves 4 to 10 j)airs, linear-oblong, lanceolate to the apex, bor- dered by a narrow margin ujj to the slightly serrulate apex, the auricles broadly margined, and the dorsal lamina extending to below the middle ; costa percurrent : calyptra shorter, scarcely reaching the base of the operculum : capsule oval-oblong ; oper- culum longer-beaked than in the preceding species ; teeth dark red, cleft to below the middle into long linear-granulose segments. — Muse. Allegh. n. 183; Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. iii. 58, t. 2, A; Mosses of U. States, 24, and Icon. Muse. 37, t. 24. I^. bryokles, Hook & Wils. in Drumm. Muse. Am. (Coll. II.), n. 39 and 40. I^. mcurvus, var. mi7iutidus, Aust. Muse. Appal, n. 102. Hab. Moist rocks in woods ; dry cliannels in woods, on stones. 12. F. Hallii, Aust. Size of JF'. incicrvics, from which it differs in the crenulate immarginate leaves, the longer-beaked lid, the calyptra not cleft and scarcely descending to the base of the beak, and the dioecious inflorescence. — Coult. Bot. Gaz. ii. 97. Hab. Texas (E. Hall). 13. F. Ravenelii, Sulliv. Leaves 5 to 15 pairs, erect or curved on one side, linear-oblong, acute, close and opaque ; auricles prolonged to the middle, broadly marginate and dis- tinctly dentate ; lamina and dorsal wing not margined, minutely denticulate; areolation very dense, of minute round-quadrate chlorophyllose cells ; costa flexuous, hyaline : flowers terminal ; male plants very small, with 2 or 3 pairs of leaves : capsule oblong-erect, equal, of thin texture, minutely papillose ; lid enlarged at base, with an inclined beak. — Mem. Am. Acad, n. ser. iv. 171, t. 2, Mosses of U. States 24, and Icon. Muse. 39, t. 25. Hab. Damp bricks or earth, Santee Canal, South Carolina (Ravenel)', moist ground, Society Hill, iSTorth Carolina (Curtis). 14. F. Donnellii, Aust. Leaves 3 or 4 pairs, not margined, crenulate-serrate on the borders, impillose, the lower oblong- 86 BRYACEJ3. [Fissidens. ovate, the upper much longer, linear-lanceolate, plicate to the middle ; costa vanishing below the apex ; cells of the areolation very small, each with a single papilla : pedicel very short : cap- sule destroyed. — Coult. Bot. Gaz. iv. 151. Hab. Base of trees in a cypress swamp, Caloosa, Florida (J. Donnell Smith, Austin). 15. F. Garberi,Lesq.& James. Gregarious; i^lants simple : leaves 4 to 8 pairs, slightly decurrent, oblong, the upper four times longer than broad, plicate to the middle ; dorsal wing gradually narrowed to the base ; lamina somewhat broader than the plicate auricle, blunt at the apex, rarely short-acuminate, crenulate on the borders by doubly papillose cells ; areolation round- hexagonal, distinct, that of the perichretial clasping base of the Yaginule larger, hexagonal-rectangular, in two or three rows : capsule sub-erect, oval, pale brown, red at the orifice ; segments of the teeth yellow. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 137. Hab. On the bark of trees, Florida (Garber, J. Donnell SmitJ)). The inflorescence of this species is not positively ascertained. Schimper, who examined the specimens with James, found it bisexual, while Austin (Bull. Torr. Club, vii. 5), who had specimens from Florida which he con- sidered the same species, describes it as pseudo-dioecious. 16. F. Texanus, Lesq. Plants dark green, turning to black : leaves 5 to 7 pairs, curved at the apex, broadly lanceolate-acumi- nate, with a thick dark smooth margin ascending to the apex or to near the slightly serrulate point ; costa stout, percurrent or excurrent into a short mucro ; dorsal lamina broad, descending to the base : male and female 2:)lants similar : capsule long-pedi- cellate, oval, inclined, rarely erect, greenish brown, smooth; lid conical, short-beaked, subincurved. — Herb. Sulliv. (1850). Hab. Texas (Wrig Jit). Eelated to F. inciirvus, but differing in the dark color of the plants, the broad dorsal wing descending to the base, tlie broader leaves, and the dioecious inflorescence. It differs from F. Tlallii, Aust., merely in the entire margined leaves. 17. F. obtusifolius, Wils. Plants densely gregarious or closely aggregated-cespitiilose, bright green, simple or branching : leaves 6 to 12 pairs, erect or turned to one side, very entire, not margined, obovate, obtuse, with a broad nearly round pellucid areolation, plicate to above the middle ; dorsal lamina gradually narrowed, ending above the base; costa vanishing below the apex : flowers terminal : capsule thick, oblong-ovate or obovate. Fissidens.] BRYACE^. 87 slighty conti'acted under the broad orifice ; lid hemisplierical, conical-apiculate ; teeth short, orange at base ; segments hyaline, whitish and granulose : spores large. — Lond. Journ. Bot. (1845) iv. 196 ; Siilliv. Muse. Allegh. n. 181, Mosses of U. States, 24, and Icon. Muse. 35, t. 22. Hab. Frequent on wet dripping sandstone rocks, near the water at the base of dams; near Cincinnati, where it was first found by Lea ; very abundant at and around Sugar Grove, Ohio. •i- -f- Plants larger. 18. F. OSmundoides, Hedw. Plants of medium size, tomentose, dark green, more or less densely tufted: leaves numerous, broadly Ungulate, slightly falcate inward, rounded and apiculate at the apex, minutely serrate on the borders; dor- sal wing broad, narrowing downward to the base : flowers terminal ; male plants smaller : calyptra plurilobate at base : caj^sule erect or slightly inclined, oval-oblong, brown, solid ; lid with a long acicular beak. — Spec. Muse. 153, t. 40 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 103; Braithw. 1. c. 73, t. 11, A. Conomitriuni osmundoides, Muell. Syn. ii. 526. HAB. On the ground, the roots and bark of trees, in swamps and peat bogs ; plains and mountains. 19. F. decipiens, DeNot. Smaller than F. adiantoides^ which it closely resembles. Leaves dusky green, close, linear- lanceolate, plicate to the middle, minutely serrulate all around except sometimes at the base of the lamina; meshes of the areolation small: male flowers axillary, on separate plants: capsule short-pedicellate, small, sub-erect when empty. — Epil. Bryol. Ital. 479; Schimp. Syn. Muse (ed. 2), 118 ; SuUiv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 46, t. 31 ; Braithw. 1. c. 76, t. 11, D. Hab. On sandy soil and limestone rocks; frequent, but hitherto gen- erally considered as a small form of F. adlantoides. * * * Fruit axillary. 20. F. taxifolius, Hedw. Plants 2 or 3 cm. long, fascicu- late-branching at base : leaves close, lingulate-obtuse, mucronate by the excurrent costa, plicate to the middle, serrate and hyaline on the borders : flowers monoecious, on short basilar radiculose branchlets : capsule subcernuous, inclined or pendent, oblong, slightly inflated on the back, solid, dark brown ; pedicel long, flexuous, reddish; lid long, narrowly beaked. — Spec. Muse. 88 BRYACE^. [Fissidens. 135, t. 39; Biyol. Eur. t. 104; Braitliw. 1. c. 77, t. 11, D. Hypnum taxifoUum, Linn. Hab. Shaded clayey ground in level districts; very common. 21. F. adiantoides, Hedw. Plants 3 to 5 cm. long, branching by radiculose innovations from the base or the apex : leaves numerous, close, imbricate at base, linear-oblong, abruptly acuminate and slightly mucronate, plicate to the middle; dorsal wing long, continuous, slightly decurrent at base ; borders pel- lucid, irregularly serrulate : flowers short-pedicellate, attached to the middle of the stems : capsule oval-oblong, reddish brown, much constricted under the orifice when empty; lid long- beaked.— Muse. Frond. 61, t. 26 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 105 ; Braithw. 1. c. 78, t. 12, B. Hypnum adiantoides, Linn. Var. immarginatus, Lindb. Leaves without a pellucid border. Hab. Shady moist ground, wet rocks, roots of trees, etc., mostly in the plains; common. The variety at Boundary Lake, Canada {B,au). * * * * Floioers dicecious or unhnown. 22. P. subbasilaris, Hedw. Plants widely cespitose, 1 or 2 cm. long, green above, brown and tomentose below : leaves 12 to 15 pairs, close, oblong, short-irointed, plicate to above the middle, serrulate, not margined ; dorsal wing broad, rounded at the base ; costa vanishing below the more deeply serrulate apex : fruiting buds rarely pedicellate, attached near the base, radicu- lose ; male flowers unknown : calyptra cucullate, narrow : cap- sule oblong or cylindric-oval, erect, subcernuous, scarcely emerg- ing above the stems on its short pedicel ; lid long-beaked. — Spec. Muse. 155, t. 39; Sulliv. Muse. AlJegh. n. 184, Mosses of U. States, 25, and Icon. Muse 41, t. 26. Hab. Trunks of trees, sometimes in dense tufts; Northern and Mid- dle States. 23. F. polypodioides, Hedw. Plants of large size, gre- garious, radiculose at base, yellowish green, glossy, mostly simple, rigid : leaves numerous, linear-oblong, abruptly rounded to a blunt point, entire, not margined, plicate to above the middle; dorsal wing continuous, rounded to the base; costa thick, nearly percurrent: cells of the areolation irregularly round, pellucid : flowers dioecious, the fertile attached to the upper part of the stems, the male axillary nearer to the base, in separate plants : capsule on a short flexuous pedicel, obovate, Conomitrium.] BRYACE^. 89 subpyriform, gradually much enlarged at the orifice ; lid ros- trate from a hemispherical base ; teeth broad and long ; annulus large, revoluble. — Muse. Fi-ond. iii. 63, t. 27 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. (ed. 1), n. 27 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 43, t. 27 ; Mitten, Journ. Linn. Soc. xii. 585. Hab. Louisiana (Drummond) j Florida [Chapman); moist rocks, Georgia [Lesquereux); sterile. 24. F. grandifrons, Brid. Plants large, dark green, fas- ciculate-branching from the base, rigid or pendent ; branches short, radiculose: leaves numerous, equal throughout, thick, composed of multiple layers of cells, with a thick costa vanishing below the apex, rigid, entire, the borders of the auri- cles only minutely crenulate : flowers axillary ; archegonia numerous : fruit unknown. — Muse. Recent. Suppl. i. 170 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 106. Hab. "Wet limestone rocks near waterfalls ; abundant below Niagara Falls; found also in California (Bolander), Nevada ( Watson), etc. 26. CONOMITRIUM, Mont. (PI. 1.) Plants slender, filiform, fasciculate-ramose, branching from innovations the whole length of the stems, or from the base only, floating. Leaves distant, linear-lanceolate, short-auriculate. Flowers monoecious, terminal, on more or less elongated branch- lets, the male axillary; fruits (cladogenous) on young shoots, often numerous on the same plants. Calyj^tra minute, conical, solid, covering only the beak of the lid. Capsule short-pedicel- late, fragile, erect, very small. Operculum conical-beaked. Teeth laciniate or entire. Annulus none. 1. 0. Julianum, Mont. Leaves long, the lamina ending at the auricles and three times as long : male flowers sometimes aggregate ; perigonium of two or three leaves : calyptra neax-ly black, erose or lacerate at base : capsule oblong-ovate, greenish, soft, red at the orifice, gradually narrowed to a short green pedicel, very fragile at its base ; lid as long as the capsule ; teeth short, irregularly laciniate or perforate above the middle, yellowish at base, pellucid. — Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. viii. 250. Fontinalis Juliana, Savi. OctocUceras Julianum, Brid. Bryol. Univ. ii. 678 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 108. Hab. On stones and branches in wooded creeks and swamps. 90 BRYACE^. [Conomitrlum. 2. 0. Hallianum, Sulliv. & Lesq. Plants very small and slender, in loose floating dirty green sparingly divided tufts : leaves distant, long-linear, gradually tapering to a blunt apex ; dorsal wing descending to the middle; areolation loose, in broader ovate angular cells, narrower toward the borders: flowers terminal on long branches : calyptra longer, descending to below the orifice of the capsule, split on one side : capsule longer- pedicellate, oval-oblong, with the borders of the orifice flat; lid conical-rostrate, slightly inclined, nearly as long as the capsule ; teeth long, entire, not cleft and without a divisural line, nar- rowly lanceolate, obscurely articulate, yellow, attached at a distance below the orifice. — Aust. Muse. Appal, n. 108; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 43, t. 28. Hab. On decayed wood in wells, Illinois {E. Hall), fertile; on shaded rocks, New Jersey (Austin), sterile. SuBTRiBE II. LEUCOBRYEJE. Plants whitish, spongy like Sphagnum^ soft when moist, brittle when dry, densely cespitose. Leaves close, composed, except on the borders, of two or three superposed layers of large porous chlorophyllose cells separated by a layer of inter- cellular simple narrow chlorophyllose ones. Calyptra large, whitish, Caj^sule, peristome and operculum as in Dicranuni, or the peristome of 8 short broad lanceolate teeth. 27. LEUOOBRYUM, Hampe. (PI. 2.) Capsule, peristome and lid as in Dicranum. Flowers dioecious. 1. L. vulgare, Hampe. Ramification dichotoraous and fastigiate : leaves oblong-ovate, half-clasping at base, lanceolate, tubulose from the middle upward : capsule oblong-ovate, with a distinct substrumose collum, slightly gibbous below the orifice, small, chestnut-color, black when old, plicate-furrowed when dry ; lid long-subulate-beaked, curved doAvnward. — Linnsea, xiii. 42. JBryum glauciim, Linn. Spec. PI. 1118. Dicranum glaucum, Auct. Oncophorus glaucus, Bryol. Eur. t. 97 and 98. Leucohryum glaucum, Schimp. ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 23. OctoblepJiarum.] BRYACE.E. 91 Hab. Eoots of trees, mossy damp places in woods, borders of swamps; not rare. Fruiting in winter or early spring. 2. L. minus, Sulliv. Plants more slender, scarcely half as long as in the last species : leaves shorter, more crowded : caj^sule smaller and 2>edicel shorter. — Mosses of U. States, 24. X. mdgare, var. mmus, Hampe, 1. c. Hab. Roots of trees in swamps, more generally on tlie ground in dry woods. Fruiting from June to August, according to latitude. The time of the ripening of the fruit is the most marked difference between this and the preceding species. 3. L. sediforme, Muell. Plants with few branches : loaves very short, densely imbricate, subsquarrose, exactly eight- ranked, lanceolate-acute, very concave, entire, margined to above the middle ; perichoetial leaves much longer and nar- rower, long-exserted, convolute : capsule long-pedicellate, short, slightly strumose. — Syn. i. 75 * Mitten, Journ. Linn. Soc. xii. 111. Hab. Florida (E. Palmer). 28. OOTOBLEPHARUM, Hedw. Plants densely cespitose. Leaves thick ; costa broadly enlarged at base. Calyptra dimidiate. Capsule erect. Teeth of the peri- stome 8, short, broadly lanceolate, pale yellow, diaphanous. 1. O. albidum, Hedw. Stem-leaves coriaceous, recurved when dry, broadly margined, lingulate-oblong, obtuse or ajjicu- late, denticulate at the apex, unequally alate at base : capsule oval, short-pedicellate, erect ; lid plane at base, obliquely subu- late-beaked. — Muse. Frond, iii. 15, t. 6 ; Muell. Syn. i. 86 ; Mitten, Journ. Linn. Soc. xii. 109. Hab. Florida; not rare. SuBTRiBE HI. CERATODONTE^. Plants cespitose. Leaves linear-lanceolate, subtilate, clasping at the base, spreading to every side or distichous, strongly cos- tate to the apex ; areolation elongated and pellucid at the base. Capsule ovate, erect or inclined, on a long slender pedicel. Teeth of the i^eristome bifid to near the base ; segments long, equal, strongly articulate, or shorter and irregularly divided. 92 BRYACE^. [Ceratodon. 29. CERATODON, Brid. (PI. 1.) Plants dividing by innovations from under the periclia^tium. Leaves lanceolate, pajiillose, or nearly smooth in the upj^er j^art. Flowers dioecious. Capsule ovate-oblong, striate, deeply fur- rowed when dry, subcernuous. Teeth of the peristome cleft into two equal strongly articulate segments, papillose above. 1. O. purpureus, Brid. Plants fastigiate, branching, dirty or dark green : leaves carinate, entire, reflexed ; borders opaque, nearly smooth ; areolation distinct : capsule short-necked, dark red, polished, horizontal, quadrate or pentagonal when old and dry; lid conical, short-beaked; teeth purple; annulus large, revoluble. — Bryol. Univ. i. 480; Bryol. Eur. t. 189, 190; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. i. 173, t. 26, D. Ifniitm purjyureum, Linn. Sp. PI. 1111. Dicranimi purpureum.^ Hedw, Sjjec. Muse. 136, t. 36. Var, xanthopus, Sulliv. Pedicel of the capsule pale yel- low or whitish. Var. aristatus, Aust. Leaves narrower, with a long ex- current costa : capsule and pedicel pale colored. — Muse. Appal. n. 117. Hab. Almost everywhere, and extremely variable. Var. xanthopus common in California; the last on sandy barrens of New Jersey (Austin). 2. 0. minor, Aust. Differs from the preceding in the short stem, half a cm. long, the leaves lanceolate, aristate by the long point of the excurrent costa and serrulate toward the apex, the capsule sliorter, the teeth narrower, articulate only from the middle downward and very narrowly margined. — Coult. Bot. Gaz. ii. 89. Hab. West of Frazer River (Macoun). The author compares it to his var. aristatus of C. purpureus, which, however, is more robust, has the costa not excurrent into as long a point, and the peristome of typical character. The difference therefore consists especially in the more delicate texture of the peristome. 30. TRIOHODON, Schimp. Plants small, radiculose at base only, subcespitose. Leaves long-subulate from an enlarged sheathing obovate or oblong base, crispate, smooth ; areolation linear-rectangular, gradually longer to the base. Flowers dioecious ; pericha3tium sheathing. Distichium.] BETACEyE. 93 Calyptra long, narrow. Capsule narrowly C3'lincTrical, regular or subarcuate, thin, smooth. Operculum short-conical. Peri- stome large, jjurple, with the segments of the teeth nearly equal, nodose at the articulations and minutely granulose. Annulus large, revoluble. Eelated, like Ceratodon, to Dicranum in the mode of growth; to Lepto- trichum in the form of the capsule and structure of the peristome. 1. T. cylindricus, Schimp. Stem one cm. long: leaves fiexuous, squarrose, curling: capsule dusky. — Coroll. 36. Trichostomiim cylinclHcum, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 107, t. 24, figs. 7 to 13. Didytnodon cylindricus, Wahl. ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. n. 106'' (not Bruch & Schimp, ; Watson, Bot. Calif, ii. 366, excl. hab.). Ceratodon cylindricus, Bryol. Eur. t. 192. Ditrichuni tenuifolium,JAn(\k).\ Braithw. Brit. Moss- FI. i. 97, t. 14, E. Hab. On old wood and twigs, Chester Co., Pennsylvania, fruiting; Alleghany County and White Mountains, sterile [James) \ Nevada (Watson)\ Ontario [Mrs. Roy). 31. DISTICHIUM, Bruch & Schimp. (PI. 2.) Plants densely cespitose, glossy. Stems slender, repeatedly dichotomous and fastigiate. Stem-leaves exactly distichous, spreading and subulate from the half-clasping base, broadly cos- tate. Flowers moncecious ; antheridia enclosed in a j^erigoniura of two or three leaves, or more generally free in the axils of the upper leaves, long, narrow, with long parajihyses ; peri- choetiura terminal. Capsule erect or subcernuous, coriaceous, glossy. Lid conical. Teeth linear-lanceolate, either nearly entire or bifid or irregularly lacerate, punctulate, reddish. Annulus simple, large, deciduous. 1. D. capillaceum, Bruch & Schimp. Tufts dense, tomentose, silky green above : leaves long-subulate from the clasping base, broad, concave-oblong, open and fiexuous, very entire ; perichaetium of two long sheathing leaves : capsule generally erect, regular, oblong-ovate, smooth (not furrowed) when dry; teeth narrow, irregular, bifid or lacunose. — Bryol. Eur. t. 193. Bryum 7nontanum, Lorn. Fl. Fr. i. 48. Swartzia 94 BRTACE^. [DlsUchhan. capillacea, Hedw. Muse. Frond, ii. 72, t. 26. Cynontodiwn capillaceum^ Hedw. ; Mitten, Journ. Linn. Soc. xii. 41. Sioartzia montmia, Lindb. ; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. i. 102, t. 15, B. Hab. Cold and subalpine regions, in fissures of rociis; not rare. 2. D. inclinatum, Bmch & Schimp. Differs from the preceding in its soft irregular dark green tufts; the leaves close, shorter, more narrowly subulate and minutely serrate at the apex; the male flowers at the base of the pericha3tium, which is composed of three sheathing leaves ; the capsule cer- nuous, shorter ovate ; and the teeth broader, strongly articulate, bifid or cribrose. — Bryol. Eur. t. 194. Swartzia i?idmata, Hedw. Muse. Frond, ii. 74, t. 27 ; Braithw. 1. c. 103, t. 15, C. Hab. Nortliern sliore of Lalie Superior (Agassiz); Roclcy Mountains {Drummond) ; Colorado {Downie); Uinta Mountains (Watson); Sierra Nevada [Bolunder). Trichostonmui (?) scitidum, Austin (Coult. Bot. Gaz. i. 29), described as small with slender stems, the leaves distichous, erect, subsheathing at base, spreading and undulate, abruptly linear-canaliculate, scabrous and papillose, erose-serrate at the apex, is apparently a form of this species. The description is made from sterile plants found on dry shaded lime- stone rocks at the zinc mines of Odenburg, New Jersey. The author remarks tlaat tlie leaves are much like those of Distlchliim inclinatum, but they are more undulate-flexuous, less solid, not so acute, and the papillae of the surface are larger. ^32. EUSTICHIA, Brid. (PL 2.) Plants with the aspect of Fissidens, more or less densely gregarious; stems simple, rarely forking, flat, radiculose and bulbiform at base. Leaves distichous, densely imbricate, cari- nate-plicate, erect, smooth, glossy ; costa thick, compressed toward the base into a narrow lamina, more enlarged toward the apex, percurrent or vanishing below the apex in the stem- leaves, passing in the floral leaves into a long flexuous lorate acumen ; areolation oblong-elongated, hyaline below, quadrate- hexagonal and chlorophyllose above. Flowers dioecious, ter- minal, gemmiform ; antheridia and archegonia long, slender, with few short piliform paraphyses. Calyptra cucullate. Cap- sule oval or obovate, on a short flexuous pedicel. Lid flat, con- vex when moistened, obliquely and narrowly rostrate. Peri- stome none. Eustichia.] BRYACE^. 95 I.E. Norvegica, Brid. Plants one or two cm. long, sub- flexuous: leaves short-acuminate; costa vanishing at or below the apex ; perigonium of three concave lorate-aciiminate leaves ; perichiEtium distichous, the lower leaves shorter, the upper and inner ones very long-acuminate, obscurely serrate at the apex : calyptra large, cuculliform, si^lit three-fourths of its length, tipped with a long slender flexuous awn as long as the ca\yi)tra : caiDsule obovate, pale yellow, red-bordered at the orifice, oblique or inclined horizontally upon a comparatively thick pedicel (2 ra.m. long) ; lid red at its base, long-persistent, attached to the columella and bearing at the borders fragments of the inner membrane lacerated in its dehiscence. — Bryol. Univ. ii. 674 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 195; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 29; E. G. Knight, Bull. Torr. Club, x. 99, figs. 1-6. Phyllogonium N'orve- gicicm, Sulliv. Muse. Allegh. n. 46, and Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. iii. 57, t. 1. BryozipMwn Norvegicum^ Mitten, Journ. Linn. Soc. xii. 580. Hab. Not rare on the shaded vertical face of sandstone rocks in the coal measures of Middle Ohio and Kentucky, sterile. Found fertile only (July, 1883) in similar situations on rocks of the Potsdam sandstone in the dells of the Wisconsin Eiver near Kilbourn City, Wisconsin, by Miss Elizabeth G. Knight. Two species only of this genus are known. The second, E. Savnteri, Husnot (Revue Bryol. v. So), is from Japan, and has also been found in fruit. It differs merely in the shorter and broader stem-leaves, abruptly round-truncate and denticulate at the apex, and cuspidate by the excurrent rough thick pointed costa. The pedicel is of the same length and char- acter; the deoperculate capsule is oval. The calyptra and the operculum have not been seen. SuBTEiBE IV. SELIGERIE^. Plants minute, rarely of large size, gregarious or densely cespitose. Leaves open, narrow, lanceolate or subulate, cos- tate ; cellules of the areolation minute, quadrate, larger at the base, smooth. Flowers gemmiform. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, entire or 3-5-lobate at base. Capsule erect, subsisher- ical, with a distinct collum, gymnostome or with a peri- stome of 16 lanceolate acute or obtuse or truncate smooth flat teeth. 96 BRYACE^. [Anodus. 33. ANODUS, Bruch & Schimp. Plants very short, gregarious, simple. Leaves lanceolate- subulate, minutely serrate. Flowers monoecious, without para- physes. Capsule erect, subturbinate, distinctly short-necked, soft, thin, gymnostome, macrostome and exannulate ; pedicel straight, comparatively long. Operculum large, short-beaked. 1. A. Donianus, Bruch & Schimp. Leaves deeply canali- culate, with a strong continuous nerve mostly composing the apex ; basilar cells of the areolation rectangular, empty, the upper quadrate, small, chlorophyllose. — Bryol. Eur. t. 109. Gymnostomum Do7iianiim, Smith, Engl. Bot. 1. 1582. Seligeria Doniana, Muell. Syn. i. 420 ; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. i. 116, t. 16, G. Hab. Limestone rocks, Little Falls, New York (C H. Peck)\ Owen Somitl, Canada {Macoun). 34. SELIGERIA, Bruch & Schimp. (PI. 1.) Plants slightly more robust than in the last genus. Lower leaves very small, distant, the upper abruptly tufted and much longer, entire ; costa stronger upwards, semi-terete or canali- culate. Capsule subglobose, of thick texture, tumid at the collum, turbinate when empty. Lid large at the base, subulate- beaked. Peristome of 16 broad solid teeth, linear-lanceolate, obtuse or pointed, free to the base, smooth, orange, without dividing lines, inflexed when moistened, reflexed when dry. 1. S. pusilla, Bruch & Schimp. Plants very small, soft, bright greeuj loosely cespitose : lower leaves narrowly lanceo- late, the upper long, narrowly linear from a broader concave base ; costa slender, vanishing below the apex, translucent ; borders nearly entire, very narrow, distinct to near the apex ; pericha3tial leaves half-clasping at base, lanceolate, subulate above : male flowers terminal on separate branches or sessile under the perichretium : capsule ribbed when dry, on a com- paratively long strict yellowish pedicel ; lid oblique, subulate- beaked. — Bryol. Eur. t. 110; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 80; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. i. 117, t. 16, H. Weisia 2^usilla, Hedw. Muse. Frond, ii. 78, t. 29. Seligeria.] BRYACE^. 97 Hab. Shaded limestone rocks, St. Louis, Missouri (Drummond); Devil's Hole, near Niagara Falls (G. W. Clinton); New Jersey (Austin); Kelly's Island, Lake Erie (Lesquereux). 2. S. calcarea, Bruch & Schimp. Differs from the pre- ceding in the shorter and broader leaves, the lower lanceolate, the upper ovate, oblong at base, concave, abruptly narrowed to a subulate blunt apex, the costa flat, enlarged upward and fill- ing the whole width of the lamina ; capsule larger, more solid, with the beak of the lid shorter, and the teeth broader and more densely articulate: spores larger. — Bryol. Eur. t. 110; Braithw. 1. c. 120, t. 17, B. Bryiim calcareum, Dicks. PI. Ciypt. Weisia calcarea, Hedw. Spec. Muse. 66, t. xi. Hab. Limestone rocks, Owen Sound, Canada (Macoiin). 3. S. recurvata, Bruch & Schimp. Plants widely cespitose, very short : uj^per leaves oval-lanceolate at base, canaliculate above, long-subulate by the excurrent costa, entire ; pcrichastial leaves sheathing, tubulose at base, lanceolate-subulate, flexuous above : capsule subglobose, inflated at the collum, thin, loosely areolate, red at the orifice ; pedicel long, yellowish, arcuate when moistened, erect when dry ; lid straight, subulate-beaked ; teeth linear, obtuse or lanceolate, sometimes irregularly bifid at the apex. — Bryol. Eur. t. 112. Grimmia recurvata, Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 102, t. 38. S. setacea, Lindb.; Braithw. 1. c. 121, t. 17, C. Var. arcuata. Leaves shorter ; pedicel slightly arched. — Weisia Seligeri, Hook. & Wils. in Drumm. Muse. Am. n. 66. Hab. Devil's Hole, Niagara {Clinton, Mrs. Roy); limestone rocks, Easton, Penn. (James) ; the variety on the molasse of Lake Winnipeg (Driimmond). 4. S. tristicha, Bruch & Schimp. Plants rigid and cespi- tose, short, branching : leaves distinctly three-ranked, close, rigid, elliptical, whitish at base, narrowly linear to the blunt apex ; perichaetial leaves longer, subulate and recurved at the apex ; costa excurrent : capsule as in the preceding species ; beak of the lid inclined, orange-colored ; teeth a little narrower. — Bryol. Eur. t. 111. Weisia tristicha, Brid. Spec. Muse. 116. jS. trifaria, Lindb.; Braithw. 1. c. 118, t. 16, K. Hab. Limestone rocks, in shaded ravines. Central Ohio (Sullivant); very rare. Distinguished from the two preceding species by its black color and the three-ranked arrangement of the leaves. 98 BRYACE.E. [BUnaia. 35. BLINDIA, Bnich & Schimp. Plants of larger size, densely cesiDitose, branching by innova- tions from under the apex, f astigiate when old. Leaves crowded, open or secund, broadly lanceolate at base, subulate, canalicu- late and costate to the apex, glossy ; areolation narrow, quad- rate toward the apex, linear at base, enlarged and orange- colored at the basilar angles. Flowers dioecious ; i^erichajtium sheathing. Calyptra large, covering the capsule to the middle. Capsule exserted on a long or short jDcdicel, subglobose, solid, inflated at the collum ; peristome of 16 equidistant lanceolate teeth, entire or perforated or bifid at the apex, purple, erect when dry, arcuate and connivent when moistened, distantly articulate. 1. B. acuta, Bruch & Schimp. Tufts olive or yellowish green ; plants variable in size, one to fifteen cm, long, the slender stem mostly naked in the lower part. — Bryol. Eur. t. 114 ; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. i. 124, t. 17, F. Weisia acvta, Hedw. Muse. Frond. 85, t. 35. Grimmia acuta^ Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 1644. Hab. On wet rocks, Rocky Mountains {Drummond) ; Cauterskill River, New York (Lesquereux); Wliite Mountains (James); Oregon (Hall). 36. BRACHYODUS, Fuernr. Plants very small, densely gregarious. Leaves lanceolate, subulate, tufted, with a semiterete excurrent costa ; areolation minute and quadrate toward the apex, rectangular-hexagonal and smooth in the lower part. Flowers monoecious, terminal ; antheridia without paraj^hyses. Calyptra erect, conical, five- lobate at base, split on one side to near the apex. Capsule gradually enlarged from the top of the pedicel, erect, oblong, soft, substriate ; lid convex at base, abruptly long-subulate, crenulate on the borders. Teeth of the peristome hyaline, punctulate, sometimes perforate, confluent at base, broad and truncate, rarely lanceolate, entire. Annulus compound, very large, persistent. Campy losteleum.] BRYACE^. 99 Scliiraper (Syn. Muse. ed. 2, 132) calls this genus paradoxical, but con- siders it more related to the Selir/erice than to any other. Another species {B.Jlexisetus, Hampe) is found in the Andes of South America. 1. B. trichodes, Fuernr. Plants simple : lower leaves small, obscurely cordate, the upper much longer, subulate from the ovate concave base : capsule deeply wrinkled length- wise when old ; pedicel twisted to the left in the upper part, to the right in the lower. — Regensb. Flora, x., Beil. 112 ; Nees & Hornsch. Bryol. Germ. ii. 2. 5, t. 25 ; Bryol. Eur. 1. 115. Gym- 7iost07iium trichodes, Web. & Mohr, Bot. Tasch. 85. Brachy- dontium trichodes, Fuernr. ; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. i. 122, t. 17, D. Hab. On trap dykes, Tuckerman's Ravine, Mount Washington ( 0. D. Allen). 37. CAMPYLOSTELEUM, Brucli & Schimp. Plants densely gregarious, very short, delicate. Leaves subu- late ; areolation minutely quadrate and chlorophyllose in the upper part, hexagonal, rectangular and hyaline in the lower. Capsule of thin texture, on a slender geniculate or arcuate pedicel. Teeth of the peristome 16, lanceolate-subulate, split to the middle or to the base. Annulus broad, comi^ound, revoluble. SjDores very small. This genus is placed by Lindberg and Braithwaite with Glyphomitrinm and Coscinodon. 1. 0. saxicola, Bruch & Schimp. Stem radiculose at base : lower leaves minute, lanceolate, the upper densely tufted, long-linear, subulate from the lanceolate base, concave, slightly recurved when moistened, subcrispate when dry ; costa thick, percurrent ; perichiietial leaves enlarged, concave at base, narrower upward : flowers monoecious ; male buds on a short basilar bi'anch : capsule oblong, cylindrical, oval, pale red at the orifice, declined on a long very slender pale geniculate pedicel ; lid with a very long subulate beak ; teeth reddish at base, pale and iDunctulate at the apex of the narroAV linear segments. — Bryol. Eur. t. 116. Dicramim saxicola, Web. & Mohr, Bot. Tasch. 167. Campylopus, Brid. Grimniia geniculata, Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 82, t. 22. G. saxicola, Hook. Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2627. Hab. On erratic rocks, Massachusetts {R. C. Ingraham) ; sandstone rocks, Kentucky (Lesquereux). 100 BRYACE^. [Pharomitrium. Tribe III. POTTIEJE. Plants generally perennial ; innovations f astigiate ; areolation parenchymatous, quadrate-hexagonal in the upper part, more or less papillose, very chlorophyllose, dilated and hyaline toward the base. Calyptra cucullate, rarely mitriform-lobate, smooth. Capsule generally erect, symmetrical. Peristome simple, rarely absent, of 16 teeth, either rudimentary, flat and membranaceous, or more generally perfect, often split to the base into 32 round filiform indistinctly articulate segments. 38. PHAROMITRIUM, Schimp. Capsule immersed, globose, without peristome, enlarged at the orifice after the falling of the lid, soft, loosely areolate. Calyptra oblique, plurilobate. 1. P. subsessile, Schimp. Plants short, cespitose : leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate, with a round costa passing up into a long pellucid hair-point, bearing in the middle two to four follicles filled with a granulose mucilaginous mass, often divided into two to four lamellse : flowers monoecious ; anthers para^ physate in the axils of a single perigonial leaf near the base of the perichaetium : capsule on a short erect pedicel ; lid large, plano-convex at base, abruptly narrowed into a short slender and erect or inclined beak; annulus none. — Syn. Muse. 121. SchisticUiim subsessile, Brid. Pottia subsessilis, Bruch & Schimp., Bryol. Eur. t. 117. Hab. On sandy or clayey ground, stone walls, etc. ; plains and moun- tains; not rare. Variable in size, from one or two m.m. to four cm. or more in length; borders of the leaves generally entire near the apex, sometimes with a few distinct teeth. Pharomitrium exiguwn, Austin (Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 42), mere buds or young plants with scarcely any stems, and with the borders of the leaves denticulate at the apex, is a variety which is found also among European specimens. 39. POTTIA, Ehrh. (PI. 2.) Sparingly branching from the base or simple. Leaves ovate- oblong, acuminate, soft, opaque, smooth or papillose ; costa Pottia.] BEYACE^. 101 round, rarely lamellose toward the apex. Capsule erect. Peristome either none or very imperfect, or composed of 16 flat teeth. * Ccqjside without jjeristome or nearly so. 1. P. cavifolia, Ehrh. Leaves ovate-oblong, very concave, long-aristate by the excurrent lamellate costa : capsule exserted, ovate-oblong, — Beitr. i. 187; Bryol. Eur. t. 118. Gymnosto- tnum ovatwn, Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 15, t. 6. Pottia pusilla, Lindb. Trichost. 218. Hab. On naked ground ; Platte River, at base of the Rocky Moun- tains (E. Uall); Fort Colville {Lyall}; near Carson City, Nevada ( Watson). Tlie leaves are sometimes scarcely aristate and the plants in loose tufts, sometimes with a very long white hair and the plants very densely cespitose. 2. P. minutula, Fuern. Plants minute, annual : leaves open, ovate and oblong-lanceolate, cus])idate by the excurrent brown costa, recurved on the borders, minutely papillose on the back, reddish when old : anthers naked in the axils of perichae- tial or in buds composed of two small perigonial leaves : cap- sule minute, ovate, truncate ; lid broad, short, conical-obtuse. — Regensb. Flora, xii, Erg.-bl. 10; Bryol. Eur. 1. 119. Gyynnosto- mwn mimctulum, Schwaegr. Suppl. L 25, t. 9. P. StarJcei^ var. gymno stoma., Lindb. Trichost. 219. Hab. Los Angeles, California (Bigelow)', very rare in America, com- mon in Europe. 3. P. truncata, Fuern. 1. c. Plants small and simple, or longer and ramose, gregarious or subcespitose : leaves open, oblong or obovate, acuminate and mucronate by the excurrent costa, soft, loosely areolate, concave, flat on the borders, nearly smooth : capsule broadly ovate, truncate or subcylindrical, gymnostome ; lid plano-convex, obliquely rostellate, attached to the columella and falling with it. — Bryol. Eur. t. 120, 121. Pryiitn truncatulum^ Linn. Spec. PI. 1119. Gymnostomum truncatum, Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 13, t. 5. P. eustoma, Ehrh. Beitr. i. 187. Hab. Open ground; New England to Pennsylvania. 4. P. Wilsoni, Bruch & Schimp, Plants simple, loosely cespitose : leaves close, gradually larger upwards, open, erect, oval-oblong or ovate-spathulate, rounded at the apex and cuspi- 102 . BRYACE^. [Pottia. date by the excurrent yellowish costa, plano-concave, with borders slightly recurved, green, chlorophyllose and verrucose in the upper part, loosely areolate and hyaline toward the base : antheridia paraphysate, axillary : calyptra tawny and scabrous at the apex : lid obliquely rostrate from a convex base : j^eri- stome composed of a basilar j^apillose membrane with an irregu- lar margin sometimes cut into rudimentaiy teeth ; annulus simple. — Bryol. Eur. t. 122. Gymnostomum Wilsoni, Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 143, t. 41 ; Wils. Suppl. Engl. Bot. t. 2710. !>. tru?icata, var. subcylindrica, James, Bot. King Exp. 399. Hab. Meadows near Carson City, Nevada ( Watson). 5. P. Heimii, Fuern. 1. c. Plants more robust, variable in length, cespitose : leaves open, flexuous, the lower distant, broadly lanceolate, the upper longer, close and tufted, lanceo- late-acuminate, serrulate at the ajjex ; costa subpercurrent : flowers synoecious or in separate terminal buds : calyptra large, smooth : capsule obovate or oblong, truncate, solid, brown ; lid obliquely rostrate from a plano-convex base, attached to the exserted columella and deciduous with it. — Bryol. Eur. 1. 124 ; Muell. Syn. i. 551. Gymnostomum Heimii, Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 80, t. 30. Hab. Ditches near Soda Springs, on tlie Upper Tuolumne, California (Bolander) ; mountains of Utah and Nevada ( Watson) ; Colorado and the Rocky Mountains of British America ; not rare. 6. P. riparia, Aust. Plants short, widely cespitose, dirty green : leaves narrowed to the half-clasping base, sub- spatulate, rounded or lanceolate with a short acumen, more or less distinctly denticulate, plane on the borders ; costa stout, vanishing below the apex: flowers dioecious (?) (male plants unknown) : capsule comparatively long and narrow, cylindric- oblong, erect or slightly cernuous ; lid conical, raamillate ; columella long, emerging, attached to the lid ; anmilus large, compound. — Muse. Aj^pal. n. 112; SulUv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 34, t. 21. Hab. On moist rocks along streams ; Palisades of Southern New York and New Jersey, rarely fertile (Austin). 7. P. Barbula, Muell. Plants stemless, budding, gregari- ous or Rubcespitose, simple : leaves few, close together, slightly twisted, oblong-lanceolate, the lower acuminate, tlie upper blunt at the slightly crenulate apex : flowers dicecious, termi- Pottia.] BRYACE^. 103 nal ; perigonial leaves four, small, oval or cordate : capsule erect or slightly curved, narrowly cylindrical, annulate ; lid conical - subulate. — Syn. i. 558. Gymnostomimi Jjarbula^ Schwaegr. Suppl. ii. 77, t. 175. ILjophila Jjarbula, Hampe, Bot. Zeit. iv. 267. IIab. Limestone rocks, Key West (Garher); a Cuban species. * * Capsule with a distinct peristome. 8. P. Starkeana, Muell. Plants minute, subcespitose. annual, simple : leaves tufted, oblong-lanceolate, concave, re- flexed on the borders, papillose in the upper part, shortly mucronate by the excurrent costa : flowers monoecious ; anther- idia without paraphyses in the axils of comal leaves : capsule very small, oval-oblong, chestnut-color, glossy : lid short, coni- cal, obtuse ; teeth plane, truncate or obtuse, with three or four articulations, entire or perforated here and there, pale yellow, papillose ; annulus sim2:)le, persistent. — Syn. i. 547. JVeisia ^Stcif/ceana, Hedw. Muse. Frond, iii. 83, t. 34. Anacalyp>ta Starkeana, Fuern. 1. c. 25 ; Nees & Hornsch. Bryol. Germ. ii. 139, t. 36 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 125. Hab. On the ground, Mission Dolores, California {Bolander); Utah [Watson). Tlie leaves, cuspidate by the excurrent costa, and tlie presence of an annukis and peristome separate this species from P. ndnutula, which it mucli resembles. 9. P. latifolia, Muell. Plants short, bulbiform, branching from the base, gregarious or loosely tufted, whitish green : leaves imbricate in buds, the lower rounded, the upper round- spatulate, nearly emarginate and abruptly apiculate ; costa vanishing below the apex ; perichstial leaves narrower, obtuse, all very concave, nearly diaphanous ; upper areolation short, oval, slightly chlorophyllose, the lower more enlarged, hexag- onal-rectangular : male flowers in separate buds near the base of the fertile plants: capsule oval-oblong, erect, rarely sub- cernuous ; Ud rostellate, oblique ; teeth lanceolate, irregularly bifid above the middle, enlarged and united at base by a narrow membrane, yellow, minutely papillose ; annulus narrow, per- sistent. — Syn. i. 549. Weisia latifolia^ Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 64, t. 18. Ayiacahjpta latifolia, Fuern. 1. c. ; Nees & Hornsch. Bryol. Germ. ii. 135, t. 36; Bryol. Eur. t. 128. P. piliferu, var. miitica, Lindb. 104 BRYACE^. [Didymodon. Var. pilifera, Muell. Apex of the leaves prolonged into a flexuous hair. — Hryum piliferum, Dicks. PI. Cryjit. iv. 10. Pottia pilifera, Linclb. Trichost. 223. Hab. Naked ground in alpine districts; Colorado (Downie, Wolf, Rothrock); Uinta Mountains i Watson); British America, (Drummond). 40. DIDYMODON, Hedw. (PL 2.) Plants repeatedly dichotomous, fastigiate, radiculose at base. Areolation of the leaves narrower than in the preceding genus, hyaline at base, chlorophyllose and densely papillose in the upper part. Flowers polygamous and dioecious, gemmiform. Calyptra long, cucullate. Teeth of the peristome plane, slender, linear-lanceolate, confluent at base, nearly entire or split either partly or sometimes their whole length, distantly articulate, punctulate, not papillose, often irregular. Auuulus distinct. Distinguished from Trichostomum by the peristome composed of a flat double lamina, and by the softer and more papillose leaves. 1. D. rubellus, Bruch & Schimp. Plants in reddish tufts, slender, about two cm. long: leaves erect at base, open, flexuous above, crispate when dry, the lower lanceolate, shorter, the upper linear-lanceolate, acuminate, half-clasping at base, the borders revolute above, minutely papillose on both faces ; costa narrow, percurrent ; perichaetial leaves with a longer clasping hyaline very thin base : capsule oblong-cylindrical, of thin texture, dusky green when filled ; lid short or long-rostrate, inclined ; teeth linear, more or less strongly articulate, entire or perforated along the divisural line, soft, pale red; annulus large, fragile. — Bryol. Eur. t. 185. Brymn rulellum, Hoffm. Weisia recurvirostris and curvirostris, Auct. Trichostomum ruhellum, Rabenh, ; Muell. Syn. i. 581 ; Lindb. Trichost. 226. Hab. On stones or on the ground, on or near the water; plains and mountains ; not uncommon on both the eastern and western slopes. 2. D. luridus, Hornsch. Dicecious: tufts green when moist, dirty brown when dry, half to one cm. long, simple or sparingly branching: leaves open when moistened, imbricate when dry, the lower broadly ovate-lanceolate, the upper longer, ovate at base, lanceolate above, blunt or acute, concave, with borders reflexed and surface nearly smooth; costa stout, Leptotrichum.] BRYACE^. 105 vanishing with or below the apex ; areolation distinct, rect- angular, a little enlarged in the lower part; perichastial leaves erect, similar, with a loose areolation : lid conical, acu- minate or blunt, inclined or erect, variable in length; teeth irregular, simple or variously divided, sometimes rudimentary; basilar membrane none ; annulus very narrow, persistent. — Spreng. Syst. iv. 173 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 186. Trichostomum luridum, Spruce ; Lindb. Trichost. 226. Var. cuspidatus, Schimp. Leaves cuspidate by the ex- current nerve. Hab. Niagara Falls {Drummond, Clinton); Minnesota (Lapham); abundant on limestone rocks washed by spray, northern shores of Kelly Island, Lake Erie (Lesquereux). 3. D. cylindricus, Bruch & Schimp. Dioecious: loosely cespitose, pale green : leaves long, open, flexuous, linear- acuminate, twisted when dry, whitish at the base, fragile, flat, opaquc-verruculose above, minutely crenulate on the borders, or with a few distinct teeth near the apex; costa narrow, ex- current into a short point: capsule narrowly cylindrical, on a long pale soft pedicel; lid long-rostrate, subulate; teetli nar- rowly linear-lanceolate, entire or diversely lacerate-perforate, fugacious; annulus narrow, persistent. — Bryol. Eur. t. 187. Weisia cylindrica, Bruch ; Brid. Bryol. Univ. i. 806. Weisia tenuirostris, Hook & Tayl. Muse. Brit. (2 ed.) 83, t. 3, Suppl. Trichostommn temiirostre, Lindb. Trichost. 225. Hab. On old wood and twigs, Chester Co., Pennsylvania, and in the Alleghany, Catskill and White Mountains {James); Ontario, Canada (Mrs. Roy) ; rarely fertile. 4L LEPTOTRICHUM, Hampe. (PL 1.) Plants slender. Leaves smooth, lanceolate-subulate ; areola- tion narrowly rectangular above, looser hexagonal-rectangular below. Capsule oval or cylindrical, erect, on a long straight rarely flexuous pedicel. Teeth of the peristome cleft to the base into two linear articulate segments, erect or a little inclined to one side, purple. Annulus compound, deciduous. * Flowers dioecious. 1. L. tortile, Muell. Plants short: leaves secund or spread- ing, lanceolate-subulate ; borders recurved in the middle ; costa 106 3RYACE.^. [Leptotrichum. excurrent, serrate at the apex : calyj^tra descending to the middle of the capsule : capsule narrowly oblong or cylindri- cal, erect or slightly curved, regular; lid short-beaked; teeth attached to a somewhat large basilar membrane, mostly free but sometimes partly connate in the upper part, very variable, nodulose, more or less distinctly papillose. — Syn. i, 454. Trichostomum tortile, Schrad. ; Bryol. Eur. t. 179 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 26. Var. pusillum, Schimp. Plants and capsules smaller; leaves ovate, concave at base, subulate. — Trichostomwm pusillum, Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 78, t. 28. Leptotriclium ])usillum, Hampe, Linnaga, xx. 74. IIab. Sandy and gravelly ground, by roadsides, and in open fields in hilly districts ; the variety near Philadelphia [James). Trichostomum tenue, Hedw. (Spec. Muse. 107, t. 24), collected by Mxililenherg at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, still remains an uncertain species, of which nothing is known but from Hed wig's description and figure. It differs from i. tortile in its large double annulus, the more solid brownish-red capsule, and the plane margin of the leaves. 2. L. vaginalis. Differs from the preceding species in its slender slightly longer stems, a longer sheathing perichaetium, whose imbricate leaves are gradually narrowed or lanceolate- subulate to a shorter blunt apex, the narrower capsule, the larger annulus, and the smooth strongly articulate or nodose teeth. — Trichostommn pusillum, var., Hook & Wils., Drumm. Muse. Amer. (Coll. II.), n. 60 and 61. 2\ vaginalis, Sulliv. Muse. Allegh. n. 176, Mosses of U. States, 26, and Icon. Muse. 43, t. 28. T. tortile, var. p>usillum, Muell. Syn. i. 454, in part. Hab. Clayey and sandy soil in tlie Middle States ; not rare. Trichostomum nodulosiim, Aust. (Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 74), is merely a variety of this species, as the only character indicated by the author as specific is the peristome, which is smooth in his species, and which he asserts to be papillose in L. vayinans, contrary to Sullivant's description and figures. The last species is itself separated with great difficulty and uncertainty from L. tortile, which has the annulus a little nari'ower, though compound, and the segments of the teeth (says Schimper) very minutely papillose. That this last character is casual is proved by the fact that in liis observations in co-operation with Mr. Sullivant, the writer always found the peristome of the species smooth and even shin- ing, while Austin has found it papillose. In my opinion this L. vaginalis, though admitted by Schimper, is a mere form of the very variable L. tortile. — (Lesq.) Leptotrichum.] BRYACE.^. 107 3. L. horaomallum, Ilampe. Plants loosely cespitose, bright green, short, about two cm. long : leaves open or turned to o]ie side, ovate, concave at base, abruptly subulate ; costa stout, excurrent into a long very entire point ; perichoetial leaves with a long clasping base, abruptly and narrowly seta- ceous-subulate : capsule oblong-ovate or elliptical, thick-walled, reddish ; lid short, conical ; teeth without a basilar membrane, the segments free or partly united, dark red ; annulus broad, com- pound, revoluble. — Linnaea, xx. 74; Sehimp. Syn. 141. Didi/- modon liomomallus, Hedw. Spec. Muse. 105, t. 23. Tricho- stomuni heteromallum, Bruch & Sehimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 181. Hab. On the grouutl, west side of the Eocky Mountains {Dnanmond, n. 119); roadsides, etc., in the White Mountain region, common (Aristin). 4. L. flexicaule, Hampe, 1. c. Stems long, slender, radi- culose, soft, yellowish or dirty green, repeatedly divided by innoA^ations : leaves open or turned to one side or even falcate, lanceolate, long-subulate, the excurrent costa denticulate at the apex : capsule long-pedicellate, small for the size of the plants, ovate or elliptical-oblong, regular or slightly curved ; lid nar- rowly conical, erect ; teeth unequal, with free slender fragile segments. — Cynodontiwn flexicmde, Schwaegr. Sup pi. i. 113, t. 29. Trichostomum flexicaule, Bruch & Schimj). Bryol. Eur. t. 180. Var. densum, Sehimp. Plants shorter, in compact tufts : leaves erect, shorter. — Syn. 145. Hab. On shaded limestone rocks in subalpine regions; British America {Dnimmond) ; Cascade River (Lyall); Placer River Canon (Macoun); Alaska {Rothrock). * # Flowers monoecious. 5. L. pallidum, Hampe, 1. c. Plants short, loosely cespi- tose, pale or yellowish green : leaves open, erect, spreading or curved to one side, lanceolate at base, very narrowly subulate, the long excurrent costa distinctly denticulate : male flowers gemmiform in the axils of the comal leaves : capsule ovate- oblong, reddish, on a very long pale yellow pedicel ; lid conical, short-beaked; teeth divided into unequal segments, free or connate at the articulations, dark purple, twisted when dry. — Ti'ichostomum paUidum, Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 71, t. 27 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 183; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 26. Hab. On bare sandy or clayey soil in woods; common. 108 BRYACE.E. [Leptotrichum. 6. L. Schimperi, Lesq. Plants subcespitose, nearly simple, short, yellowish green : leaves open, flexuous or falcate- secund, oblong at base, abruptly and narrowly long-subulate, denticulate at the apex only, nearly filled in the upper part by the costa; perichastial leaves sheathing at base, the inner tubu- lose, long-subulate : flowers gemniiform, narrow, axillary : cap- sule oblong, erect, cylindrical, robust, yellowish brown, with a shorter thick pedicel ; lid longer than in the preceding species, dark red, blunt at the apex ; teeth attached to a large orange fugacious basilar membrane, slender, pale yellow, linear, irreg- ularly divided, the segments broad, trabeculate (not articulate), lacerate or perforated ; annulus simple : spores very large. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 9 ; SuHiv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 37, t. 24. Hab. Coast Ranges of California, near Mendocino City {Bolander). This species has the aspect of the last, but is easily recognized by its greenish color, the shorter broader solid capsule on a shorter thick i^edicel, the longer dark red operculum, the nuich longer leaves, larger basilar areolation, and especially the peculiar characters of the peristome. 7. L. glaucescens, Hampe, 1. c. Plants cespitose, soft, glaucous ; stems dichotomous or fastigiate : lower leaves very small, distant, lanceolate, the upper tufted, lanceolate at base, linear-subulate above, distantly serrate toward the apex ; costa percurrent ; areolation distinct : male and female flowers gemmiform, terminal : capsule subcylindrical, thin ; lid nar- rowly conical ; teeth attached to a very short basilar mem- brane, the segments of various length, articulate, papillose, purple. — Trichostomum glaucescens, Hedw. Muse. Frond, iii. 91, t. 37 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 184 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 26. Scelania ccesia, Lindb. Utk. Nat. Grupp. Bladm. 35 ; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. i. 176, t. 26, F. Hab. Lake Superior (Agassiz); Brattleboro, Vermont (i^'rosi); Min- nesota (Lapham); Rocky Mountains {Drumtnond, Bownie), etc. 42. TRICHOSTOMUM, Smith. Plants cespitose or puivinate. Leaves gradually lengthening from the base of the stem upward ; areolation minute, chloro- phyllose in the upper part, diaphanous in the lower. Teeth of the peristome divided to the base into two equal semiterete very papillose segments, either entire or sometimes irregularly divided or connate. Flowers dioecious. Trichostomum.] BRYACE^. JQg 1. T. tophaceum, Brid. Stems of various length : leaves open from an erect base, soft, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, cari- nate-concave, reflexed on the borders ; costa stout, vanishing below the apex ; perichaetial leaves longer, more obtuse : cap- sule ovate-oblong, on a thick red often flexuous pedicel ; lid obliquely rostrate, variable in length : teeth unequal, the seg- ments either free or jjartly connate, pale red ; annulus none. — Muse. Recent. Suppl. iv. 84 ; Bryol. Eur. 1. 175. Didymodon (?) diversifoliKS, Aust. 3Iusc. Appal, n. 115. Hab. Very common on moist limestone rocks; California (JJigrefow, Bolander, Gibbons); Dallas County, Texas {Boll); Owen Sound, Canada (Mrs. Roy); Niagara Falls (Olney), sterile. 2. T. pyriforme. Plants cespitose, very short, dark straw- color, the male plants much the smaller : stem-leaves lanceolate, blunt at the apex, the upper longei", undulate on the borders, all entire, concave, with the upper areolation close, opaque, obsoletely papillose on the back ; costa stout, vanishing below or at the apex ; perichaetial leaves longer, oblong and half- clasping at base, lanceolate, distinctly undulate, obtuse : calyp- tra reaching to the base of the lid : capsule short, obovate, truncate, subpyriforra ; lid large at base, obliquely long-rostrate ; teeth split nearly to the base into nearly equal filiform seg- ments ; annulus large, compound, easily detached. Hab. Florida {Garber); communicated as n. 338. Allied to T. tophaceum in the character of the peristome and the obtuse perichaetial leaves, hut different in the mode of growth, the size of the plants, the subpyriform shape of the annulate capsule, etc. 3. T. crispulum, Bruch. Plants densely cespitose, bright gi*een, slender: comal leaves open, involute or twisted when dry, linear from a slightly enlarged base, cucullate, incurved at the apex and mucronate by the excnrrent costa ; borders erect, flexuous; areolation very small, indistinct in the upper part; perichoetial leaves longer and mucronate : capsule elliptical, irregularly wrinkled when dry ; lid long-rostrate from a narrow red orifice ; teeth divided into irregular and unequal segments, connate or free, papillose; annulus none. — Regensb. Fl. xii. 395, t. 4; Bryol. Eur. t. 173. Hab. On the ground, Guadalupe Island, Lower California {Palmer) ; common in Europe, rare in America. 4. T. flaVO-virens, Bruch. Plants loosely cespitose, spar- ingly branching, 1 or 2 cm. long, yellowish green above, pale or 110 BRYACE^. [Trichostomim. ferruginous in the lower part : lower leaves small, distant, erect, the upper tufted, open, oblong and whitish at base, linear- lanceolate, imdulate, concave or subcarinate above, raucronate by the thick excurrent costa, entire ; perichretial leaves similar : capsule oblong, cylindrical, erect, yellowish, with a red orifice, slightly sulcate when dry, of thin texture ; pedicel comparatively long, straight or flexuous, yellowish ; lid conical-rostrate, slightly inclined ; teeth long, slender, filiform, nearly equal, scarcely articulate, purple ; basilar membrane narrow. — Regensb. Fl. xii. 404, t. 7; Bryol. Eur. t. 172. Var. crassinerve. Plants shorter: leaves narrower; costa thick, vanishing below or at the apex : teeth of the i^ei-i- stome whitish. — T. crassinerve, Ilampe, Linnoea, xxx. 456. Hab. Florida, on the ground (I>. B. Smith, Garber, J. Donnell Smith); the variety near San Rafael, and in the mountains of California (Bigelow, Bauer, Bolande'r). 5. T. flexipes, Bruch & Schimp. Stems short, 4 to 6 m.m. long, branching by innovations : leaves linear, acuminate, undu- late on the borders, serrate upward ; costa white, shining, per- current : capsule narrowly oblong-ovate, chestnut-color, on a flexuous or curved pedicel ; lid conical-rostrate ; teeth straight, equal, regulai-ly bifid ; annulus large, revoluble. — Bryol. Eur. t. 171. Hab. On the ground, California {Bigelow, Bolander) ; common. 6. T. anomalum, Schimp. Plants loosely cespitose, 1 to 4 cm. long: leaves linear-lanceolate to the point, serrate above, more or less distinctly papillose on the inner surface : male flowers in separate or aggregated buds : capsule oblong, cylindrical or rarely slightly curved, erect on a long flexuous reddish pedicel ; teeth long, equal, erect, strict, dark red ; annulus large, easily detached. — Bryol. Eur. Coroll. 28. J^ar- hula anomala, Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 109. Hab. California [Coulter, B. W. James); Florida (Garber). 43. DESMATODON, Brid. (PI. 2.) Plants sparingly branching, radiculose at base or tomentose their whole length. Leaves ovate or obovate, oblong, blunt, apiculate or gradually acuminate, costate ; areolation close, opaque, papillose and chlorophyllose in the upper part, loose Desmatodon.] BRYACE^. HI and hyaline toward the base. Inflorescence monoecious or dioecious ; male flowers terminal or axillary, the fertile gemmi- form ; perichcetial leaves similar to the upper stem-leaves. Calyptra long, cucullate. Capsule erect, arcuate or cernuous and pendent, oval-oblong or subcylindrical, distinctly annulate. Peristome of 16 subulate bifid teeth; segments round-tetragonal, filiform, free or irregularly and transversely connate, granulose, erect when moist, incurved when dry, rarely slightly twisted to the left. Columella projecting beyond the mouth of the ripe capsule. Allied in habit, mode of growth, and texture of the leaves to Pottia ; in the character of the peristome to Trichostomum and Barbula. * Capszde erect. 1. D. latifolius, Brid. Monoecious: stems 1 or 2 cm. long : leaves open, erect, incurved or slightly twisted when dry, oval-oblong, acuminate or aristate by the excurrent costa, concave or carinate, with borders revolute : calyptra covering the capsule to its base : capsule oblong, cylindrical ; lid short- beaked, olilique ; annulus simjile. — Bryol. Univ. i. 524 ; Bryol. Eur. t. ISO. Dicramtm latifolium, Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 89, t. 33. Trichostomum latifolium, Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 145; Lindb. Trichost. 224. Var. glacialis, Schimp. Stem longer, slender: costa vanishing below the apex. — Syn. 157. Hab. California (Bolander); Rocky Mountains, with the var. (Dnim- mond, E. IIciU, Doionie); Nevada Mountains (Watson)', Cascade Moun- tains (Lijall); San Juan Range, Colorado (Brandegee). 2. D. Systilius, Bruch & Schimp. Monoecious : leaves large, ovate-oblong, soft, flat on the borders, minutely crenu- late ; costa excurrent into a long hair : capsule narrower, cylindrical, soft ; lid attached to the columella and falling with it ; teeth smaller, less regular, partly transversely coherent to each other, pale. — Bryol. Eur. t. 131. Trichostomicm Systilium, Muell. Syn. i. 589. Hab. Mount Dana, California [Bolander] ; Rocky Mountains [Brum- mond)\ Colorado (Z)oionie). 3. D. arenaceus, Sulliv. & Lesq. Pseudo-dioecious : plants short, widely cespitose : lower leaves short, erect, ovate- 112 BRYACEyE. [Desmatodon. oblong, the upper longer and tufted, Ungulate-oblong, obtuse and short-apiculate at the apex, crenulate on the margin, papillose and revolute in the upper part ; costa thick, vanishing below or at the apex : male flowers terminal, sometimes in detached plants or buds scattered in the compact tufts : calyp- tra short, long-beaked : capsule long, narrow, cylindrical, erect or slightly curved, broadly annulate ; lid conical-obtuse ; teeth whitish, punctulate, distantly articulate, coherent nearly to the middle, free above and split into irregular segments. — Muse. Bor.-Amer. Exsicc. n. 93 ; Sulliv. Mosses of TJ. States, 28 ; Icon. Muse. 45, t. 29. J)esmatodo7i Ohiooisis, Schimp. Syn. 159. Hab. Sandstone rocks, Central Ohio, etc. ; common. 4. D. Garberi. With the aspect and mode of growth of D. arenaceiis, it differs in the dioecious inflorescence, the leaves narrower, oblong or lingulate, lanceolate or obtuse to the apicu- late apex, with borders inflexed above and not crenulate on the margin, the costa percurrent, prolonged downward and decur- rent below the base of the leaves, the cells of the areolation not half as large, opaque and scarcely papillose on the back, the cai^sule oblong-oval, broader in the middle, narrowed to the pedicel and upward to the conical longer-beaked lid, the teeth cut into two unequal segments free to the base, attached to a short membrane, the annulus simple. IIab. Florida (Garber). 5. D. Porteri, James. Dioecious : also closely related to D. arenaceus, but differing in the stems much shorter (1 to 3 m.m. long), tawny green, the leaves oblong, tapering to the acute apex, bordered in the upper part by a pellucid margin not reflexed, the areolation very small and opaque, the dioecious in- florescence, the capsule shorter, oblong, straight, the teeth separated nearly to the base and split into nearly equal seg- ments. — Aust. Muse. Appal, n. 123 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. SuppL 36, t. 23. Hab. On rocks at Easton, Pennsylvania (T. C. Porter); Niagara Falls (G. W. Clinton). 6. D. plinthobius, Sulliv. & Lesq. Dioecious ; plants short, in pale green tufts : lower leaves ovate-oblong, with a short hair-point, the upper lingulate-oblong, carinate-concave Avith the borders revolute all around ; areolation minute, quad- rate and very chlorophyllose, and papillose in the upper part ; Desmatodon.] BRYACE^. 113 costa stout, excurrent into a long whitish smooth flexuous hair : male flowers gemmaceoixs, terminal : capsule cylindrical-oblong, erect or slightly curved ; lid short-rostrate, obtuse, inclined ; peristome short, with fragile whitish granulose teeth, split to the middle ; annulus very large. — Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. n. 94 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 28, t. 2, and Icon, Muse. 47, t. 30. Hab. Brick walls and pavements, Charleston, S. Carolina {Bavenel); Nashville, Tennessee {Lesquereux); limestone rocks, Pennsylvania (Por- ter); Texas (Lindheimer); Savannah, Georgia (./. Dounell Smitli). Belated to D. laUfolius, Bruch & Schimp., differing in the dioecious in- florescence, the longer hair-point, the longer and narrower capsule, the longer rostrate operculum and short calyptra, the large compound annulus, and the short peristome with teeth divided only to the middle. 7. D. Neo-Mexicanus, Sulliv. & Lesq. Monoecious : densely cespitose, pale green : much like the last species, from which it differs in the inflorescence and in the shorter whitish teeth, which are scarcely sj^lit or nearly entire. — Muse. Bor.- Amer. Exsicc. n. 95. Hab. Texas {Wright). 8. D. nervosus, Bruch & Schimp. Monoecious: plants short, 1 cm. long, subcespitose or pulvinate ; tufts dirty green : leaves crowded, twisted when dry, oblong or subspatulate, acuminate, concave, reflexed on the borders ; areolation more or less papillose, dense in the upper part, loose and rectangular in the lower ; costa vanishing below the apex or passing up into a short point : male flowers gemmiform, at the base of the fertile innovations : calyptra covering the capsule to near the base : capsule elliptical ; lid short, obliquely beaked ; teeth attached to a somewhat large membrane, very variable, short, the segments unequal, often cohering, very papillose, ferru- ginous, erect, open when dry, oblique when moist ; anmilus simple. — Bryol. Eur. t. 132. Trichostommn convolutum., Brid. ; Muell. Syn. i. 590. Grimmia atrovirens, Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 2015. Barhula atrovirens^ Schimp. Syn. (ed. 2) 194. Tortula atrovirens^ Lindb. Var. edentulus, Bruch & Schimp. Plants smaller : lid erect, conical : peristome rudimentary. — Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (ed. 2), n. 121. Kab. On clay and adobe walls, California {Bolander), very common; Guadalupe Island, Lower California {Palmer). 114 BKTACE.E. [Desmatodon. 9. D. obtusifolius, Schimp. Monoecious : j^l^nts 1 cm. long, subcesj^itose : leaves crowded, soft, erect, spreading from the middle. Ungulate-lanceolate, acuminate or obtuse, very- entire, hyaline up to three-fourths of their length, densely chloropliyllosc above, minutely papillose on the back, the lower smaller, obtuse or blunt-jjointed, yellowish hyaline nearly the "whole length : male flowers gemmaceous : calyptra tawny : lid short-beaked ; teeth free, slightly twisted to the left ; annulus large, compound, revoluble. — Syn. 158. Tortida obtusifolia, Schleich. ; Lindb. Trichost. 236. J3arbida obtusifolia^ Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 129, t. 31. Desmatodon flavicaus, Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 133. Hab. Rocky Mountains (Brummond); on the ground, California (Bolander); Echo Caiion, Wasatch Mountains (Watson); Janesville, Wisconsin [Lapham). Very variable in tlie size of the plants and of the leares, which are also more or less obtuse or even distinctly acuminate. 10. D. Guepini, Brucli & Schimp, Inflorescence and mode of growth as in the preceding: lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper oval-oblong, awned by the excurrent costa, with the borders recv^rved, distinctly papillose on the back : capsule oblong, subcylindrical ; lid large, conical, short-beaked ; teeth free to the base, very papillose, reddish, erect when dry, half- convolute Avhen moist ; annulus narrow, simple. — Bryol. Eur. t. 133. Barhula Guepini, Schimp. Syn. (ed. 2), 197. Trichos- tomum Guejnni, Muell. Syn. i. 590. Hab. With the last, California [Bolander). * * Capsule curved or pendent. 11. D. cernuus, Bruch & Schimp. Plants short, loosely cespitose : leaves closely imbricate, the lower small-ovate, the upper spatulate-lanceolate, obscurely serrate or crenulate above, papillose, mncronate by the excurrent costa : capsule cernuous, broadly ovate, solid, brown, on a long reddish pedicel ; lid short-rostellate ; teeth cut into two or three filiform segments, either free or partly coherent ; annulus compound, persistent. — Bryol. Eur. t. 134. Bidymodon latifolius, Wahl. Fl. Lap. 313, t. 20. Trichostomum cer7iuum, Lindb. Trichost. 225, Hab. Rocky Mountains of British America, in fissin-es of wet rocks (Drwinuond); Ruby Valley, Nevada ( Watson) ; Edmonton River, Canada, etc. (Macoun). The species has not been found, however, in Colorado nor in California. Barhula.] BRYACE^. 115 12, D. obliquus, Bruch & Schimp. Stems short : leaves ovate-oblong oi* ovate-lanceolate, awned or cuspidate by the ex- current costa, revoluble on the borders, closely papillose and chlorophyllose in the upper part, the double papillae distinctly 23rominent on the borders : capsule cylindrical, oblique : teeth reddish and bitid to near the base, twisting to the left ; annulus simple. — Bryol. Eur, t, 136. Tortula subei'ecta, Hook, & Wils, in Drumm, Muse, Amer. n, 145, TricJiostomum ohli- qicum^ Muell. Syn. i. 594, Hab. Shady alpiue localities; Rocky Mountains {Drummond). 13, D, Laureri, Bruch & Schimp, Plants soft, in small compact green tufts intermixed with radicles, yellowish below : leaves close, imbricate, spreading, soft, ovate-oblong, the ujjper longer, apiculate, bordered by a narrow yellowish loosely areolate revolute mai-gin, reddish at base, hyaline up- ward to the middle, pai^illose on both faces : capsule pendent from the arcuate pedicel, oblong ; lid small, with a short blunt beak ; teeth purple, slightly twisted, attached to a broad dark red membrane ; annulus double, each series detaching sepa- rately, — Bryol, Eur, t. 135, Trichostomum Laiireri, Schultz, Regensb, Flora, x, 161, Tortxda Laureri^ Lindb. Trichost. 248. Hab. Snow Range of the Rocky Mountains, upon the ground [Drum- mond) ; Colorado (Downie, Rothrock, Wolf). 44, BARBULA, Hedwig. (PL 1,) Mode of growth, habit, and form and reticulation of the leaves as in Trichostomum. Peristome of 16 teeth, divided into 32 long filiform segments, twisted to the left, attached to a more or less elongated tubuliform tessellate membrane. § 1, Aloidell^e. — Plants very S7nall, gregarious., annual: leaves rigid, incurved above; costa thickened and dilated toward the apex, and covered with articulate filaments : basilar membrane of the peristome short. 1. B. brevirostris, Bruch & Schimp. Bisexual: plants very small, gemmiform : lower leaves round-ovate, the upper broadly oblong, obtuse : teeth making a single turn ; annulus broad, revoluble. — Bryol, Eur, t. 138. Tortula brevirostris, Hook. & Grev. ; Lindb. Trichost. 233. Hab. Rocky Mountains (Drwjnmond); British Columbia (ilfacoMJi), 116 BEYACE.E. [Barbula. 2. B. rigida, Schultz. Dioecious : leaves spreading from an erect base, oblong, obtuse or apiculate, rarely hair-pointed : calyi^tra long-rostrate, reaching the middle of the capsule : cap- sule elliptical-oblong ; lid long-beaked ; teeth long, twice twisted ; annulus broad, revoluble. — Recens. Barb. 196, t. 32 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 137. Tortula stellata, Lindb. Trichost. 233. Vars. mucronulata, and pilifera, Schimp. Upper leaves mucronate, or hair-pointed. — Syn. 164. Hab. Kocky Mountains, Colorado {E. Hall). Var. mucronulata on Guadalupe Island, Lower California (Palmer). 3. B. ambigua, Bruch & Schimji. Dioecious : plants somewhat longer : leaves expanded star-like from an ovate base, linear-lanceolate, blunt at the apex, reddish on the back : calyjitra shorter, scarcely reaching the base of the short-beaked lid: caj^sule cylindrical-oblong, furrowed when dry; teeth longer, twisted once or a little more, incurved when dry. — - Bryol. Eur. t. 139. B. rigida, Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 65, t. 25, excl. j)eristome. Tortula ambigua, Angstr. ; Lindb. Trichost. 235. Hab. On the ground, near Athens, Illinois (JF. Hall). § 2. CiiLORONOT^. — Plants perennial, cespitose : leaves broad and thin, not incurved on the borders,' costa round, fila- mentose above : teeth of the peristome closely tvnsted ; basilar membrane short, tubulose. 4. B. membranifolia, Scliultz. Monoecious : the plants longer, in thick small tufts, hirsute with white hairs upon the leaves, interwoven with radicles : leaves open-erect, broadly ovate and oblong, lanceolate, very concave, the areolation irre- gularly rhomboidal at the denticulate apex ; costa excurrent into a long white hair : male flowers near the base of the peri- chjBtium, monophyllous or diphyllous : calyptra reaching to the middle of the ovate-elliptical erect or slightly curved capsule ; lid narrow, short-beaked ; teeth thrice twisted ; annulus simple. — Recens. Barb. 226, t. 34 ; Bryol. Eur, t. 140. Tortida mem- branifolia. Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 26. Tortida squamigera, DeNot. ; Lindb. Trichost. 235. Hab. Western Arizona, near the mouth of Santa Maria Creek (Bige' low)', Rocky Mountains {E. Hall). 5. B. chloronotos, Bruch. Dioecious: plants short, closely cespitose : leaves close, imbricate when dry, spreading Bnrbula.] BRYACEiE. 117 when moist, ovate-oblong, obtuse or slightly acute, concave, with a round yellowish costa excurrent into a smooth more or less enlarged hair ; meshes of the areolation minutely quadrate to near the base, there becoming loose and rectangular : male plants smaller: capsule elliptic-oval, narrow, slightly curved, smaller; teeth reddish, twice twisted; annulus compound. — Muell. Muse. Sard. 1829 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 141. Tortula crassi- nervis, DeNot. ; Lindb. Trichost. 236. Hab. Dry ravines on Williams Fork of the Colorado, with B. mem- brauifolia [Bigelow). § 3. CuNEiFOLiJS. Plants short: leaves soft, more or less papillose, ovate or spatulate-ohlong, with a round naked costa: teeth of the peristome long, closely many times tioisted. 6. B. cuneifolia, Brid. Monoecious: plants ^ to 1 cm. long, soft, simple, subcesi^itose : lower leaves distant, broadly ovate, short-acuminate, the upper crowded and rosulate, oblong- obovate or spatulate, abruptly acuminate or apiculate ; costa vanishing below the apex, sometimes prolonged into a mucro, rarely into a short hair-point ; areolation loose : male flowers 1-3-leaved : calyptra lai-ge, descending to below the middle of the capsule : pedicel reddish : capsule elliptic-oblong, scarcely incurved ; teeth attached to a somewhat long tubular mem- brane ; annulus simple, falling off in fragments, — Bryol. Univ. i. 549; Bryol. Eur. t. 156. Brynm cxineifoliitm, Dicks. Plant. Crypt, iii. 7. Tortula cuneifolia, Roth ; Lindb. Trichost. 237. Hab. Clay soil, near Oakland, California (Bolander). 7. B. Vallliana, Schultz. Monoecious : plants | to 1 cm, long, gregarious or subcespitose : leaves soft, the lower oblong, the upper oblong or Ungulate, undulate on the borders, mar- gined by a row of yellowish cells, distinctly crenulate, flat or reflexed, mucronate or subulate by the excurrent costa : male floAvers terminal on short slender branches : capsixle long, cylin- drical, narrow, slightly curved ; lid short-subulate ; teeth long, attached to a quadrately tessellate basilar membrane, closely convolute ; annulus broad, compound, — Recens, Barb. 222, t. 34; Bryol, Eur, t. 157. Tortula Vahlia^ia, Wils. ; Lindb. Trichost. 237. Hab. Clay soil; Cajon Pass (Bigelow), and Monte Diablo {Bolander). 118 , BRYACE^E. [Barbula. 8. B. marginata, Brueh & Schimp. Monoecious: habit and mode of growth as in B. Bolanderi ; leaves soft, oblong, Ungulate or subspatulate, obtuse or slightly acuminate, mucro- nate or cuspidate, carinate-concave, bordered by a double layer of two or three rows of rectangular thick yellowish cells ; costa yellow, passing beyond the apex ; areolation minutely quadrate- hexagonal, chlorophyllose and papillose in the upper pait, loose and smooth in the lower : male flowers axillary : capsule oblong- cylindrical, light brown; lid narrowly conical, blunt, slightly curved; teeth twisted once; annulus broad, simple. — Bryol. Eur. 1. 158. Tortilla ccesjntosa, Hook. & Grev. T. marginata, Spruce ; Lindb. Trichost. 238. Hab. California (Bujeloio); walls of houses in Virginia and Wash- ington {James). 9. B. Bolanderi, Lesq. Dioecious: plants 5 m.m. long, gregarious, dirty straw-color, simple or fasciculately branched at the apex : lower leaves short, o]>en, the upper rosulate, spread- ing or reflexed. Ungulate or oblong, obtuse, apiculate by the thick brown excurrent costa; borders flat, or reflexed in the middle of the leaves : male plants slender, intermixed with the fertile ones: capsule narrowly ovate, erect or inclined, dark red; lid conical - rostrate, blunt, straight or inclined; teeth granulose, on a short basilar yellowish membrane, twisting once; annulus narrow, simple, persistent. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xiii. 5 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (ed. 2), n. 139. Hab. Rocks near the Bay of San Francisco, California (Bolander), abundant. Related to B. Vahllana and B. marginata, but differing from the first in its shorter rosulate simple stems, from the second in the emarginate leaves and simple annulus, from both in the broader Ungulate merely mucronate leaves, the dark red capsule, the short basilar membrane of the peristome, and the diojcious inflorescence. 10. B. amplexa, Lesq. 1. c. Dioecious : plants gregarious, very short, dirty green : leaves hard but fragile, loosely imbri- cate. Ungulate, obtuse or short-acimiinate, concave, with borders revolute in the middle or j^lane all around ; costa thick, vanish- ing below the apex ; upper areolation chlorophyllose, opaque ; inner perichaetial leaves two, closely clasjung the vaginule, erect, abruptly rccitrved at the ajiex, sometimes truncate, apiculate : capsule short, narrow, pale green when young, yellowish when Barbula] BEYACE^. 119 old, cylindrical, erect ; pedicel long, slender, yellow ; lid straight, reddish : the inflorescence, peristome, and annulus as in the last species. — Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (ed. 2) n. 140. IIab. On stones, in springs near San Francisco, California (Bolander) ; Fort Colville (Waison). 11. B. brevipes, Lesq. Dioecious: gi-egarious or subces- ]ntose ; stems very short, simple : leaA^es rosulate. Ungulate or oblong, cuneiform, obtuse, revolute on the borders, carinate, concave in the upper part ; costa excurrent into a short hair- like smooth point : male plants slender ; flowers terminal : cap- sule long, cylindrical, slender, subincurved; lid long-conical, obtuse; peristome syntrichial; basilar membrane long, quad- rately tessellate ; teeth long, closely twisted, blood-red ; annulus large, compound. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 12. Hab. Mud walls, Mission Dolores, in mats an inch in diameter or more, and on the llussian River divide, California (Bolander); Western Nevada (Watson). Related in the mode of growth and characters of the leaves to the three preceding species, but differing in the long tubular membrane of the peristome, which is like that of B. canescens, a stouter species which has the areolation of the leaves smaller and close, and a monoecious inflor- escence. 12. B. muralis, Timm. Monoecious : pulvinate or cespi- tose tufts whitish green ; stems ^ to 2 cm. long : lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper long-lingulate, unequal sided at the very papillose apex, closely revolute, thus appearing mar- ginate ; costa broad, passing beyond the apex into a more or less elongated hair-point ; areolation small, indistinct in the upper part, loosely rectangular and hyaline in the lower : male flowers gemmiform in separate branchlets : capsule ovate-oblong or subcylindrical, regular, brown ; lid long-beaked, slightly curved; teeth attached to a very narrow membrane, closely twisted ; annulus compound. — Fl. Megap. 220 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 159. Bryum murale^ Linn. Spec. PI. 1117. Tortida muralis^ Hedw. Fund. Muse. ii. 92 ; Lindb. Trichost. 239. Hab. On rocks, Pennsylvania (T. C. Porter); California (Bolander); Charleston, S. C. (J. Donnell Smith); Norfolk, Virginia (James); on stone walls, Lodi, New Jersey (Austin). Yery variable in the size of the plants and of the capsule, and in the shape of the leaves, which are lanceolate or obtuse or even obcordate at the apex, with the hair-like point varying in length. 120 ' BRYACE^. [Barbula. § 4. Unguiculat^. Plants longer, cespitose : leaves linear- lanceolate ; areolation close, minute, chlorophyllose above, hyaline or yelloioish at base ; costa nahed, not prolonged into a hair-point ; perichmtium sheathing : flowers dioe- cious : teeth of the peristome long, closely twisted, attached to a very short membrane. 13. B. unguiculata, Hedw. In soft bright or dirty gi-een tufts : leaves narrowly ovate and oblong, linear-lanceolate, generally blunt at the apex or mucronate by the excurrent costa, plane, concave and revolute on the borders from the middle downward, carinate and flat on the borders in the upper part, where the green areolation is closely papillose and indis- tinct ; perichaetial leaves hyaline to near the apex : calyptra narrow, long-beaked, reaching a little below the conical long- rostrate straight or curved lid : capsule oblong-elliptical or sub- cylindrical, regular or subincurved ; teeth purple, twisted two or three times ; annulus none. — Frond. Muse. ii. 92, and Muse. Frond, i. 59, t. 23 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 142, 143. Brymn unguicu- latum. Dill. Tortula unguiculata. Roth ; Lindb. Trichost. 241. Hab. On damp black soil, along fences, on rocks, stones, etc. ; very common and variable. A number of forms are described by authors, as Vars. cuspidata, apicu- lata, microcarpa, obtusifolia, fastUjiata, etc., whose characters are indi- cated by their names. Most of these, if not all, are found in N. America; the last only is alpine. 14. B. Jooriana, Muell. Loosely cespitose, small, bright green, easily moistened and soft ; stems simple or with a short terminal innovation : leaves slightly crispate, erect, open when moistened, linear-lanceolate from a half-clasping narrowly oblong more pellucid base, obtuse, acute or short-mucronate, sliglitly revolute toward the base ; costa yellow, scabrous on the back, excurrent ; cells of the areolation rectangular and large toward the base, minutely hexagonal, very chlorophyllose, distinct and scarcely papillose toward the apex ; perichajtial leaves erect, long-sheathing, oblong, acuminate, not mucronate : capsule erect, small, oblong, on a short reddish pedicel ; teeth very slender, hair-like, split to near the base, reddish. — Bull. Torr. Club. V. 49, and Regensb. Flora, Iviii. 77. Hab. Clayey ground, near Baton Rouge (JDr. Joor). Specimens doubt- fully referred to this species by Austin are ticketed as from Port Royal, S. C. [Austin). Barbula.] BRYACE.E. 121 The author remarks that it is somewhat like B. ungidculata. Indeed, from the characters above given, the difference is unimportant. B. Bav- enelii, Aust. (Coult. Bot. Gaz. ii. 89), described from sterile specimens, appears referable to this species. The short stems, the leaves crispate when dry, ovate and lanceolate-oblong and subcarinate, somewhat obtuse, minutely apiculate, with borders narrowly recurved at base, the costa minutely papillose on the back, etc., are characters that are indicated in B. Jooriana. 15. B. fallax, Hedw. Plants loosely and widely cespitose, dusky green, reddish brown when dry ; stems radiculose at the base of the innovations : leaves squarrose or recurved-spreading, twisted when dry, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate from a more enlarged base, connate, revoluble on the borders ; cells of the areolation minute, shortly papillose, yellowish, diaphanous, equal to the base ; pericha^tial leaves half-sheathing, the inner bright gi*een, the outer brownish green or ferruginous : calyptra descending lower than in J], imguiculata : capsule ovate- oblong, gradually narrowed to the orifice, slightly incurved, brown ; lid purple, subulate, nearly as long as the capsule ; teeth very long and many times closely twisted ; annulus none. — Muse. Frond, i. 62, t. 24; Bryol. Eur. t. 147. Tortula imberbis, Smith ; Lindb. Trichost. 250. Hab. Rocky Mountains [Brummond] ; Fort Edward, New York, and Monroe Co., Pennsylvania [James); College Hill, Easton [T. C. Porter); Ontario, Canada [Mrs. Roy). Of the numerous varieties, the more marked are Var. brevicaulis, Bruch & Schimp., with simple and shorter stem, and shorter capsule, lid, and peristome; and Var. brevifoUa, Schultz, densely cespitose, with ovate- lanceolate leaves. 16. B. subfallax, Muell. Much resembling the last, but differing in its pale green color, the leaves not plicate at base, the cells of the areolation minutely papillose, round-quadrate, soft, more distinctly rectangular and pellucid at the base, the perichffitial leaves longer and larger, spreading, revolute on the borders like the stem-leaves, slightly sheathing at base, the cells of the areolation longer and narrower, the capsule on a short purple flexuous pedicel, and the annulus simple, per- sistent. — Bot. Zeit. XX. 338. B. fallax, SuUiv. Pacif. K. Rep. iv. 186. Hab. Cajon Pass, Sierra Nevada (Bigelow); near San Francisco (Bolander) ; San Jose Valley (Bauer). Except the presence of a simple scarcely distinct annulus, the specific characters are unimportant. 122 BRTACE^. [Barbula. 17. B. recurvifolia, SchimjD. Tufts reddish brown ; stems slender : leaves spreading or curved backward, loosely imbri- cate and slightly twisted when dry, broader, shorter and more solid than those of J^. /allax, acutely carinate, pajjillose on both faces ; borders plane, erect above, reflexed near the base ; costa brown to the apex ; areolation as in J5. fallax, the basilar cells only a little larger, quadrate and rectangular : calyptra very narrow, long-subulate, covering a third of the capsule : capsule erect, long, cylindrical, regular, reddish brown ; lid subulate, beaked ; annulus none. — Coroll. 141, and Syn. 170 ; Aust. Muse. Appal. Suppl. _S. fallax, var. recurv\foUa, Wils. Bryol. Brit. 124. Tortula recurvifoUa., Berk. ; Lindb, Trichost. 250. Hab. On rocks, Hoboken, New Jersey; Niagara Falls [Austin); region of the great lakes, Canada (Macoun); Colorado (H. A. Vane). 18. B. Oruegeri, Sonder. Plants very loosely and widely cespitose, reddish brown below, pale green above ; stems slender, divided by a simple innovation at the apex : stem-leaves distant, somewhat twisted, open, recurved when moist, and incurved at the apex, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, short-mucronate, the borders entire, revolute at base ; nerve thick, subexcurrent, green ; cells of the areolation minutely quadrate and green at base, very minute and very opaque, papillose in the upper part ; perichse- tial leaves larger, broader and more loosely areolate at base : capsule erect, narrowly cylindrical, pale ; lid obliquely rostrate, acute, red ; teeth long and very slender, closely twisted ; annulus none. — Muell. Syn. i. 618. Hab. Borders of the Mississippi River, Louisiana (C. Mohr); Florida (Garber); sterile. 19. B. cancellata, Muell. Plants loosely cespitose, short, slender, simple, crispate, yellowish green : stem-leaves erect, close, linear-lanceolate, obtuse and short-mucronate, concave, deeply canaliculate with a thick reddish costa, rugose on the back, narrowly retiexed toward the base ; cells of the areola- tion small, regularly rectangular at base, smaller, quadrate, dark green and pai>illose above; perichaetial leaves narrowed and lanceolate-acuminate from the sheathing base, with a looser more elliptical areolation : pedicel red, flexuous : lid conical, oblique, as long as the cylindrical capsule ; teeth cancellate (fontinaloid), very slender and smooth, purple, split to near the base. — Regensb. Flora, Ivi. 483 (1873). Barbula.] BEYACE^. 123 Hab. Texas, Dallas County [J. Boll). Much like the last, but differing in the long teeth of the conical thin peristome, appendiculate like those of a Fontinalis. 20. B. brachyphylla, Sulliv. Plants long, densely cespi- tose, fastigiately-branching, radiculose their whole length : leaves oiDcn, ovate, narrowed to the obtuse apex, thick, dark brown, the borders recurved all around ; costa stout, percurrent : calyptra short : capsule cylindrical, erect ; lid long-rostrate ; teeth twisted half-way around or scarcely so much, attached to a very narrow membrane. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 186, t. 2 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. n. 100°. Hab. Near Benicia, California (Str/eZoio). 21. B. purpurea, Muell. Differs from the preceding species in its small rigid purple tufts, the short stems divided above into a few short branches, naked below : stem-leaves few, open, spreading when moist, purplish, oblong and broader in the lower part, then obliquely lanceolate, blunt at the apex, the costa thick, purple, canaliculate, the cells of the areolation thick, small, reddish, quadrate, in the upper part rounded, smaller and more oblique : capsule small, ovate, with a broad orifice when deoperculate, the calyptra long, embracing its base. — Regensb. Flora, Iviii. 78 (1875). £. hrachr/jyhijlla, Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (ed. 2),n. 135, in part, fide Muell. Hab. On rocks near Oakland, California, mixed with B. virescens (Bolander). 22. B, rigidula, Schimp. Tufts brown or dirty green ; stem straight : leaves open or a little recurved, long-lanceolate, carinate, with borders recurved in the upper part, revolute in the lower, nearly smooth and very entire ; basilar areolation rectangular, narrow, the u]iper minutely quadrate, distinct ; costa percurrent ; perichtetial leaves scarcely distinct from the upper stem-leaves : calyptra long-beaked, often half-contorted : capsule erect or slightly curved, nearly cylindrical, chestnut- color, polished ; pedicel straight, reddish ; lid short-beaked, oblique ; teeth attached to a short membrane with nodose seg- ments, free or partly coherent, oblique or slightly twisted ; annulus simple, narrow. — Syn. (ed. 2), 206. Trichostomu'm rigidulum. Smith, Fl. Brit. iii. 1238; Bryol. Eur. t. 176. Tortula rigidula., Lindb. Trichost. 249. Hab. Rocky Mountains (Brummond) \ Russian River, California (Bolander)\ Vancouver Island (Lyall). 124 BRYACE.E. [Barbula. 23. B. vinealis, Brann. Allied to B.fallax: plants more robust, shorter, in small reddish ferruginous tufts : leaves spreading or subrecurved, erect-incurved, imbricate when dry, the upper flexuous at the acute apex, more narroAvly lanceolate from the ovate base ; costa brown, subexcurrent ; cells of the basilar ai-eolation broader, rectangular, chlorophyllose, the ujjper minvite, round, inflated or very slightly pa})illose ; peri- chtetial leaves longer, half-sheathing, more abruptly narrowed, subulate : calyptra reaching the middle of the capsule, subulate- beaked : capsule narrowly elliptical-oblong, regular or slightly incurved, reddish-brown, on a strong purplish pedicel ; lid nar- rowly conical, obliquely rostrate ; teeth shorter, paler, twisted once or once and a half around ; basilar membrane short, punctulate ; annulus double, broader. — Brid. Bryol. Univ. i. 830; Bryol. Eur. t. 148; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (ed. 2), n. 130. Tortula vinealis. Spruce; Lindb. Trichost. 249, and Bot. Notis. 1865, 77. Hab. Moist or shaded rocks, California {Bigeloiv, Bolander, Watson) ; very common in California and extremely variable. 24. B. flexifolia, Hampe. Differs from H. vinealis in the leaves crisped when dry, reflexed when moistened, the borders revolute, the capsule narrower subcylindrical, dark red or brown, and the teeth much twisted. — Linntea, xxx. 456. Hab. On the ground in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 3,500 feet altitude {Bauer); common in California {Bolander). From the examination of a large number of specimens we find, contrary to Hampe's description, the operculum sometimes as long as or even longer than in B. vinealis. The author says that it is only one-third of the length of the capsule, and that the teeth of the peristome are reddish, then white or very variable in color, and he compares it to B. semitorta, Sulliv., from which it is very distant. This and other species of the B. vinealis group are most difficult to separate, and their number may be either reduced or indefinitely increased. 25. B. vires cens, Lesq. Differs from JB. viiiealis in its longer stems, dark brown in the lower part, pale green above, the leaves longer-lanceolate from the base, undulate, with bor- ders revolute to the apex, the areolation twice as large and composed of oval or round distinct cells, the perichoetial leaves open, the lid shorter, the peristome less closely twisted, and the annulus broader. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xiii. 4. Hab. On rocks among redwoods near Oakland, California {Bolander). This species is intermediate between B. flexifolia, Hampe, and B. semi' i Barb Ida.] BEYACE^. 125 toi'ta, Sulliv. It differs from the last in the revolute borders of the longer leaves, the peristome longer twisted, and attached to a broader basilar membrane. 26. B. cylindrica, Schimp. Much like J5. vinealis, differ- ing in the more slender flexuous stems, the lower leaves distant, long-lanceolate, the uiDjier close, lanceolate at base, narrowly lanceolate and subulate above, recurved when moist, some- what twisted when dry, deeply concave, verruculose, the borders recurved toward the base, the costa narrower, tlie perichfetial leaves similar, the capsule slightly longer, cylindri- cal or subeliiptical, the peristome twisted, and the annulus com- posed of a triple row of cells. — Syn. (ed. 2), 208. J^. vinealis, \av. Jlaccida, Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. Tortula insulana, DeNot. (?). Tortula cylindrica, Lindb. Bot. Notis. 1865, 76. J^. Beecheyi, Lesq. ; Watson, Bot. Calif, ii. 372. Hab. Same as the last, and often mixed with it. As Sohimper remarks, it is difficult to separate this species from the loose forms of the preceding. The capsule is longer and has a longer pedicel. This and the following, considered as varieties of B. vinealis, were mixed and distributed in Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (ed. 2), n. 131, as B. vinealis, var. Jlaccida. We have more recently received for comparison an original specimen of Tortula insulana, De Not., which apparently differs in its shorter more ovate cylindrical cap- sule, and the borders of the leaves reflexed from below the middle only. It seems, therefore, to be a distinct species, but the specimen is incom- plete, the capsule being old and empty. 27. B. elata, Dur. & Mont. Plants dirty yellowish green, stronger, dividing by two innovations from below the flowering apex : leaves appressed, slightly crispate at the apex, open, erect wlien moist, loosely imbi'icate, the lower smaller, narrowly lanceolate, acute from the decurrent ovate enlarged base ; borders entire, revolute from above the base to near the apex, where they are flat or slightly recurved ; upper leaves much longer, lineai'-lanceolate from the ovate base, acute or blunt at the aj)ex ; cells of the areolation larger, quadrate, pellucid at base, very small, opaque, minutely papillose above ; pericha?- tial leaves lanceolate-subulate from the enlarged base, with a loose pellucid areolation : capsule elliptical-oblong, large, dark purple, like its pedicel ; lid long, of the same color ; annulus pale, compoimd. — Fl. Alger. ; Muell. Syn. i. 620. Hab. Near San Francisco (Bolander), mixed with the two preceding species. 126 BETACE^. [Barbula. The more distant leaves, less open, recurved when moist, the stem- leaves ovate, decurrent at base, and especially the larger broader capsule with longer twice-twisted teeth, etc., separate this species from B. vinealis. The above description, made from the examination of a large number of specimens, slightly differs from that of Mueller. But this author has compared specimens and confirmed their identity M'ith the foreign plant. 28. B. rubiginosa, Mitt. Closely related to the preced- ins: in the form aud areolation of the leaves, and to -Z>. vinealis in the size and mode of growth, but differing from both in the leaves merely ajjpressed and curved when dry, in the much shorter lid, whose length is half that of the capsule, in the absence of a peristome, and in the annulus composed of a triple row of cells. — Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 27, t. 5. Pottia rubigi- iiosa, Watson, Bot. Calif, ii. 362. Hab. Northwest America (Douglas). 29. B. semitorta, Sulliv. Plants short, simple, loosely cespitose: upper leaves longer, tufted, erect, half-clasping at base, horizontal, linear-lanceolate, with flat borders and a thick percurrent costa : calyptra long and narrow, twisted ; lid en- larged at base, subulate, blunt at the apex, slightly inclined : cap- sule erect, regular, cylindrical-oblong ; teeth long, half-twisted ; annulus simple, narrow, persistent. — Pacif. R. Kep. iv. 186, t. 3. Hab. Near Benicia, California (Birjeloio). Comparable to B. brachj/phylla, Sulliv., with which it is mixed, differ- ing in the shorter calyptra descending only to the base of the longer lid, the peristome less twisted, the leaves tufted at the top of the stems, squarrose-spreading, gradually tapering from near the base and not abruptly narrowed to the apex. 30. B. artocarpa, Lesq. Densely cespitose ; stems slender, short, generally simple: lower leaves short-ovate at base, lanceo- late above, shortly cuspidate by the stout excurrent costa, the upper longer and longer lanceolate-subulate ; cells of the areo- lation small, round-quadrate above, rectangular and slightly broader at base ; perichgetial leaves large, clasping at base, con- tracted above, subulate, erect : capsule ovate-cylindrical, short, slender, contracted at the orifice ; lid with a long-subulate more or less curved beak ; teeth slender, whitish, once twisted ; annu- lus simple, persistent. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xiii. 4; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. (ed. 2), n. 133. Hab. On the ground, Monte Diablo, California (Bolander) ; Monterey (Watson). Kesemhling the following species in aspect, the characters of the leaves, and form of the capsule, which, however, is annulate. Barbida.] BRTACE^. 127 31. B. gracilis, Schwaegr. Densely tufted ; plants short, olive or dusky green, simple or with few innovations : leaves open, erect, strict, loosely imbricate when dry, smooth, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate by the excurrent brown stout costa ; borders revolute from the base to the middle ; areolation round, minute but distinct, rectangular at the base ; perichoetial leaves large, rellexed on the borders, with a long flexuous point : cap- sule small, ovate-oblong, solid, more or less incurved ; lid narrow- ly rostrate; teeth short, reddish, twisted; annulus none. — Suppl. i. 125, t. 34; Bryol. Eur. t. 145. Tortula gracilis, Schleich. ; Lindb. Trichost. 249. Hab. Crevices of limestone rocks, Brattleboro, Yermont (Frost). Distinguisbed from B.fallax especially by tbe suberect straiglit leaves, the long-cuspidate pericluetial leaves, the shorter small capsule, etc. § 5. CoxvoLUT^. Plaiits densely ces2)itose: leaves bright or yelloicish green, clilorophyllose, hoisted when dry ; basilar areolation loose / perichmtial leaves long-sheathing or con- volute: capside sniall, ellij^tical-ovate, subincurved, broion, teeth of the funnel-lihe purple 'peristome very long, twisted. 32. B. convoluta, Hedw. Plants short, in dense tufts, bright green above : leaves open when moist, twisted when dry, narrowly lingulate-lanceolate, with flat borders, acute or apiculate by the excurrent costa; basilar cells quadrangular, the upper close, round, subopaque, minutely papillose ; peri- choetial leaves convolute, the upper closely sheathing, obtuse or short-apiculate : capsule oblong-cylindrical, incurved, reddish brown, on a long yellow pedicel ; annulus large, compound, revoluble. — Muse. Frond, i. 86, t. 32; Bryol. Eur. t. 154. Tortxda convoluta, Schrad. ; Lindb; Trichost. 248. Hab. Onthegroimd; British America (Z)ru?ri?no;KZ); Eaccoon Moun- tains, Alabama [Lesqnereux)\ Enon Valley, Pennsylvania {Jame^)\ Oak- land (Bigelow), and on burned trunks, Ukiah, California (Bolander). 33. B. Closteri, Aust. Known only from sterile plants, and closely related to the last, characterized, according to the author, by its sublinear or oblong-lanceolate subcarinate remark- ably granulose leaves, very slightly recurved on one of the mar- gins below the middle, with a minute hyaline point; leaves often strongly recurved at the apex. — Coult. Bot. Gaz. i. 29, and iv. 30. Hab. New Jersey (^7jsle or sparingly fastigiate-ramose : leaves soft, distant, erect, long-lanceolate, gradually narrowly acuminate, distantly and coarsely dentate, sometimes nearly pinnatifid, rarely entire ; costa ending with the apex ; areolation very loose, oblong- hexagonal : flowers moncecious and dioecious ; male flowers Siylachmim.] BRTACE^. 193 discoid, capituliform, terminal on sej^arate smaller more slender plants, or gemmiforni and axillary on the fertile ones : ealyptra conical, not split, scarcely covering the hemispherical-conical obtusely ai)iculate lid : capsule oblong-oval, small, its apophysis a little broader and longer than the sporangium, gradually narrowed to a thick pedicel less than a cm. long; teeth joined in pairs, attached near the orifice. — Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. n. 151 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 53, t. 4, and Icon. Muse. 97, t. 58. Splachniiyn setaceum^ Hook. & Wils. in Drumm. Muse. Am. (Col. II.), n. 27. Hab. Swainps near the coast, from New Jersey to Florida; especially common in cedar swamps on the dung of mules. Also found on Isle Madam, Cape Breton [J. A. Allen). 4. T. Tirceolatus, Bruch & Schimp. Tufts compact, solid, yellowish green on the surface, pale brown or reddish and densely radiculose Avithin : leaves loosely imbricated, oblong or obovate, subcochleariform, abruptly narrowed into a flexuous awn-shaped point, very entire ; eosta very narrow, ending below the point ; cells rectangular, narroAV, thick-walled : male flowers at first terminal, then thrown aside and lateral by innovations : ealyptra comparatively large, split and laciniate at base, straw- colored : capsule short, cylindrical, slightly longer than its broad obovate apophysis, becoming broader and black with age, nar- rowed to a thick short pedicel ; teeth short and geminate, narrow, orange-colored. — Bryol. Eur. t. 209. Hab. Alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains (Drummond); Colorado (Downie); rare. 69. SPLAOHNUM, Linn. (PI. 4.) Plants mostly annual, loosely cespitose ; branches soft, slender. Lower leaves distant, open, the upper tufted, with a soft costa and areolation very loose. Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, tlie male terminal and discoid, on slender naked branches. Calyptra small, conical, slightly split >or mostly entire at base, soft and fugacious. Capsule long-pedicelled, small, oval or short-cylindrical, or with a larger apophysis increasing after maturity, becoming pyriform or globose or umbrella^shaped and diversely colored. Columella capped, generally exserted after the separation of the lid. Teeth of the peristome 16, linear, 194 BRYACE^, [Splachnum. geminate, orange-colored, formed of a double lamina, the outer thicker and jjapillose, the inner loosely and thinly areolate. Spores very minute. 1. S. Wormskioldii, Hornem. Monoecious: pei-ennial, in soft dense tufts reddish and radiculose within ; stems very slender, dichotoraous : leaves very soft and loosely areolate, oval, muticous or more or less long-acuminate, narrowly costate : male flowers terminal on long slender branches : capsule small, elliptical or subglobose, about as long as the ovate aj^ophysis, shorter and turbinate when empty, first green, then dark brown, etomatose ; columella not exserted from the empty capsule ; teeth small, yellow, subequidistant. — Fl. Dan. t. 1659; Bryol. Eur. t. 291. Had. Peat bogs of Arctic America, Greenland, etc. 2. S. sphssricura, Linn. fil. Dioecious : loosely cespitose, annual ; stems short : lower leaves small, ovate-acuminate, the upper much larger, broadly obovate from the narrowed base, acuminate, entire or obscurely dentate : capsule oval, fuscous ; apophysis broadei', subglobose, dark red, shining, perforated by stomata in its upper part ; pedicel long, slender, flexuous ; lid convex, mamillate ; teeth large, linear, obtuse, approximate in pairs, orange. — Meth. Muse. 33, t. 1, fig. 1; Bryol. Eur. t. 292. Hab. Rocky Mountains (Drummond). 3. S. vasculosum, Linn. Dioecious: biennial or perennial ; tufts soft, bright green : leaves large, distant, the lower sub- orbicular, the upper broadly obovate, obtusely acuminate, entire ; costa ending below the apex : male plants more slender, with smaller and more distant leaves : capsule short, cylindrical, red- orange, on a large sj)herical minutely tuberculose dark purple or bluish black apojjhysis, irregularly wrinkled when dry ; lid hemispherical, yelloAv ; teeth in pairs, short, orange-colored. — Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1572 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 294. Hab. Hudson's Bay (Drummond) ; Sitka (Bischoff). 4. S. ampullaceum, Linn. Monoecious and dioecious : loosely cespitose ; stems generally short, annual or biennial : lower leaves lanceolate, the upper obovate, long-lanceolate, acuminate, more or less coarsely serrate above, very soft, pale green : capsule small, narrowly oval, cylindrical, yellowish ; apophysis large, enlarged upward, pyriform, soft and fleshy, i S2)lachnum.] BRYACE^. 295 purple when old, gradually narrowing to a long purple pedicel ; lid highly convex or short-conical, obtuse ; teeth approximate or united in pairs, yellow. — Sp. PL 1108 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 293. Hab, Cranberry swamps of Ohio, New England, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and northward ; rare. 5. S. rubrum, Linn. 1. c. Dicecious: loosely tufting, annual ; stems short : leaves large, open, recurved at the apex, enlarged in the middle from a narrowed base, more abruptly narrowed and lanceolate, long-acuminate upward, distinctly serrate from below the middle : male plants much smaller, with smaller leaves : capsule small, oval-truncate, thin, membrana- ceous, dirty yellow; apophysis very large, campanulate, umbrella-shaped, purple, on a very long reddish pedicel ; lid highly convex ; teeth 16, large, densely articulate, joined in pairs at base and sometimes at the apex, the dividing line effaced at the a])ex. — Bryol. Eur. t. 295. Hab. Eocky Mountains (Driimmond); Maine {A. Young). 6. S. luteum, Linn. 1. c. Differs from the last only in the leaves not as coarsely dentate, and the umbrella-like apophysis convex and bright yellow ; the teeth are a little narrower. — Bryol. Eur. t. 296. S. melanocmdon^ Schwaegr. Suppl. ii. 1. 28, t. 109 ; Mitten, Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 22. Hab. Western North America, from several collectors, according to Mitten, who states that specimens collected by Burke in the Kooky Moun- tains show an extraordinary variation in the capsules. Tribe X. PHYSCOMITRIE^. Plants annual, rarely biennial, small, gregarious or sub- cespitose, of soft texture, sparingly branching by innovations. Leaves comjiaratively large, soft, composed of large thin hyaline hexagonal or rhomboidal-oblong cells, and with a thin loosely areolate costa, obovate or spatulate-acuminate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the male discoid, axillary, terminal only in young plants. Calyptra tetragonal, vesicular when young, cucullate or mitriform. Capsule oval or spherical, erect, regular or cernuous-gibbous ; the sporangium free, adherent to the capsule by filaments. Lid convex or mamil- late. Peristome none or simple or double. 196 BRYACE^. [Pyramidula. 70. PYRAMIDULA, Brid. Calyptra large, enclosing the capsule, dehiscent by a lateral cleft. Orifice of the capsule naked. Sj^ores very large, smooth. 1. P. tetragona, Brid. Stems short, simple : leaves ovate- oblong, gradually acuminate or cuspidate by the excurrent costa, concave and entire : male buds at the base of the fertile plants : capsule globose, short-pedicellate, Avith inflated collum ; lid convex, obtusely apiculate. — Muse, Recent. Suppl. iv. 20. .Physcomitrhim tetragonum, Bruch & Schimj). Bryol. Eui\ t. 298; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 52. Hab. Sandy soil, San Marcos, Texas (Wricjht)\ sandy plain near the depot atVincennes, Indiana (Lesquereux) ; plains of Colorado (E. Hall). 71. APHANORHEGMA, Sulliv. (PL 4.) Plants gregarious or subcespitose, whitish green. Stems short, sparingly dividing by innovations. Flowers monoecious or occasionally syncecious. Calyptra narrowly conical, mitri- form, covering the upper part of the capsule by its lobate base. Capsule immersed, very shortly pedicellate, splitting in the mid- dle at maturity, without decoloration at the line of separation. 1. A. serratum, Sulliv. Lower leaves open, flexuous, the upper close, nearly erect, oblong and spatulate-lanceolate, short- acuminate, serrate from the middle upward ; costa percurrent ; basilar cells large, rectangular, the marginal often yellowish : capsule globose, minutely pajiillose at the apex : spores tuber- culate. — Mosses of U. States, 52, t. 4, and Icon, Muse, 95, t. 57. Schistidium serratum, Hook. & Wils, in Drumm, Muse. Am. n. 20 ; Sulliv, Mem, Amer, Acad, n, s. iii. 60, t. 2, C. PJiyscomitrium serratum, Muell, Syn, ii. 545, Hab, Damp clayey ground, river-banks, road-sides in the woods, and in open cultivated ground in the Northern and Middle States; not rare. 72. PHYSCOMITRIUM, Brid, (PI. 4.) Plants simple or sparingly branching at base by innovations, Calyptra scarcely descending to the middle of the capsule. Capsule regularly dehiscent with a distinct naked orifice. 1. P. immersum, Sulliv. Plants small, annual, gregarious or widely subcespitose, green : leaves large, obovate or lingu- Phi/scomltrlum.] BRYACE^. 197 late, lanceolate, acuminate, more distinctly serrate from the middle upward than those of Aphanorhegjna ; marginal cells yellow: male flowers terminal on young plants, becoming lateral by the growth of the fertile innovations : calyptra erect, long-beaked, mitrate, quadrilobate, scarcely reaching to the middle of the lid : capsule short-pedicellate, immersed, sub- globose ; lid large, hemispherical, convex, apiculate. — Mosses of U. States. 51, t. 4, and Icon. Muse. 93, t. 56. Hab. River banks, Southern Ohio (Xea); Western Pennsylvania (Lesquereux)\ South Carolina {Ravenel). Differs from Aphanorhegma merely in the inflorescence, the dehiscence of the lid, and the leaves more distinctly serrate by yellowish cells. 2. P. pygmaeum, James. Plants still smaller than in the last ; stems prostrate at base, radiculose, bipartite : leaves soft, whitish green, the lower distant, flexuous, the upper loosely tufted, ovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate ; costa percurrent or vanishing below the apex ; marginal cells transversely oblong, in 5 to 7 rows : capsule oblong, pyriform when empty ; lid com- paratively long ; annulus narrow, persistent ; pedicel twisted to the left. — Bot. King Exp. 404. Hab. On the ground above Parley's Park, in the Wahsatch Moun- tains, Utah, at G,500 feet altitude (Watson)\ a few imperfect specimens. The small size of the plants and their prostrate black radiculose stems separate this species from all its congeners. It closely resembles P. Hookeri, but differs in its size, the narrow annulus, etc. 3. P. pyriforme, Brid. Densely gregarious or widely and loosely cespitose ; plants robust, yellowish green : leaves open or flexuous, soft, the lower distant, ovate-lanceolate, the upper tufting, spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, concave, serrate from the middle upward ; costa vanishing below the apex : calyptra large, mitriform, descending to the middle of the capsule : cap- sule large, long-pedicellate, orbicular-pyriform, the cells sur- rounding the orifice transversely rectangular in mttltiple series ; lid convex-conical, obtusely apiculate or rostellate. — Bryol. Univ. i. 98 (under Gymnostomum) ; Bryol. Eur. t. 299. Gym- nostomiim pyriforme, Hedw. Fund. Muse. ii. 87. Hab. On wet open and shaded ground, wet meadows; very common. The variety described below in Florida (Daniel B. Smith, Garber). Plants very vai'iable in size, appearance, color, etc., according to habi- tat. Luxuriant in wet places, with longer larger whitish green leaves and longer operculate capsule, on reaching dry ground it gradually be- comes short and yellowish, with shorter-pedicellate nearly globose capsule 198 BRYACE^. [Physcomitrium. and shorter mamillate lid. A marked variety from Florida may be a dis- tinct species. It has longer narrower leaves, very flexuous and nearly twisted, deeply dentate, and with stronger percurrent costa. The long slender pedicellate capsule, with a short obtuse lid, is generally gibbous on one side, widely enlarged at the orifice and cupuliform when empty. Another variety, Gymnostomum tortlpes, Brid., has long flexuons slender stems, with distant narrowly lanceolate acuminate leaves dentate at the apex, the pyriform capsule distinctly inflated at the coUum and narrowed at the orifice. 4. P. Hookeri, Hampe. Much like small forms of P. pyri- Jbi-me, from which it differs in the broadly oval gradually acu- minate leaves, with borders entire or very slightly serrulate below the apex, by the protrusion of the marginal cells, the quadrate smaller upper cells, and the short thick pedicel of the oval obconical capsule, which is slightly constricted under the broad orifice, rugose and gradually passing into a thick unde- fined collum. The annulus is thick, broad and persistent, adhering to the orifice or falling j^iecemeal. — Icon. Muse, under t. 30. Gyinnostoinimi turhinatum^ Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 286. G. latifoliuni^ Drumm. Muse. Amer. n. 16 ; Schwaegr. Suppl. iv., t. 304, B. P. latifolium^ Lindb. Ofvers. Akad. xxi. 595 (1864). P. /dans, Lindb. Manip. Muse. i. 51 (1870); SulUv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 26, t. 16. IIab. Wet meadows and marshy fields, in the Western States, often mixed with P. pyriforme. 5. P. acuminatuni, Bruch & S chimp. Plants shorter than in P. pyriforme, generally stouter and less divided : the leaves ovatedanceolate, acute, concave, very entire or obscurely serrate at the apex, yellowish-margined at the base ; costa per- current or excurrent : calyptra large, sometimes persistent after maturity of the capsule : capsule spherical with inflated col- lum, constricted under the orifice when empty ; lid short, con- vex, apiculate : spores large. — Bryol. Eur. t, 300. Gymnosto- mum acuminatum, Schleich. Cat. PL Ilelv. ed. 4, 40. Hab. Texas ( Wright); Illinois {E. Hall). 6. P. turbinatum, Muell. ined. Plants cespitose, much divided, straw-color : leaves open and flexuous, oblong and nar- rowly lanceolate, distinctly acuminate by the excurrent costa, entire at the apex ; areolation smaller and more compact : male plants terminal: capsule long-pedicelled, broadly ovate-turbi- nate ; lid small, rostrate. Hab. Texas {Boll). Entosthodon.] BRYACE^. 199 From imperfect specimens kindly communicated by Mueller we find that, as in P. acuminatum, the leaves are entire at the apex, or nearly so, and the form of the operculate capsule is nearly the same. It differs, however, in the larger leaves, not ovate but rather linear, the capsule longer-pedicellate, without coUum, and the lid longer-mamillate or ob- tusely rostrate. The stems are much longer and more divided; the male brandies long, like the fertile innovations. 73. ENTOSTHODON, Schwaegr. (PI. 4.) Plants annual or reproduced by innovations, simple or branch- ing. Leaves variable, even in the same species, with a loose hyaline soft areolation. Flowers monoecious, terminal, the male on the primary stems, the fertile on the innovations; antheridia short ; paraphyses inflated at the apex. Calyjitra vesiculose-cucuUate, long-beaked, shining. Capsule thick, sub- cernuous or pyriform in connection with its collum ; marginal cells rectangular, in many transverse series ; lid small, plano- convex. Peristome attached far below the orifice, either very rudimentary, or, as in all the xlmerican species, of 16 distantly articulate teeth, trabeculate on the inside, narrow, confluent at base. Annulus none. Spores large. 1. E. Drummondii, Sulliv. Plants cespitose, gregarious, yellowish green ; stems very short : leaves tufted, obovate, lanceolate or Ungulate-lanceolate, concave, more or less dis- tinctly crenulate by the prominence of the yellowish marginal cells : capsule short, symmetrical, oblong-pyriforra and enlarged at the orifice when empty ; pedicel comparatively long, flexuous ; lid convex, apiculate ; teeth linear-lanceolate, dark red, granu- lose, striolate lengthwise ; articulations distant : spores reddish brown, subpapillose. — Mosses of U. States, 51, t. 4, and Icon. Muse. 91, t. 55 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Ara. n. 156"- M obtusifoKus, Hook. & Wils., Drumm. Muse. Am. (Coll. IT.) n. 36 ; not of Hook. fil. Funaria Drummondii^ Lindb. Manip. Muse. i. 62. Hab. Moist clay soil, Louisiana {DrvLmmon(l)\ near Montgomery, Alabama {Sullivant)\ rare. 2. E. Bolanderi, Lesq. Plants gregarious; stems longer than in the last species : stem-leaves very few, the upper loosely tufted, obovate, lanceolate-acuminate, with borders entire, 200 BRYACE^. [Entosthodon. hyaline ; costa short, scarcely passing above the middle : male flowers in smaller buds at the base of the fertile ones : capsule pyriform, gradually defluent to a long slightly inflated collum ; lid highly convex, mamillate ; teeth pale, Avhitish, granulosa ; articulations and dividing line very obscure. — Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. xiii. 10 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. (ed. 2), n. 236; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 28, t. 17. Hab. On clayey soil near the bay of San Francisco (Bolander). A very distinct species, even deviating somewliat from tlie generic cliaracters in its broad very soft entire leaves, costate only to the middle, while in its inflorescence it resembles Funaria, and in its calyptra, which i^ five-lobed at base and rather mitrate, it is like a Physcomitrium. 3. E. Templetoni, Schwaegr. More or less densely gre- garious : stem-leaves few, distant, the upper tufted, broadly obovate or spatulate-oblong, acuminate ; border narrow ; cells more or less unequal, yellow ; costa dividing below the acumen : capsule defluent into a long collum, pyriform, obconical and truncate, furrowed when empty; teeth lanceolate-subulate, reddish, papillose, distantly articulate ; articulations prominent on the sides: spores verruculose. — Suppl. ii. 1. 44, t. 113; Bryol. Eur. t. 302. Weissia Templetoni^ Hook, in Curt. Fl. Lond. i, t. Funaria attenuata, Lindb. Manip. Muse. i. 63. Hab. Swamp near Mendocino, California {Bolander). 74. FUNARIA, Schreb. (PI. 3.) Habit, mode of growth, form of leaves, reticulation and calyptra as in the preceding genus. Capsule gibbous, obtusely pyriform, narrowed to a more or less elongated curved collum ; pedicel generally long, straight, or arcuate above; lid plano- convex ; annulus none or compound and revoluble. Peristome rudimentary or more generally double, the outer of 16 teeth, very hygrometrical, obliquely curving to the right, prominently trabeculate on the inner side with purple strias, pale and granu- lose on the outside, connected at the apex by a small reticulated disk; inner membrane divided into 16 cilia opposite to the outer teeth and adhering at the base, lanceolate or more or less rudimentary, yellowish, with a longitudinal medial line, distantly papillose. Sporangium much smaller than the capsule, attached to it by loosely entangled filaments. Spores generally large. Funaria.] BEYACE^. 201 * Peristome perfect : annulus none. 1. F, Americana, Lindb. Plants small, gregarious or loosely cespitose ; steius very short : leaves half open, oblong- ovate, acuminate, loosely areolate^ borders nearly entire ; costa excurrent : capsule erect, subcernuous, rugulose at the long inflated collum ; pedicel short, twisted to the left in its lower part, to the right in the upper when dry ; lid conical, obtuse. — Ofvers. Akad. xx. 398, and xxi. 597 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 30, t. 19. F. Muhlenbergii, Hedw. fil. in Turn. Muse. Hibern. 106 (name only) ; Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 2. 78, t. 66, mainly, excl. descr. ; Sulliv. Mosses of TJ. States, 51. Hab. Pennsylvania (Muhlenbercj , James). 2. P. Mediterranea, Lindb. 1. c. Plants ^ to 1 cm. long, loosely cespitose : lower leaves distant, oblong-lanceolate, de- flexed, the upper open, erect or spreading, ovate-oblong, abruptly narrowed to a long filiform flexuous acumen, ob- scurely serrate or nearly entire above ; costa vanishing below the apex : capsule clavate-pyriform ; lid convex-conical ; pedicel twisted both ways as in the preceding species. — F. Muhlen- bergii, Turn, in Koen. & Sims, Ann. Bot. ii. 198 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 303. F. calcarea, Schimp. Syn. 320, excl. syn. ; Watson, Bot. Calif, ii. 388, in part. Hab. California (Bigelow, Bolander). 3. F. calcarea, Wahl. Plants slightly larger than in the former species : leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed to a straiglit acumen, sharply serrate : capsule obovate, turgid, with a long less inflated collum ; pedicel longer, twisted to the left its whole length. — Vet. Akad. Handl. xxvii. 137, t. 4, f. 2. F. Hibertiica, Hook, in Curt. Fl. Lond. ii, t. ; Bryol. Eur. t. 304. Hab. British America (Drummond); Utah {Watson). 4. F. serrata, Brid. Plants short, dirty green, loosely cespitose : leaves tufted, oblong-lanceolate or lingulate-lanceo- late, short-pointed, serrate above; costa vanishing below the apex: capsule pyriform on a long pedicel twisted to the left when dry; lid convex, apiculate. — Muse. Recent. Suppl. iii. 70 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 89, t. 54. Hab. Moist clay banks and sand rocks, Southern States. 5. F. Californica, Sulliv. & Lesq. Plants very small, pale green, loosely cespitose: stem-leaves few, small and distant; 202 BRYACEJ3. [Funaria. upper leaves tufted, erect, oblong, short-pointed, concave, very entire ; areolation more compact ; costa subcontinuous : capsule erect, oblong or obovate, symmetrical, gradually narrowing to the short collum; pedicel short, straight, twisted to the left; lid convex, subconical. — Muse. Bor.-Amer. Exsicc. (ed. 2), n. 238; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 29, t. 18. Hab. Clay soil; Auburn, Ukiah, etc., California (Bolander); Oregon {Hall). * * Annulus large, revolute. 6. F. convoluta, Hampe. Plants short, loosely cespitose : outer leaves spreading, with borders involute, the inner con- volute, and infolding the pedicel, oblong-ovate, acute, entire; costa percurrent: capsule obliquely pyriform, more or less plicate ; pedicel rather long ; lid umbonate, acute. — Linntea, XXX. 455. Hab. Sierra Nevada, California [J. A. Bauer), According to the author this species resembles F. calvescens, Schwaegr., differing in its shorter leaves with a smaller areolation, the lid prominently umbonate (not flat), and the teeth yellowish, not blackish. 7. P. flavicans, Michx. Plants soft, loosely cespitose: stem-leaves distant, very small ; upper leaves tufted, large, very soft and loosely areolate, oblong-spatulate or obovate, entire ; costa percurrent : capsule curved downward or horizontal, pyri- form, gradually attenuated to a very long pedicel ; lid plano- convex, subapiculate. — Fl. Bor,-Am. ii. 303 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 50, and Icon. Muse. 87, t. 53. Hab. Moist sandy and clayey ground; Middle and Southern States. It differs from F. hygrometrica in the pale color of the plants, espe- cially of the capsule, the leaves more abruptly narrowed into a long flox- uous point, the mouth of the capsule more enlarged and less oblique, and the spores larger. 8. P. hygrometrica, Sibth. Plants variable in size, simple or divided from the base : comal leaves erect, pressed together, rarely open, oblong-ovate, short-pointed, entire, cos- tate to the apex : capsule arched and turgid on the upper side, pyriform, coriaceous, reddish, deeply furrowed ; pedicel very long, flexuous ; lid convex. — FI. Oxon. 288 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 305. Jfnhcm hygro'inetricum, Linn. Sp. PI. 1110. Var. calvescens, Bruch & Schimp. Leaves open-spread- ing, the comal flexuous on the borders, twisted when dry. — F. calvescens, Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 2. 77, t. 65. Bartramia.] BRYACE^. 203 Yar. patula, Bruch & Schimp. Comal leaves narrower, spreading ; costa percurrent. — i^. Bavenelii, Aust., Coult. Bot. Gaz. i. 29. Hab. Bare ground, moist sand and rocks; very common. The varie- ties mostly in tlie Soutliern States. 9. F. microstoma, Bruch & Schimp. Differs from the last in its smaller size, the capsule pyriform, more turgid and thicker, dark brown and shining, the lid much smaller and mamillate, the internal peristome very imperfect, and the spores twice as large. — Bryol. Eur. t. 306. Hab. Moist gravelly ground ; Soda Springs on tlie Upper Tuolumne, California {Bolander); Illinois [Patterson, Schneck). Tribe XI. BARTKAMIE^. Plants perennial, dichotomous or branching by subfloral innovations. Leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to subulate, costate, papillose on both faces ; areolation minute and quad- rate above, loose and hexagonal-rectangular at base. Flowers bisexual, monoecious or dioecious, the male generally discoid in the dioecious species. Calyptra small, cucullate, very fugacious. Capsule spherical or nearly so, without collum or with an indis- tinct one, cernuous or rarely erect, plaited-striate when dry or rarely smooth. Lid small, muticous. Peristome none or sim- ple or more generally double with the segments of the inner membrane split into two diverging parts; cilia none or simple and more or less distinct. Annulus none. 75. BARTRAMIA, Hedw. (PI. 3.) Stems erect and dichotomous, radiculose-tomentose below. Leaves opaque, yellowish green, half-clasping or subdecurrent at base, serrate at the apex ; costa round, vanishing with the apex or passing above it into a point hispid on the back. Capsule globose or broadly ovate ; lid small, convex or obtusely pointed. Teeth of the outer peristome attached to the basilar membrane passing above the orifice, lanceolate, transversely articulate, lamellate inside, marked on the back by a dividing line. Spores minute, hispid, yellowish brown. 204 BRYACE^. [Bartramia. * Capside erect^ symmetrical: peristome none or simple. 1. B. Menziesii, Turn. Plants more or less densely cespi- tose; steins 5 to 10- cm. long or more, simple or sparingly- branched, brown within the tufts, bright or yellowish green above: leaves closely imbricate, erect or half open, concave, plicate and reflexed on the borders at the enlarged ovate base, lanceolate, subulate-dentate above ; costa stout, j^ercurrent, rough on the back; j:)erichcetial leaves similar; perigonial broadly ovate, deeply concave at base, abruptly long-subulate, scabrous on the back: flowers dioecious; male plants shnple, shorter, the flowers terminal or lateral by innovations, gemma- ceous ; antheridia curved, yellowish brown with numerous long filiform paraphyses ; fruiting flowers lateral by innovations : capsule erect, broadly oval, symmetrical, pale brown ; pedicel short, 1 to 2 m.m, long, pale red or dark yellow, twisted to the left ; lid conical, obtuse : peristome simple, of 16 short lanceolate irregularly articulate reddish teeth, sometimes rudimentary or none. — Koen. & Sims, Ann. Bot. i. 525, t. 11, f. 1; Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 67; Schwaegr. Suppl. iii, t. 240; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Am. Exsicc. (ed. 2), n. 259; Sulliv. Icon. Sup])l. 39, t. 26. GUjphocarpa JBaueri, Hamj)e, Linna^a, xxx. 457. Hab. California, not rare; Spokan Falls ( Watson). The normal form on shaded rocks in the woods, varying on dry exposed rocks. Tlie species varies according to its habitat. On dry exposed rocks the steins are shorter, the shghtly shorter and narrower leaves, appressed when dry, are open and erect when moistened ; the capsule is somewhat longer and naiTower; the peristome either wanting or fragmentary and reduced to a pellucid membrane more or less irregularly lacerated. This is the variety n. 260 of the Muse. Exsicc. (n. 259 by mistake), and repre- sents Gli/phocarpa Baueri. It is not possible to ascertain which of the two forms represents the original species of Hooker, as no author appears to have seen the peristome complete. The specimens in Taylor's herba- rium have longer stems and short oval capsule, like the normal form, but no peristome, and therefore combine characters of both forms. 2. B. Subulata, Bruch & Schimp. Plants in short com- pact tufts ; stems slender : upper leaves more densely crowded, erect-open, strict, rigid, glaucous-green when young, linear- subulate and sharply serrate above the ovate half-clasping base ; costa subpercurrent : flowers androgynous ; antheridia mixed with the archegonia or separated by a single leaf only : capsule on a strict short reddish pedicel, globose-ovate, marked from Bartramia.] BKYACE^. 205 the middle upward with obscure striae, furrowed-plicate when dry and empty ; lid small, convex, conical ; teeth either present, narrow, unequal and orange-colored, or absent and the orifice surrounded by a short thin pellucid membrane. — Bryol. Eur. t, 315. Hab. Colorado (Brandegee) ; Sitka (Eothrock); Flower Bay, Alaska (Dall). 3. B. striata, Brid. Tufts compact, glaucous-green above : leaves open, erect, strict, straight and fragile when dry, lanceo- late-subulate, serrate above ; meshes of the areolation smaller than in the preceding species ; costa exeurrent into a spinescent awn : flowers bisexual : capsule ovate-globose, erect, rarely slightly cernuous, sulcate-ribbed when dry; pedicel strict, obscurely tetragonal above and twisted to the right ; lid con- vex, obtuse, short-mamillate and erose ; teeth either regular and entire or irregular at the borders, perforated along the dividing line, yellow : spores verrucose. — Muse. Recent, ii. 3. 132, t. 1, f. 5; Bryol. Eur. t. 316. Hab. Eocks near San Francisco (Bolander, Gibbons); Colorado {Parry). * * Capsule cui'ved ; lid oblique ; peinstotne double. 4. B. ithyphylla, Brid. 1. c. Stems longer than in the last : leaves o])en-erect, strict, enlarged, Avhite and clasping at base, linear-subulate and coarsely serrate above; costa thick, gradually occupying the whole lamina above : flowers bisexual : capsule globose-oblong, more distinctly curved and deej)ly fur- rowed when dry ; lid conical-obtuse ; teeth reddish brown, irreg- ularly perforated, sometimes bifid at the apex ; inner segments yellow, cleft, much shorter than the teeth. — Bryol. Eur. t. 317. Hab. Fissures of rocks on mountains; White Mountains, Adiron- dacks, Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, Sitka, etc. Also rarely on the plains; Fayette County, Pennsylvania (Knight). Varies with shorter fragile leaves, not as white at the base, and not as abruptly narrowed above it. 5. B. CEderiana, Swartz. Plants slender, loosely tufted, dark green above : leaves open and recurved, soft, twisted when dry, narrowly lanceolate, plicate, carinate and serrate toward the apex ; borders more or less revolute ; costa narrow, percurrent, serrate on the back above : flowers bisexual : capsule small, globose or ovate-oblong, inciuwed and ribbed when dry ; pedi- cel slender and slightly curved, of medium length ; lid and 206 BRYACE^. [Bartramia. peristome as in the following. — Schrad. Journ. Bot. iv. 180. j5. gracilis, Floerke ; Muell. Syn. i. 508. £. (Ederi, Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 2. 49, t. 59; Bryol. Eur. t. 318. Hab. On wet rocks in mountains, or northward, from New England to the Rocky Mountains and Canada. Variable, in more or less compact densely tomentose tufts. The dark green color of the tufts, the slender stems, and the shorter leaves give to this moss an appearance different from that of the following species. 6. B. pomiformis, Hedw. Tufts deep, flat and wide, or smaller and pulviuate, yellowish green above, pale brown and tomentose within : leaves open or erect-spreading, curved or cirrhate when dry, lanceolate, carinate, sharply serrate above, the borders revolute from the middle downward; costa per- current or excurrent into a short spinulose awn : flowers an- drogynous (male and female flowers contiguous) : capsule spherical, long-pedicellate ; outer teeth regular, densely articu- late ; segments shorter than the teeth, cleft open ; cilia simple, short or rudimentary. — Spec. Muse. 164; Bryol. Eur. t. 319. J3r yum pomi forme, Linn. Sp. PI. 1115. Var. crispa, Schimp. Stems and leaves longer, narrower, cirrhate-twisted when dry : capsule short-pedicellate. — £. crispa, Swartz. Hab. Shady banks and fissures of rocks; common on the eastern slope, in valleys and mountains; Columbia River, Oregon {Hall, Nevius). 7. B. Halleriana, Hedw. Plants soft, in bright green tufts : leaves long, narrowly subulate from an enlarged whitish half-clasping base, serrulate above, spreading all around the stems or inclined on one side, flexuous when dry : flowers as in the preceding species : capsule on a short curving pedicel, often binate, becoming lateral or as if axillary by the continuous inno- vations of the stems, pale brown ; lid very small, convex-coni- cal ; teeth dark brown, incurved when dry. — Muse. Frond, ii. Ill, t. 40 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 320. Hab. Rocky Mountains, Portage River {Dnimmond). 8. B. radicalis, Beauv. Plants soft, loosely tufted, glau- cous-green, tomentose their whole length ; stems short, prostrate at base, branching from below the floriferous apex : leaves erect, open and subsecund, linear-lanceolate, cuspidate by the excurrent costa, sharply serrate, pajiillose on the inner face only ; perichietial broadly ovate, abruptly and narrowly long- acuminate from the enlarged base : flowers monoecious, the Conostomum.] BRYACE^. 207 male gemraaceous, close to the fertile ones ; perigonial leaves broadly concave at base, long-subulate above : capsule on a long slender flexuous jDedicel, globose, subhorizontal ; lid very small, conical-apiculate ; teeth lanceolate-subulate at the apex, dark orange, longer than the segments; cilia short or rudimentary. — Prodr, 44 ; SuUiv. Mosses of U. States, 50, and Icon. Muse. 85, t. 52. Hab. On the ground in wet springy places and margins of swamps in the Southern States; not uncommon. Allied to B. rigida, a European species, which has less linear leaves with only the lower surface papillose, reflexed margins, a thicker shorter pedicel, and an oblong-globose capsule with a thicker outer membrane. B. WiLSONi, Muell., is reported in Rau & Hervey's catalogue as found in New Jersey by Austin. We have seen no other mention and no speci- mens of it. It is a small plant, with soft subsecund leaves; capsules ag- gregated in the same perichsetium, very soft, on arcuate pedicels, globose- pyriform, without peristome. 76. CONOSTOMUM, Swartz. (PI. 3.) Plants erect, in small compact tufts, fastigiately branching, tomentose-radiculose. Stem-leaves equal, the comal longer, densely crowded, imbricate in five ranks, the stem aj^pearing pentagonal ; areolation of the leaves the same as in J^artramia. Flowers dioecious, the male discoid. Calyptra cucullate, per- sistent. Capsule long-pedicellate, cernuous, inflated, obovate from a short collum ; lid small, straight-beaked. Peristome simple, of 16 solid linear-lanceolate teeth, joined into a cone and agglutinate at the apex. 1. C. boreale, Swartz. Tufts glaucous-green above : lower leaves lanceolate, costate to below the apex, the upper narrowly lanceolate, longer cuspidate by the excnrrent costa, all carinate, serrate above, opaque and brittle ; pericha^tial leaves numerous, larger, thinner, Avith a slender costa ; outer perigonial leaves lanceolate from a broadly concave base, the inner gradually shorter : capsule sulcate when dry, cernuous ; teeth latticed, purple, — Schrad. Neu. Journ. Bot. i. 3. 26, t. 4. Bryttm tetrag- o}ium, Dicks. Fasc, Crypt, ii. 8, t. 4. Bartramia conostoma., Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 322. IIab. "White Mountains [Oaken, James); Adirondack Mountains {Lesquereux) ; Rocky Mountains [Drummond); Alaska (Dall). 208 BRYACE^. [Philonotis. 77. PHILONOTIS, Brid. Plants short, reclining at base, or long and erect, branching by dichotomous innovations and by fasciculate branchlets ver- ticillate in fours at the floriferous apex, radiculose-tomentose. Stem-leaves nearly equal, small for the size of the j^lants, erect or a little inclined to one side, lanceolate, sharply serrate, papil- lose on the angles of the areoles. Flowers monoecious and dioecious, the male discoid in the dioecious plants. Capsule long-pedicelled, cernuous, globose, striate. Lid small, oblique. Inner peristome distinctly ciliate. 1. P. Muhlenbergii, Brid. Dioecious: plants loosely and widely cespitose ; branches numerous, nearly simple, slender, flexuous, Avith fasciculate branchlets: stem-leaves erect, sub- secund on the fruiting stems, lanceolate, acute, remotely cir- rliate, bright green ; costa thick, rusty, excurrent ; inner ])erich£e- tial leaves much smaller, lanceolate, obtuse, tender, whitish, strongly nerved : capsule globose, horizontal, very short- necked, ribbed; lid convex, acuminate or mucronate; segments nearly as long as the teeth ; cilia 2, short, rudimentary. — Bryol. Univ. ii. 22. Bartramia Muhlenbergii^ Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 2. 58, t. 61. B. llarchica, Sulllv. Mosses of U. States, 49. Var. tenella, Brid. Very small, densely cespitose ; branch- lets 5 to 10, unequal, secund or recurved, short and slender: leaves short, lanceolate; capsule globose-oblong. — Bartramia tenella, Muell. Syn. i. 481. Hab. Springs in sandy liills and rocks; common in Oliio and Pennsyl- vania. The variety is given in Ran & Hervey's catalogue on Austin's autliority as from Florida. It is a West Indian and South American form. The characters indicated by Schwaegrichen and Mueller as separating this species from P. MarcMca, Brid., are not important. They consist merely in the numerous long simple slender fasciculate branches, which in P. Marcliica are described as of various lengths, and in the inner peri- chajtial leaves much smaller than the external ones, obtuse, strongly nerved and whitish, while in P. Marchica they are as long or even longer. 2. P. Macounii. Plants very short and slender, loosely cespitose, dirty or yellowish green : leaves narrowly ovate- lanceolate, long-acuminate, subulate, strongly serrate and flex- uous to the apex; areolation quadrate, slightly papillose; Philonotls.] BRYACE^. 209 branch-leaves smaller, subfalcate ; porigonial leaves open-erect or somewhat spreading, flexuous, lanceolate-acuminate from a broadly oval much enlarged base; perichaetial leaves longer, striate, subulate : capsule ovate or subglobose, greenish yellow, cernuous, on a short thick blood-red pedicel ; lid conical, acute ; segments a little shorter than the teeth ; cilia none. Hab. Vancouver Island (Macoun). A slender delicate species related to P. Mnhlenhergii, differing in the longer-acnininate subulate leaves, with shorter quadrate and less papillose areolation, the perigonial leaves longer and acuminate, flexuous at the point, etc. The form of the capsule is the same; the pedicel shorter, thick, not geniculate at base. 3. P. fontana, Brid. In wide more or less compact yel- lowish green tufts; stems long, simple or dichotomous ; branch- lets verticillate, nearly equal : leaves often of tAvo forms, either small, ovate, obtusely pointed and apjjressed to the stems, or larger, ovate-lanceolate, acute, erect and open or secund ; costa excurrent into a sliort bristly point ; pericha3tial leaves linear- lanceolate, plicate at the base, all serrate, pajiillose, glaucous- green and opaque : male flowers broadly discoid ; inner peri- gonial leaves ovate, lanceolate, spreading above the erect con- cave base, blunt or subacute, densely serrate : capsule on a long solid slightly flexuous pedicel, cernuous, ovate-globose, of thick texture, striate, longer oblong and ribbed when old ; lid convex- conical, acute ; teeth purple, lanceolate ; cilia two, as long as the segments. — Bryol. Univ. ii. 18. Mnium fontanum., Linn. Spec. PI. 1110. Bartrcmiia fontana^ Swartz, in Schrad. Journ. Bot. ii. 180 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 324; SuUiv. 1. c. Var. alpina, Brid. Plants short, densely foliate : leaves shorter, ovate-lanceolate : capsule shorter pedicelled. Var. falcata, Brid. Branches curved at top : leaves longer, falcate ; costa thick, light brown. Hab. On the borders of springs and rivulets, and on moist rocks; very- common. The first variety on high mountains, the second near springs in valleys and on mountains; not common. 4. P. calcarea, Schimp. Much like the last, differing in its thicker wider bright green tufts and more robust stems ; leaves larger, crowded, secund or falcate-secund, ovate-lanceo- late, those of the male branches often smaller and imbricate, all loosely areolate with a stouter costa, the perigonium large and open, and the involucral leaves long-lanceolate from an en- 210 BRYACEiE. [Philonotis. larged base, acute, the costa projecting on the upper face: cap- sule on a very long subflexuous pedicel, oval-globose or exactly spherical, oblong, curved and closely furrowed when dry ; teeth shorter, more distantly articulate, and the cilia nearly half as long as the segments. — Coroll. 86. J3artramia calcarea, Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 325 ; Muell. Syn. i. 475. Hab. Calcareous springs, hills and mountains; rare. White Moun- tains (Oakes) ; Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, and in the Uintas ( Wataon). The habitat of this species in North America is still uncertain. The specimens that were determined and distributed nnder this name in Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Amer. Exsicc. (ed. 2), n. 250, have been considered, by Schimper as a marked variety of P. fontana, or as an intermediate form. 5. P. Mohriana. Dioecious : the stems short and stout, densely foliate, radiculose below ; branches thick, unequal, gen- erally short, strict : stem-leaves also very strict, open in a dry or humid state, dirty yellow, broadly and exactly lanceolate, long-acuminate, indistinctly j^licate lengthwise, irregularly con- cave at base ; borders narrowly revolute, densely serrulate- denticulate at the apex, nodulose in the lower part by project- ing papillae ; costa deeply canaliculate, excurrent into an awn- like point ; cells of the areolation long, narrow, linear-punctate, papillose ; perichretial leaves similar, broader at base, loosely reticulate : capsule on a flexuous stout red pedicel as long as the stem, slightly oblique, larger, globose, plicate ; lid minute, iimbonate; peristome double, normal. — Dartramia Mohriana^ Muell., Regensb. Flora, Ivi. 482 (1873). Hab. Decayed trunks in deep woods; Louisiana {Mohr). Differing from P. fontana and P. calcarea in its short stature, and the leaves very strict, lanceolate, loosely retictdate and very papillose. Dr. Mohr remarks in a letter that the species is very near P. Scldumbergeri, a Mexican species, and that he is in doubt of its being North American, having failed to find it again in Louisiana. Tribe XII. MEESIE^. Plants varying in size, simple or branching by innovations, radiculose-tomentose. Leaves 3-8-ranked, lanceolate or linear- oblong. Calyptra fugacious. Capsule long-pedicellate and long-necked. Lid small, convex or conical. Peristome double ; teeth of the outer much shorter than the carinate-plicate inner membrane (absent in Catoscopium), which is divided into 16 Amblyodon.] ERYACE^. 211 segments, sometimes partly cohering by the lacerate borders; cilia none or rudimentary. « 78. CATOSCOPIUM, Brid. Plants slender. Leaves open, erect, lanceolate, acutely acu- minate with a strong percurrent costa; perichsetial leaves longer, half-sheathing to the middle ; areolation small, quad- rate-oblong or rectangular, opaque. Flowers dioecious, the male gemmiforra. Calyptra long, narrowly cucullate. Cap- sule small, globose, thick, dark brown, black when old, polished, narrowed by its short collura to the twisted pedicel (1 or 2 cm. long). Lid short, conical, obtuse. Peristome simple ; teeth short, irregular, punctulate. Annulus none. 1. C. nigritura, Brid. The only species, with the char- acters of the genus. — Bryol. Univ.. i. 368, t. 4 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 313. Weisia nigrita, Hedw. Muse. Frond, iii. 97, t. 39. Hab. Lake Superior, in boggy meadows [Agassiz); Lake Huron, Ontario (Macoun). A very rare species in North America, easily known by its small globose blackish capsules, resembling pinheads. The genus, though abnormal in its characters, is more nearly related to the Meesieoe than to any other group of mosses. 79. AMBLYODON, Beauv. Plants short. Leaves remote, few, the upper tufted, all thin, soft, very loosely areolate. Flowers bisexual and unisexual on the same plants, the male with few or no archegonia. Capsule thin, stomatose. Lid narrowly conical. Teeth half as long as the narrow segments ; cilia none. 1. A. dealbatus, Beauv. Leaves oblong-ovate and lingu- late-lanceolate, the comal only minutely serrate toward the acuminate apex, whitish when old, twisted when dry; costa dirty brown, vanishing below the apex: capsule soft, long- pyriform, turgid and attenuated to a long neck, which is abruptly narrowed to a long fleshy pedicel, twisted to the left when dry: spores large. — Prodr. 41; Bryol. Eur. t. 307. Brijicm dealbahtm, Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. ii. 8, t. 5. Meesia 212 BRYACEyE. [Meesia. dealbata, Hedw. Spec. Muse. 174, t. 41. Ileesia Ilacouniiy Aust. Bull. Torr. Club, v. 22. IIab. Borders of rivulets In peat bogs; Milwatikie {Lesquereiix, Lap- ham); Colorado (Eothrock, Wolf); clay ground around boiling springs, Peace River country (Macoun). An examination of the specimens described as Meesia Macounii proves them to be evidently ordinary Amhhjodon dealbatus. Though the medial nerve is said to extend into the apex it is found in all the leaves to vanish below it, as in the normal form. The specimens are in a poor state of preservation, but are identifiable. 80. MEESIA, Hedw. (PI. 3.) Stems long, densely cespitose, with few branches; innova- tions from under the flowers. Leaves long, linear, narrowly lanceolate; meshes of the areolation small, rectangular-hex- agonal, chlorophyllose. Flowers bisexual, monoecious or dioe- cious, the male discoid with clavate paraphyses. Calyi)tra cucullate, fugacious. Capsule cernuous from the erect collum, clavate, thick-walled, with a small orifice. Annulus simple or none. 1. M. uliginosa, Hedw. Synoecious: in dense short tufts, green above, entangled in a felt of brown radicles : leaves 8- ranked, gradually longer upward, the comal long-linear, all blunt or obtuse, the borders entire and revolute ; costa thick, vanishing below the apex : capsule incurved, narrowly pyriform, chestnut-color ; lid conical-umbonate ; peristome orange ; annu- lus simple. — Muse. Frond, i. 1, t. 1 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 308. Am- hlyoduTU uliginosum. Beau v. Prodr. 41. Var. alpina, Bruch & Schimp. More densely tufted : leaves strict or turned to one side : capsule and pedicel shorter. — 31. cdpina, Funck. Var. minor, Bruch & Schimp. Plants short: leaves erect, short, nutticous : capsule short, thick, and short-pedicelled. — If. minor, Brid. Hab. Boggy places and in wet fissures of rocks on mountains ; Minne- sota, Ontario, etc., not rare; the varieties in the White Mountains. 2. M. longiseta, Hedw. Synoecious : stems long, simple : leaves remote, the lower lanceolate, shorter, the upper long- lanceolate, all slightly decurrent, open, crispate when dry ; borders plane, very entire ; costa vanishing below or within the PaLulella.] BRYACE^. 213 acute apex : capsule erect, oblong-pyriform at the collum, cer- nuous above, very long-i)edicelled, pale brown; lid conical- obtuse; teeth of the outer peristome not half as long as the segments; annulus simple- — Muse. Frond, i. 36, t. 21, 22; Bryol. Eur. t. 309. Hab. Cranberry swamps in Northern Ohio; not rare. 3. M. Albertinii, Bruch & Schimp. Monoecious: shorter and more slender than the precedhig : leaves carinate, blunt or acute at the apex, the borders rellexed: flowers all unisexual: pedicel and collum shorter; lid umbonate; teeth very short, perforated in the middle or bifid, scarcely one-third as long as the segments; annulus none. — Bryol. Eur. t. 310. Hak. Swamps near Yoric Factory, British America (Drummond). 4. M. tristicha, Bruch & Schimp. Dioecious: plants widely and loosely cespitose, very long, dark green : leaves three-ranked, distant, more crowded toward the apex, half- clasping and decurrent at base, squarrose, carinate, sharply den- tate on the borders, the comal longer and narrower: male flowers discoid ; perichjetium trigonal, composed of six leaves, narrowly acuminate from a very broad base : capsule on a very long pedicel, pyriform, incurved from the long erect collum; lid convex-conical, alveolate ; teeth short, unequal, often bifid ; segments appendiculate, linear, very long, three times as long as the teeth, dirty yellow: spores small. — Bryol. Eur. t. 311, Mnium triquetrimt, Linn. Sp. PI. 1114. Hai5. Peat bogs, generally with Jl/. longiseta. Lake Superior (^f/assiz, Porter)] Closter, New Jersey (J.usim); Washington Terr. {Lyall); rare. 81. PALUDELLA, Ehrh. Plants loosely and widely cespitose : stems simple or dividing by a simple shoot under the apex, tomentose-radiculose. Leaves all equal, close, five-i-anked, decurrent, erect to the middle and there abruptly reflexed, acutely carinate, irregularly denticulate toward the apex and radiculose at base; perichsetial leaves erect, narrower, flexuous, subvaginate ; areolation round-hexag- onal, dense. Flowers dioecious, the male discoid : perigonial leaves broadly ovate, apiculate. Calyptra long, very narrow, fugacious. Capsule long-pedicellate, short-necked, erect or sub- cernuous, oblong, smooth when dry. Lid convex, short-apicu^ 214 BRYACE^. [Paludella. late. Peristome as in Webera, the outer teeth as long as the carinate linear segments ; cilia none. Annulus double. 1. P. squarrosa, Brid. Characters of the genus. — Muse. Recent. Suppl. iii. 72 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 312. Bryuni squarrosiim, Hedw. Spec. Muse. 186, t. 44. Hab. Bogs in the Rocky Mountains (Brummond) ; Herkimer County, New York {Rau). A very rare and beautiful moss. Tribe XIII. BRYE^. Plants varying in size. Stems simple, branching by innova- tions, more or less radiculose. Leaves costate, often dentate ; areolation nearly uniform, parenchymatose in the whole lamina or prosenchymatose toward the apex, generally smooth. Male flowers gemmiform or discoid. Calyj^tra cucullate, smooth. Capsule globose or ovate or pyriform, cernuous or horizontal or pendent, rarely erect, with a distinct stomatose collum, long- pedicellate. Lid mamillate, rarely rostrate. Peristome rarely absent or simple, generally double and large ; outer teeth trans- versely barred, marked externally and lengthwise by a medial line, the inner formed by the keeled lanceolate segments of the basilar membrane, alternating with the outer teeth, sometimes adherent to them, separated or not by one to three filiform cilia, either nodose or appendiculate. 82. MIELICHHOFERIA, Hornsch. Flowers lateral at or above the base of the stem or of the annual innovations. Leaves lanceolate, shining, serrate; areo- lation narrowly hexagonal-rhomboidal or linear, uniform. Male flowers gemmiform or the antheridia in the axils of pericha3tial leaves. Calyptra cuculliform, very small and fugacious. Peri- stome simple, of 16 narrow distantly trabeculate teeth proceed- ing from an internal carinately 16-i)licate membrane. Annulus large. 1. M. nitida, Nees & Hornsch. Dioecious: plants in com- pact tufts ; stems divided into fastigiate slender filiform innova- Leptobryum.] BRYACE^. 215 tions : leaves small, erect, imbricate wlien dry, lanceolate, cos- tate to near the sharply serrate apex : ca])sule pyriform or oval, with a long collum, symmetrical, erect or oblique ; pedicel slender, flexuous ; lid short-conical, obtuse ; peristome simple ; teeth narrowly linear, with nodose articulations, yellowish ; annulus comi^ound, revoluble. — Bryol. Germ. ii. 183, t. 41; Bryol. Eur. t. 328. Weisia llielic/iho/eri, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 10. Var. macrocarpa, Muell. Leaves more obtuse: innova- tions clavate and more densely foliate. — Syn. i. 235. Weisia niacrocarjKi, Drumm. Muse. Araer. n. 74. Hab. Eocky Mountains (Drummond). 83. LEPTOBRYUM, Schimp. Plants slender, radiculose at base. Leaves narrow, flexuous, subulate, glossy; areolation (as in Webera) linear-rhomboidal above, the lower looser, rectangular-hexagonal. Flowers bisex- ual. Calyptra very small. Capsule inclined or pendent. Lid mamillate. Peristome double ; articulations of the intermediate cilia appendiculate. Sj^orangium smaller than in Brywn. 1. L. pyriforme, Schimp. Plants loosely cespitose, soft, green, glossy; stem short: lower leaves distant, narrowly lanceolate, the upper tufted, much longer, lanceolate-subulate, more or less serrate toward the apex ; basilar areolation some- what broader than the upper ; costa excurrent : capsule oval- globose, long-necked, yellowish brown, glossy; pedicel long and slender ; lid apiculate from a conical base ; annulus large, — Coroll. 64. Mnimn pyriforme^ Linn, Sp. PL 1112. Brywn pyriforme^ Hedw, ; Bryol. Eur, t, 355 ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 44. Webera pyriformis^ Hedw, Muse, Frond, i, 5, t. 3. Hab. On sandy shaded ground, burnt and decaying trees, etc, ; very common. 84. WEBERA, Hedw. Stems slender. Leaves lanceolate, glossy; areolation rhom- boidal-hexagonal, narrow, more or less linear. The areolation of the glossy leaves and a more slender costa are the essential characters separating this genus from Bryum. 216 BRYACEJE. [Webera. Subgenus I. POHLIA. Lower leaves small, distant, the upper much longer, tufted. Capsule long-necked, cernuous or horizontal. Inner membrane narrow, with the segments entire, and cilia none or very short. * Flowers monoeciouSy the male gemmiform and terminal. 1. W^. acuminata, Schimp. Lower leaves erect, the upper linear-lanceolate, irregularly dentate at the apex ; borders reflexed toward the base ; costa vanishing under the apex or excurrent : capsule narrowly elliptical, on a long i^edicel curved in the upper part ; lid long-conical, acute or subrostellate, red- dish at the base ; peristome large ; segments long and narrow, entire ; cilia none. — Coroll. 64, and Syn. 330. Pohlia acumi- nata, Hoppe & Hornsch., Kegensb. Flora, ii. 1. 94. Bryiim acuminatum, Bruch & SchimjD. Bryol. Eur. t. 343. Hab. Adirondack Mountains, near North Elba [Lesquereux)\ Wis- consin (LapJiam)- Colorado (Rothrock, Wolf); Rocky Mountains (Dntm- mond, Hall). * * Antheridia hypogynous, axillary. 2. W. polymorpha, Schimp. 1. c. Loosely cespitose : comal leaves open, lanceolate from an oblong base, sharply ser- rate toward the point ; borders reflexed at base ; costa vanish- ing below the apex : capsule oval-oblong, short-necked, horizon- tal or inclined, constricted under the orifice after the dehiscence of the conical obtuse or raamillate lid ; pedicel straight or flex- uous ; inner peristome without cilia. — Pohlia ^yolymorpha, Hoppe & Hornsch. 1. c. 100. Mryum polymorphum, Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 344. Hab. Oregon (Hall); Mount Dana, California {Bolandei-); Sitka (Bischoff). This species is subject to many varieties, like the last, from which it differs in its smaller less solid ovate-lanceolate (not linear) leaves, more distinctly serrate, the areolation shorter, and broader at tlie base, the costa not as thick, the capsule shorter, narrowed under the orifice when deoperculate, and the lid shorter. 3. "W. elongata, Schwaegr. Cespitose or gregarious : comal leaves long-lanceolate, open-erect, narrowed and serrate at the apex, recurved in the middle, thin ; areolation narrow, nearly linear in the upper part, hexagonal-rectangular below : capsule narrowly elliptical, long-necked, erect, and constricted Webera.] BRYACE^. 217 under the orifice when deoperculate, often of two colors ; pedi- cel long ; lid conical, acute or obliquely rostellate ; inner peri- stome with one or two more or less perfect cilia, or none. — Spec, Muse. 48. Bryum elongatmii^ Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. ii. 8 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 345 ; Sulliv. Mosses of XJ. States, 44. Pohlia elongata, Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 96, t. 36. Var. humilis, Schimp. Stem short: leaves shorter: cap- sule small, inclined, short-necked, constricted under the orifice when dry, reddish brown ; pedicel short. PIab. Crevices of rocks iu mountains; not rare. The variety iu Colorado (Wolf & Rothrock). 4. "W. longicoUa, Hedw. Plants longer, more densely tufted than in the preceding, yellowish green, matted with brown radicles ; stems simjjle : lower leaves short, squamiform, gradually longer toward the apex, thinner, with a broader areo- lation ; borders sharply serrate from the middle upward ; costa narroAv, generally vanishing below the apex or percurrent, of a glossy yellow color : capsule oblique or horizontal, oblong- elliptical, shorter and with a shorter regular coUum, solid, dark orange ; lid convex-conical, uniform in color, sometimes with a short incurved beak ; peristome large, yellow, the inner more or less distinctly ciliate. — Spec. Muse. 169, t. 41. Br\jum longi- collum^ Swartz, Muse. Suec. 49 and 99, t. 6. B. eloiigatum, var. alpinum, Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 346. Hab. Cascade Mountains (Lyall). Subgenus II. WEBERA, proper. Leaves broader, more loosely tufted, the comal not as rapidly elongated : capsule thicker, short-necked, inclined or pendent ; inner membrane of the peristome broader, and the segments separated by smooth cilia. * Flowers mo7ioecious ; the antheridia in the axils of comal leaves. 5. W. nutans, Hedw. Cespitose : lower leaves ovate- lanceolate, entire, the upper gradually longer, linear-lanceolate, serrate at the apex ; borders flat ; costa thick, tenacious, red- dish, glossy : capsule oblong-ovate, with a broad orifice, yellow- ish brown, or darker when old; lid highly convex papillate; teeth dark orange, pale and filiform at the apex ; the segments 218 BRYACE^. [Webera. of the inner peristome pale yellow, split open ; cilia 2 or 3, strongly articulate, as long as the teeth ; annulus large, revo- luble, — Muse. Frond, i. 9, t, 4. Hryum nutans, Schreb. Spicil. FI. Lips. 81 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 347 ; Sulliv. 1. c. Yar. cSBSpitosa, Schimp. Stems long, branching by inno- vations from below the apex : leaves longer, slightly flexuous : capsule narrower, horizontal. — Coroll. 66, and Syn. 335. Var. bicolor, Schimp. Comal leaves shorter : capsule thick, long-necked, its upper half darker colored than the lower ; pedi- cel geniculate. Var. longiseta, Schimp. Stems short, simple : comal leaves numerous, large, spreading : capsule pendent upon a long pedicel. Hab. Moist ground, peat bogs and swamps in the plains, and fissures of rocks in mountains; common. The first and last varieties at Twin Lakes, Colorado [Wolf & Bothrock); the second in the White Moun- tains (James); Alaska, etc. 6. W. CUCuUata, Schimp. Densely cespitose ; stems sim- ple or sparingly branclied : lower leaves and branchdeaves sub- imbricate, ovate, concave, obtuse, entire, the upper longer, nar- rowed and serrate at the apex, often cucullate, soft and sub- opaque : capsule pendent, thickish, pyriform, short-necked, soft, dark brown when old ; teeth short and narrow, yellowish ; inner segments very thin, pale and narrow, separated by short fugacious cilia. — Coroll. 6, and Syn. 336. Bryum cucidlatum, Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 2. 94, t. 68; Bryol. Eur. t. 343; Sulliv. Mosses of U. States, 44. Hab. White Mountains (Gray, Oakes, James); Mount Dana, Cali- fornia (Bolande7-). * * F%owers dioecious and bisexual in the same species. 7. W". cruda, Schimp. 1. c. Stems long, simple, purple : lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire, the upper tufted, flexuous, spreading, long and ribbon-like, distantly serrate at the apex ; inner floral leaves shorter, erect, narrowly lanceolate, golden yellow and glossy ; costa vanishing below the apex, reddish at base : antheridia of the monoecious plants mixed with the arche- gonia, in the dioecious disposed in the axils of the upper sub- discoid perigonial leaves : capsule curved or horizontal, oblong, short-necked, yellowish brown when mature, narrowed at the orifice and ventricose at base when empty; peristome pale Webera.] BRYACE^. 219 yellow ; cilia binate and ternate, perfect. — Bryum crudum^ Schreb. 1. c. 83 ; Bryol. Eur. t. 348 ; Sulliv. 1. c. Hab. Fissures of rocks, on mountains ; not rare. * * * Floioers dioecious. 8. W. sphagnicola, Schimp. Plants solitary or a few to- gether, in tufts of k>phaynum ; stems dark ])urple, very long and slender, branching : lower leaves very distant, small, ovate- acuminate, entire, the upper gradually longer and tufting, linear-lanceolate, serrate at the apex, glossy : male plant shorter and smaller ; perigonia subdiscoid ; antheridia disposed in jjairs in the axils of the perigonial leaves : capsule inclined, oblong or obovate, pyriform, pale brown ; pedicel very long. — Coroll. 66. Bryum sijhaynicola^ Bruch