m- FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA CONTAINING [DGED DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN INDIGENOUS AND NATURALIZED PLANTS GROWING NORTH OF MEXICO ; ARI^ANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTii.i\:. BY JOHN TORREY and ASA GRAY. : : \ Vol. ii. -- - ^-i*-* -*■• NEW- YORK & LONDON : WILEY AND PUTNAM. Paris: Bossange & Co. 11 arAi Voltatrk. May, 18 41. i> pp C- C^c^^ (ftmrui (P'(r<^ ^r • ' " .u FLORA NORTH AMERICA. EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS CONTINUED. Section IL MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter composed of united petals* (monopetalous or gamope- talous). L Calyx adherent to the ovary {ovary inferior). ■[ CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS IN THIS DIVISION. * Ovary with 2 or more cells, and 1-many ovules in each, or ly abortion 1-celled. Stamens inserted upon the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite. Stipules none. 72. Caprifomace.s:. Stipules intei-petiolar, or simtilating the leaves. 73. RoBiACEa:. Stipules 1 1 to 3 on each side, entirely similar to the leaves and fomiing with them a verticil, Subord. Stellat.e. Stipules between the petioles. Ovary coherent. Subord. CiNCHONE.ffi:. Ovaiy nearly free from the calyx. Subord. Loganie^. * A few Ericaceffi, a portion of Plumbaginaceoe, some Aquifoliacea;, &c., are polypetalous, or nearly so. t In a few RubiaceEc the ovaiy is partly, and in tHe suljorder Loganiea; com- pletely, free from the calyx : in some Dipsacea; the apex of the ovary is coherent with the calyx, while the lower portion is free. On the other hand, one or two gen- era with an adherent calyx, such as Vaccinium, Hopea, and Halesia, belong to or- ders which have for the most part a free ovary. VOL. II.-l 2 CAPrvIFOLIACE.E. Linnjea. * * Ovary uilh a single cell and a solitary ovtile, or rarely ivith 3 cellsi two ofiohich are empty. Seeds with little or no albumen. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens distinct. Seed suspended. Flowers not in involucrate heads. Albumen none. 74. Valerianace.e. Heads dense, involucrate. Seeds albuminous. 75. Dipsace.5;. Stamens syngenesious. Heads involucrate. 76. CoMPosiTiE. * * * Ovary with one or several cells, and nwnerous ovules. Stamens inserted with the corolla. Fruit capsular. Seeds mostly albuminous. Corolla iiTegular. Stamens united. 77. Lobeliace.e. Corolla regular. Stamens mostly distinct. 78. Campanulace.e. Corolla regular, 5-parted. Anthers sessile. Subord. Pongatie^. Order LXXII. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Juss.; DC. Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary ; the limb 5- (rarely 4-) cleft or toothed. Corolla tubular, or sometimes rotate ; the lobes im- bricate in aestivation. Stamens equal in number and alternate with the lobes of the corolla (or rarely one of them deficient), and inserted into the tube : anthers introrse, versatile. Ovary 3- (rarely 4-5-) celled, with 1-several pendulous ovules in each cell : style fiUform, with a somewhat capitate stigma ; or wanting, and the oblong stigmas 3—5. Fruit baccate, fleshy, or sometimes dry (rarely capsular), often 1 -celled by abortion. Seeds anatropous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Shrubs, or rarely herbaceous plants, with opposite exstipulate leaves. Inflorescence various. Tribe I. LONICERE^. JR. Br. Corolla tubular ; the limb sometimes irregular. Style filiform. Raphe on the outer side of the ovule ! Subtribe 1. CAPRiFOLia:. — Fruit baccate, or sometimes nearly dry. Tes- ta of the seed crustaceous or coriaceous. 1. LINN^A. Gi-onov. in Linn. gen. no. 11 A ; DC. j^rodr. A. p.ZAQ. Calyx-tube ovate ; the segments of the 5-parted limb lanceolate-subulate, deciduous. Corolla turbinate-campanulate, somewhat equally 5-lobed. Sta- mens 4, didynamous, included, inserted towards the base of the corolla. Ovary 3-celled ; two of the cells with several abortive ovules : the third with a single fertile ovule suspended from the summit. Style slightly exserted : stigma capitate. Fruit ovoid-globose, dry and indeliiscent, 3-celled (the two sterile cells smaller), 1-seeded. — A creeping or trailing evergreen herb (indi- genous to tlie northern parts of the old and new world), somewhat hairy ; LiNNJEA. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 3 with broadly oval sparingly crenate-toothed leaves, abruptly narrowed into a petiole. Peduncles filiform, terminating the ascending branches, bearing two pedicellate (minutely bibracteolate) nodding flowers. Corolla purplish- rose-color or nearly white. L. borcalis (Gronov.) — Linn.! fl. Lapp. p. 214, t. 12, f. 4, Jl. Suec. ed. 2. p. 219 (ic), cV spec. 2. p. 631 ; Fl. Dan. t. 3 ; Schkuhr, handb. t. 176 ; Lam. ill. t. 536 ,- Ensl. hot. t. 1297 ,• Michx. ! fl. \.p. 87 ,- Wahl.fl. Lapp. p. 170, t. 9,/. 3 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 413 ; Torr ! fl. I. p. 175 ; Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 241 ,* Richards, apjjx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 25 ; DC. ! I. c; Hook. ! {fl. Land. n. ser. t. \m) fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 285. Moist mossy woods, usually under the shade of evergreens, from the Arc- tic Circle to the New England States! New York ! New Jersey! (in a cedar swamp near New Durham, Mr. L. Menard,) and the mountains of Penn- sylvania ; and from Newfoundland! and Labrador! to the Rocky Moun- tains ! Oregon ! Unalaschka and Kotzebue's Sound ! June-July. — Stems filiform, sending up numerous short branches. Leaves about half an inch long, sparsely hispid. Flowers fragrant ; the slender pedicels, and particu- larly the calyx-tube and the appressed bracts, clothed with glandular hairs. Corolla hairy inside. — This unpretending and beautiful plant, so interesting from its association with the name of Limueus, is as widely dispersed through- out the northern portion of the new. as of the old world. 2. SYMPHORICARPUS. Dill. Elth. f. 371. t. 278; DC.prodr. A. p. 338. Symphoria, Pers. Calyx-tube globose ; the limb 4-5-toothed, persistent. Corolla infundibu- liform or campanulate, somewhat regularly 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, in- serted into the throat of the corolla. Ovary 4-celled ; two of the cells with several abortive ovules ; the two others (ojiposite) each with a single fertile ovule pendulous from the stimmit. Stigma capitate. Frui^ a globose or ovoid berry, 4-celled ; two opposite cells 1-seeded, the others empty. Seeds bony. — Small branching shrubs (natives of North America and Mexico) ; with oval entire leaves on short petioles. Flowers sinali, bibracteolate, in short axillary clusters or terminal spikes. Corolla rose-color or white. Berries red or white. 1. S. racemosus (Michx.) : spikes terminal, loose, interrupted, often some- what leafy ; corolla campanulate, densely bearded inside ; style (glabrous) and stamens included. — Michx. ! fl. I. p. 107 ; DC. ! I. c; Hook. ! fl. Bor.- Am. \. 2J. 285. Symphoria racemosa, Pers. syn.. 1. p. 214 ; Pursh.! fl. 1. p. 169 ; Bot. mag. t. 2211 ; Lodd. hot. cab. t. 230 ; Bart.fl. Amer. Sept. 1. t. 19 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 246. S. elongata & heterophylla, Prcsl, in herh. Hienliel ex DC. Rocky banks of rivers (mostly on limestone). Upper Canada ! Western part of New York ! and Western States ! to Oregon ! and the North- West Coast! California, fide Hook. Sf Am. bot. Bcechey. Common also in cul- tivation. July-Aug. — A nearly glabrous shrub, 2-3 feet high, often surcu- lose. Leaves oval or oblong, 1-2 inches long, sometimes a little pubescent; the margin often undulate. Spikes usually pedunculate ; the flowers oppo- site. Corolla about 3 lines long, rose-color. Berries globose and roundish- obovate, very white, opaque when ripe, often half an inch in diameter. — Snow-berry. 4 CAPRirOLIACEiE. Symphoricarpus. 2. 5^. occidentalis (R. Brown) : spikes dense, terminal and axillary, nod- ding ; corolla infandibuliform-campanulate, densely bearded within : stamens ^nd" (somewhat bearded) style exserted. — R. Br. in, Richards..' appx. FranM. journ. cd. 2. p. 6 ; Hook. ! I. c. Woody country of British America {Richardson!) and Saskatchawan {Drummond .') to the sources of the Mississippi, Dr. Houghton! and near Fort Gratiot, Michigan, Dr. Pitcher ! Also Oregon, Douglas. [Hook.) June -July. — Shrub 1-4 feet high. Leaves ovate, 1-3 inches long, somewhat hair}^ above, pul)escent underneath, rather obtuse ; the petioles about one- third of an incii long. Spikes nearly sessile. Calyx-teeth minutely ciliate. Corolla purplish and white, larger than in the preceding, and the border more spreading. "Berries while, remaining on the plant during the autumn and ■^inter." Dr. Pitcher. — Wolf-Berry of the Canadians. 3. S. vulgaris (Miehx.): spikes axillary, alrriosl sessile, capitate-glo- merate; lobes of the campanuiate corolla somewhat glabrous inside ; stamens and (bearded) style included. — Michx.! Jl. I. p. 106; DC! I. c. S. parvi-_ flora, Desf. cat. hort. Par. LoniceraSymphoricarpos, Linn.! spec. 1. p, 175. Svinphoria conglomerata, Pers.syn. \, p. 214. S. glomerata, Pursh, t. c; Nutt. ! gen. 1. j;^ 139 ; 2'orr. ! fl. 1. p. 246. Banks of rivers, Pennsylvania {Muhlenberg) Virginia! and mountains of the Southern States! to the Upper Missouri {Nuttall ! Dr. James!) and Texas, Drummond ! July-Sept. — Shrub 2-3 feet high, with erect purplish pubescent branches. Leaves about an inch and a half long, roundish-oval or ovate, mucronate, slightly hairy above, tomentose-pubescent beneath. Spikes much shorter than the leaves. Corolla 2 lines long, greenish-red; tiie tube bearded inside. Berries about the size of a small currant, dark red (bluish-purple, Nutt.). — Indian Currant. 4. S. mollis {Nnlt.l mss.) : "racemes very short, towards the summit of the branches, nearly sessile; corolla glabrous inside; calyx conspicuous 5 leaves oval or ovate, obtuse, pubescent, almost hoary and softly villous un- derneath. " St. Barbara, California ; common. — Nearly allied to the preceding ; but with smaller leaves, larger flowers and a conspicuous calyx. Flowers red-, dish-white." Nuttall. 5. ,S. ciliatus (Nutt. mss.) : " spikes very short, towards the summit of the branchlets; the terminal ojie pedunculate; corolla glabrous; leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse, pubescent underneath, ciliate. " St. Barbara, California. — Flowers very small, reddish. — Considerably allied to S. vulgaris ; but differs in the leaves being rounded at the base and piliate." Nuttall. 3. LONIGERA. Linn.} Desf.fl. Atl. 1. p. 183 ; DC.prodr. 4. p. 330, Xylosteon, Caprifolium, Chamfecerasus, & Periclymenum, Thur?i. Calvx-tube ovoid or subglobose ; the limb short, 5-toothed. Corolla tubu- lar, infundibuliform or campanuiate, often gibbous at the base ; the limb 5- cleft, nearly regular, or ringent. Stamens 5. Ovar^' 2-3-celled, with sever- al pendulous ovules in each cell. Stigma capitate. Berry 2-3-celled, or by obliteration 1-celled, few-seeded. Seeds crustaceous. — Climbing or erect shrubs. Leaves entire, often connate. Flowers axillary and pedunculate, or in sessile whorls or heads, often fragrant. — Honeysuckle. LoNicERA. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 5 §1. Stem climhing : leaves often connate : Jlotvcrs sessile, in verticillate- capitate clusters: hemes never connate, often \-celled when mature, cro^aied with the x>ersistent limb of the calyx. — Caprifojjium, Juss. * Corolla nearly regular. (Periclymcmim, Taurn.) 1. L. se77ipeTvircns (Ait.): leaves oblong and narrowly elliptical, glabrous above, glaucous and slightly pubescent underneath ; the lower ones somewhat petioled ; the upper connate-perfoliate ;■ flowers in somewhat distant whorls ; corolla trumpet-shaped, with short and broad nearly equal lobes. — Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) I. p. 230 ,• Walt. Car. p. 1.31 ; Bat. mag. t. 781, c^ 1753 ; Bat. reg. t. 556; Torr.! fl 1. j). 244 : DC. 2^'>'odr. 4. p. 432. Caprifolium sempervi- rens, Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 105 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 160 ; Ell. sic. 1. p. 271. Borders of swamps, Island of New York ! to Georgia! Florida! and Louisiana! April-Oct. (in the Southern States.) — Stem twining over shrubs, or sometimes prostrate. Leaves IJ to nearly 3 inches long; the upper 1-2 inches wide ; the lower sometimes almost lanceolate. Peduncle 1-2 inches long: whorls 4-6-flowered. Flowers showy, inodorous; the corolla almost 2 inches long, slightly ventricose above, tapering gradually to the base, scarlet externally^ yellowish within. Stamens a little exserted. Ber- ries scarlet, about 4-seeded. — The wild plant, in the neighborhood of New York, remains in flower only a few weeks (May-.Tune), and the leaves are deciduous; but in gardens, it blossoms nearly throughout the season, and the leaves are somewhat perennial, as is the case with the native plant in the Southern States. — Scarlet Honeysuckle. Trumpet-Honeysuckle. 2. L. ciliosa (Poir.) : leaves ovate, glaucous beneath, conspicuously ciliate, or sessile and somewhat clasping ; the uppermost connate-perfoliate ; whorls of the subsessile spike approximate-capitate; corolla (deep yellow) some- what equal ; the tube hirsute, ventricose in the middle. Purslt. [teeth of the calyx conspicuous, iA'^w^. .' mss.] — Poir. diet. 5. p. 612; JDC.prodr. 4. f. 333. Caprifolium ciliosum, Pursh! fl. 1. p. 100. Oregon ; on the Kooskoosky, Lewis! and along the Oregon from the Falls to the sea, Nuttall! — We have seen the original specimens in Mr. Lambert's herbarium, but have not the means of completing the diagnosis between this and the following species. The flowers are bright yellow, according to Mr. Nuttall ; who alone seems to have met witli the plant, subsetjuently to Lewis. 3. L. occidentalis (Hooli.): twining; leaves oval, nearly sessile, glabrous, ciliate, glaucous underneath ; upi)er ones connate-perfoliate ; flowers in verti- cillate heads ; corolla (orange-red) glabrous ; the tube elongated, gibbously inflated above the base; limb nearly equal; stamens somewhat included. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 282. Caprifolium occidentale, Liridl. hot. reg. t. 1457. About Fort Vancouver on the Oregon, Douglas. — This species is con- sidered a great acquisition to the English gardens ; the flowers are said to be full orange-red, and longer than in L. parviflora, hirsuta, &c. We do not find thatMr. Nuttall met with it, so as to compare it with the true L. ciliosa, to which it is doubtless allied. * * Corolla rlngent; the itppcrlvp 4Aobcd or 4-tootlied. (Caprifolium, Tourn.) t Natives of the United States and Canada. 4. L. grata (Ait.) : stem twining ; leaves obovate, glabrous, glaucous be- neath ; tihe lower ones contracted at the base ; the two or three upper pairs connate-perfoliate; flowers (large) verticillate in the axils of the upper leaves or leaf-like connate bracts ; tube of the corolla long and slender, not gibbous ; 6 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Lonicera. filaments elabrous.—^i<. ?. c; Willd. sjyec. 1. p. 984; DC. prodr. A. p. 33-2 ; Darlingt. ! fi. Cest.p. 159. Caprifolium gratum, Pursh,fl. 1. p. 161 ; Ell. sk. 1. p^ 152. Moist rocky woodlands, Pennsylvania (DarZmgtow /) to Western Louisi- ana, Dr. Hale.' "Mountains, New York to Carolina," Fursh. May. — "Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet long, twining, or trailing unless supported; the young branches often quite pilose." Darlington. Leaves about 2 inches long, very obtuse, or with a short blunt point. Flowers about 6 in each whorl, very fragrant: the smooth corolla an inch and a half long, exteraally red or purplish T the limb (large) at first nearly white, soon turning to tawny yellow. Stamens exserted. Berries orange-red. — Very near tlie cultivated L. Caprifolium. 5. L. alhiflora: twining or trailing; leaves (small and rather crowded) ovate, glabrous, glaucous beneath; the upper pair connate-perfoliate ; the others distinct, sessile ; flowers in small sessile heads; tube of the glabrous corolla slender, not gibbous ; filaments glabrous. Prairies near Fort Towson, on the Arkansas, Dr. Leavemvorth ! — Climb- ing over bushes and small trees. Leaves less than an inch long, rather rigid. Corolla " white," about three-fourths of an inch long ; the lower lip oblong, scarcely half the length of tlie slender tube. Stamens somewhat exserted. — Apparently a very distinct species : the corolla, in shape, resembles that of L. grata. 6. L. jiava (Sims): glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stem scarcely twining; leaves ovate, obovate, or oval, with a narrow cartilaginous margin ; the upper pairs connate-perfoliate; the lowest distinct; flowers in small heads or approximate whorls ; tube of the glabrous corolla slender, not gib- bous ; filaments elabrous.— .Sims, hot. mag. t. 1318; Torr. fl. l.p. 243; DC. I.e. Caprifolium Fraseri, Pwrs/i//. I. p. 160. C. flavum, £«. s^. l.«. 271. (8. more glaucous ; the lower leaves abruptly narrowed at the base ; tube of the corolla rather shorter and stouter. Rocky banks of rivers, Cattskill Mountains, New York, Pursh ; and Paris Mountains, S. Carolina, Fraser. Upper districts of Georgia, Dr. Boykinl j3. Banks of the Scioto above Columbus, Ohio, Mr. Sullivant! Milwaukie, Wisconsin, Mr. Lapliam ! June-July. — Leaves li to neariy 3 inches long, very glabrous above, glaucous and often with an extremely minute and soft whitish caducous pubescence beneath, obtuse, or with ablunt mucronate point. Flowers 8-12, in a subsessile or somewhat pedunculate head, or sometimes in two or three verticiliate clusters, fragrant. Corolla bright yellow, an inch or rather jnore long (in /3. less than an inch) ; the tube much longer than the somewhat ventricose limb, very slightly dilated near the base, but not gib- bous ; the lower lip narrowly oblong ; the upper 4-lobed. Stamens ex- gerted. A beautiful species, which has long been cultivated in the European gardens. 7. L. hirsnta (Eaton) : stem mostly twining ; leaves (pale green, not shining) broadly oval, very veiny, ciliate, somewhat hairy above, softly vil- lous beneath ; the upper pair connate-perfoliate, often nearly glabrous ; the others frequently petioled ; peduncles mostly three together; the flowers in approximate capitate whorls ; tube of the corolla viscid-pubescent, rather slender 'sli'^htly gibbous at the base ; filaments sparsely hairy towards the ha'^e.— Eaton! man. hot. ed. 3. j^. 341 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 242 ; Bigel.fl. Bast, ed. 2. p. 83 ; Hook. ! hot. mag. t. 3163, ^- fl. Bor.-Am. 1, p. 282. L. vil- losa, Muhl. cat. p. 22, not of DC. L. pubescens, Sweet, hort. Brit. p. 194 ; DC. ' prodr. 4. p. 332. L. Goldii, Spreng. syst. 1. ^;. 758. Caprifolium pubescens, Goldie, in Edinh. phil. jour. (1822) 6. p. 323; Hook.exot.fl. t.27. LoNicERA. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 7 Rocky banks and margin of thickets, in damp soil, Canada ! and Michi- gan ! (around Lake Huron and Lake Superior!) and in the northern parts of New York! and tlie New England Stales! June-July. — Stem often twin- ing to the height of 15-30 feet, with somewhat pubescent branches. Leaves 3-4 inches long, and 2-3 broad, membranaceous, conspicuously veiny, often somewhat rugose, sprinkled with scattered hairs above (some of which are usually a little glandular or viscid), conspicuously ciliate, often abruptly acute or slightly pointed at the base and apex ; the upper surface nearly glabrous when old. Peduncles and even the ovaries often covered with a minute viscid or glandular pubescence, like that of the corolla. Flowers nu- merous, sulphur-yellow. Corolla hairy inside; the tube 6-8 lines long; the limb large and much expanded. Stamens and style exserted; the latter, like the filaments, more or less hairy below, sometimes hirsute. Berries orange, 3-5-seeded. 8. L. parvijlora (Lam.): glabrous; stem trailing or twining; leaves el- liptical or oblong, smooth, shining above, very glaucous beneath, with a slight often undulate cartilaginous margin ; the upper pair connate-perfoliate ; the others sessile and mostly somewhat connate ; flowers in a more or less pedunculate head or 2-3 closely approximate whorls ; corolla short, glabrous externally, gibbous at the base ; filaments somewhat hairy below. — Lam. diet. \.p. 728 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. ^j. 245 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 87 ; DC. I jn-odr. 4. p. 332 ,- Hook.Jl. Bor,-Am. 1. p. 282 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 158. L. dioica, Linn. syst. {ed. 13) p. 181 ; Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 1. p. 130; Bot. reg. t. 138. "L. media, Murr. in comm. Gcett. (1776) p. 28, t. 3." Capri- folium glaucum, Manch, meth. p. 602. C. bracteosum, Michx.! fl. \.p. 105. C. parviflorum, PurshI fl. 1. p. 161. C. dioicum, Rmn. Sf Schult. syst. 5. p. 260. ji. ? leaves pubescent or even somewhat villous-tomentose beneath : the lower ones distinct, sessile or slightly petioled ; corolla pubescent. — L. par- viflora ji. Hook. I. c. L. Doiiglasii, DC. I. c. Caprifolium Douglasii, Lindl. in hort. trans. 7. p. 244. C. parviflorum, Eichards. appx. Franld. journ. ed. 2.]). 6, ex Hook. Rocky banks of rivers, &c. Canada! (from Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains, a. & /j. Hook.) and from the New England States! to Missouri, and sparingly in the mountains of the Southern States, /i. Saskatchawan &c., Douglas. Near Fort Gratiot, Michigan, Dr. Pitcher! On limestone cliffs along the Scioto &c. Ohio, Mr. SuUivant! May-June. — Stem 6-10 feet long. Leaves 2-3, or on young shoots even 4 inches long, some- times with a slight and sparse deciduous pubescence beneath, but usually perfectly glabrous ; the lower ones often narrowed at the base, but sessile. Corolla 8-9 lines long, including the short spreading limb, yellow tinged with dull purple. Stamens exserted. Berries orange. — lu our var. /?. from Ohio, the pubescence of the lower surface of the leaves is apparently deci- duous, and in vigorous shoots they are often 4 or 5 inches long ; the lower ones inclined to ovate-lanceolate. We have little doubt that this is the same with the Caprifolium Douglasii of Lindley (although we have never observed the leaves in the slightest degree ciliate), and it has the appearance of a dis- tinct species : but our specimens from Fort Gratiot are exactly L. jjarviflora, except in the pubescence, and are doubtless the same as Hooker's plant, " which may be seen gradually passing into the usual glabrous apjiearance.'* The stamens and style are at first about the length of the corolla. t t Natives of Oregon and California. 9. L. Californica: twining; branches glabrous, or sometimes hairy along one side; leaves ovate-oblong, glabrous, glaucous beneath, not ciliate ; the uppermost connate-perfoliate ; the others distinct, often slightly jjetioled ; 8 CAPRIFOLIACE^. Lonicera. flowers in rather distant whorls ; the peduncle and rachis clothed with gland- ular and hispid hairs intermixed; tube of the corolla conspicuously gibbous, sparsely hairy, not longer than the deeply bilabiate limb; filaments some- what hairy towards the base, exserted. — L. ciliosa, Hook, c^ Am. hot. Beechey, p. 143, S^'sujrpl.-' J)- 349; not of Pair. (Caprifol. ciliosum, Pursh.) Monterey, California, Capt. Beechey ; and at St. Francisco ? Douslas ! — Leaves somewhat coriaceous, very pale or glaucous beneath, about 2 inches long ; the lower ones obtuse at the base ; the slight petioles furnished with stipuliform appendages. Corolla (including the limb) scarcely more than half an inch long, apparently pale ^^ellow ; the short tube with a prominent gib- bosity on one side ; lower lip linear, the upper with 4 very short rounded lobes. Ovaries glandular ; the calyx-teeth inconspicuous. — AVe have not seen the specimens of the plant collected during Capt. Beechey's voyage, in which the younger branches are said to be hairy along one side : in our specimen from Douglas's Californian collection, the branches are glabrous ; but the peduncles, &c. densely glandular and somewhat hirsute. It is cer- tainly quite ditferent from the Caprifolium ciliosum of Pursh, and from any other North American species. 10. L. hispidula (Dougl. mss.) : stem slender, twining or trailing, hirsute or pilose-hispid ; leaves rather rigid, ovate or cordate, obtuse, glaucous be- neath, and villous-hirsute ; the lower ones petioled ; the uppermost some- times connate-perfoliate ; heads or whorls on slender peduncles ; corolla nearly glabrous ; the upper lip shorter than the gibbous tube ; filaments slightly hairy below, exserted. — L. microphylla. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 283 (without flowers), not of W'dld. Capritblium hispidulum, Lindl.! hot. reg. t. 1761. Woods and rocky places, Oregon; on Mount Hood, and at the Grand Ra- pids of the Oregon, at ' Oak Point,' &c. Douglas. ' Oak Point,' on the Ore- gon near the Sea, Nuttcdl ! — A small mostly trailing shrub, pubescent with slender scattered hairs. Leaves 6 to 10 lines, or sometimes an inch in length ; the upper surface glabrous, and the one or two upper pairs often con- nate-perfoliate, in the cultivated plant. Flowers small, rose-color, nearly scentless. Corolla about half an inch long. Ovary glabrous. Calyx-teeth minute. — Acct^rding to the description and figure in the Botanical Register, the tube of the corolla is twice the length of the'hmb; but in our specimen (from the Horticultural Society's Garden) the linear lower lip of the corolla is quite as long as the tube. In the wild plant, the leaves are about three- fourths of an inch in length, according to Mr. Nuttall; but the upper ones often smaller. 11. L. suhspicata (Hook. & Arn.) : erect and much branched; the branches, lower surface of the leaves, and corolla pubescent ; leaves (small) all distinct, elliptical or oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, shining above, paler be- neath, on very short petioles ; spikes few-flowered, bracteate ; corolla bUa- biate; 'one lip 2-, the other 3-cleft.' — Hook. S,- Arn. hot. Beechey, suppU 2J. 349. California, I>oi/ir/«s. Bushy hills near St. Barhara, Nuttall. — "An erect bush, about 3 feet high ; with glandularly pubescent leaves, small pale pink flowers, and a minute calyx.'" Nuit. ;«5S.— Leaves about an inch long, passing into opposite remote pairs of bracts, having in their axils lesser bracteas, which bear the flowers solitary or in pairs. Corolla not half an inch long. The aspect different from any other Lonicera. Hook. S^- Arn. §2. Leaves never connate : jJeduyicles a.nllary, 2-i-hracteate and 2- {rarely 3-) flowered at the summit : berries geminate, distinct or often united, 2-3- celled; the limb of the calyx deciduous. — Xylosteo', Juss. LoNicERA. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 9 * Pedunde 4r-bradeaie at the summit; the brads foliaccous mid dilated. 12. L. involucrata (Herb. Banks.) : stem erect or reclined ; branches prominently 4-an2;led ; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, petioled, obtuse or acu- minate, hirsute-pubescent beneath; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2-3- llowered ; exterior bracts ovate or subcordate ; the interior broadly obovate or obcordate, at first very small, at length many times larger than the distinct ovaries and enclosing the fruit ; corolla pubescent, gibbous at the base on the outside.— .S/;?-e«ir- si/st. l.p. 759 ; DC. x>rodr. 4. p. 336 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1]79 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 284. L. Ledebourii, Eschs. in mem. acad. St. Petersh. 10. p. 284 ,- DC. I. c. ; Cham. Sf Schlrcht. in Linno'a, 3. p. 138 ; Hook. Sf' Am.! hot. Beechei/, p. 143, Sfsvppl.p. 349. Xylosteon involucra- tum, Richards.! appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 6. Saskatchawan ! (and woody country from.lat. 54° to 64°) and Rocky Mountains, to the North West Coast between lat. 54° & 56°. Also in Cali- fornia, Eschscholtz, Doui-las ! Nuttall ! — Stem 2-10 feet long, " often sup- ported by other plants." {Nult.) Leaves 2-3 inches long, on petioles 2-4 lines in" length, usually whh a short acuminate point. Corolla yellowish, 6-7 lines long, pubescent and glandtdar, cylindraceous; the lobes short. Stamens included. Stigma mostly somewhat exserted. Bracts somewhat pubescent and glandular ; the exterior often nearly half an inch in length : the interior at first very small, but becoming large and conspicuous in fruit, each consisting of two partiall}' united and overlapping bracts. * * Peduncle minutely 2-braftcola.te at the simmiit. 13. L. ciliata (Muhl.) : stem erect; leaves ovate-oblong, often cordate, pilose-ciliate, the younger ones villous beneath ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; bracts shorter than the ovaries; teeth of the calyx very obtuse; co- rolla obtusely saccate at the base; the lobes short and somewhat equal; style exserted; berries distinct, diverging.— Mw/;L cat. p. 22; DC! prodr. 4. p. 335; Hook.! ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 283. L. Canadensis, Rcfm. &; Schnlt. syst. b.p. 260. Xvlosteum Tartaricum, Michx. ! Jl.l. p. 106. (not L. Tartari- ca, Linn.) X. ciUatum, Pursh ! fl. 1. p. 161 (excl. /3. album, which is Symphoricarpus racemosHs, fide Nutt.) ; Torr.! fl. 1._/j. 245; Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 88. Rocky woods and hill-sides, throughout Canada (from the Saskatchawan), and the northern portions of the New England States! New York ! Pennsyl- vania and Ohio ! May- — Shrub 3-5 feet high, with sparing straggHng branches. Leaves membranaceous, light green, 1-2 or more inches long, rather acute : petioles short, beset with a few bristly hairs. Corolla pale greenish-yellow, somewhat funnel-form, about three-fourths of an inch long. Filaments glabrous. Berries ovoid, red, about one-fourth of an inch long, 3- 5-seeded. 14. L. aerulea (Linn.): stem erect; leaves oval or oval-oblong, hirsute on both surfaces, nearly or cjuite glabrous above when old ; peduncles very short, reflexed in fruit ; bracts subulate, longer than the ovaries ; corolla gib- bous at the base ; the lobes short, nearly equal ; berries (deep blue and glau- cous) globose, formed by the union o"f 2 ovaries. — Linn. spec. 1. p. 174; Pall.fl. Ross. t. .37; Bot. mag. t. 1965 ; DC prodr. A. p. 337; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 283. L. casrulea Canadensis, Lum. diet. 1. p. 731, ex DC L. villosa, DC' I. c.(excl.syn. Goldie, Torr. S^x.) ; Hook. cV Am. ! hot. Beechey, p. U5. Xylosteum Solonis, Eaton! num. hot. p. 5\8. X. villo- sum, Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 88 ; Torr. ! fl.. 1. p. 245 (excl. syn. Gold. &; Muhl.) ;" Richards. ! appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 6. l3. villosa: branches and both surfaces of the leaves densely villous-lomen- VOL. II-2 10 CAPRIFOLIACE^. Lonicera. tose; limb of the calyx mostly ciliate.— L. velutina, DC! I. c. Xylosteum villosum, Michx. ! jl. 1. p. 106. Woods and on rocks, Labrador ! and Newfoundland ! to the Rocky Mountains in British America, and north to lat. 66°, extending south to the mountains or mountainous districts of Massachusetts! and New York! /?. Hudson's Bay, Mi c/; a u.r / Newtbundland, Pi/iaic/ May. — Shrub 1-4 feet hi^h; the younger branches mostly villous. Leaves an inch or less in length. Corolla" yellow, about half an inch long, either glabrous or hairy, longer than the peduncles; the lobes longer than the tube, oblong, erect. Stamens scarcely exserted : filaments bearded. — We fully agree with Hooker, in considering our plant identical with the L. ceerulea of Europe and Siberia. 15. L. oblongifoiia (Hook.) : stem erect, much branched ; leaves oblong or oval, velvety-pubescent when young, at length almost glabrous ; pedun- cles fiUform, erect, much longer than the flowers; bracts obsolete ; corolla gibbous at the base, deeply bilabiate ; berries (purple) globose, formed by the union of 2 ovaries.— HooJc. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 284, t. 100. L. yillosa," DC! L c. partly. Xylosteum oblongifoUum, Goldie, in Edinb. phil.jour. 6. p. 323. Sphagnous swamps, Canada, Mr. Goldie, Drummond ! Northern and Western parts of the State of New York! May-June. — Shrub 3-4 feet high. Leaves 1-2 inches long, slightly petioled. Peduncles about an inch long. Corolla half an inch long, greenish-yellow ; tinged with purple inter- nally : the lower Hp oblong-linear, often spreading ; the upper erect, with 4 short lobes. Filaments nearly glabrous, not exceeding the corolla : anthers linear. Style hairy. Berries about the size of a large pea, marked with the vestiges of the two approximated calyces. 4. DIERVILLA. Tourn. in act. acad. Par. (1706) t. l.f. 1. ; Linn. liorU Cliff, t. 7 ; Lam. ill. t. 105 ; Sieb. SfZucc.Ji. Japon.p. 68. i. 29-32. Weigela, Thunb. — Calysphiyum, Bunge. — Diervilla Ac Weigela, Alph. DC. Calyx-tube oblong or cylindrical, often attenuated at the summit ; the seg- ments of the 5-parted limb linear or subulate. Corolla infundibuliform ; the limb 5-cleft, nearly regular or slightly bilabiate. Stamens 5. Ovary 2- celled, crowned with an oblong epigynous gland : stigma peltate-capitate. Fruit capsular, membranaceous or crustaceo-coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal ; the 2-lobed placentse usually strongly projecting into the cells, each bearing numerous seeds in a double series. Seeds with a scrobiculate testa, naked or cristate. — Shrubs (natives of North America, Japan, and Northern China). Leaves ovate or oblong, mostly petioled, serrate, acute, deciduous. Peduncles axillary or terminal, 1-flowered or cymosely 3-7- flowered ; the central flower frequently sessile ; all bibracteate at the base. The Asiatic species have been admirably illustrated by Zuccarini, in the work ci- ted above. These all have a somewhat indurated capsule, and the seeds (' testa mem- branaceous,' Zucc.) furnished with a crest or slight wing ; and the flowers are in- clined to be rose-color or puiple. They form a marked section, at least, which should retain Tliunberg's name, Weigela. The latter was united to Diervilla by Brown (who first pointed out the mistake into which Thunberg had fallen), and in this he is followed by Zuccarini : while Alphonse De CandoUe (Note ,<;(//• fe genre Weigela, etc. in the Bibliotheque Universelle d.c Gcnerr. Jan. 1839) not only retains that genus, but divides it into two sections ; and this even withovU being acquainted with the trait and seeds of the Asiatic plants, which furnish the most obvious dis- DiERViLLA. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 11 tinctions. We know not whether Mr. Brown was acquainted with these differences when he united Weigela to Diervilla, or whether he would consider them of generic importance. It must be remarked that both the elder and the younger De Candolle have, by some misapprehension, described the capsule of Diervilla as one-celled or half2-celled; while Jussieu and some other botanists consider it 4-celled, an easy mistake, since the placentae often reach nearly or quite to the back of each cell. § Flowers yellouish: cajjsule membranaceous : seeds not furnished with a crest or wing ; the testa crustaceous. — Diervilla proper. 1. D. trifida (Moench) : leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, on short petioles, glabrous, or somewhat hairy on the veins beneath ; peduncles l-3-(mostIy 3-)fiowered ; capsule attenuate at the summit, crowned wilh the subulate-set- aceous teeth of the caly.K. — Mcench, meth. j). A'd2. D. Acadiensis fruticosa &c. Tourn. ; Duham. arb. 1. t. 87. D. Tournefortii, Michx.! fl. l.p. 107 ; Torr.! fi. 1. j). 238. D. humilis, Pers. syn. 1. jj. 214. D. Canadensis, Willd. enum. 1. p. 222 ; Bigel. ! fi. Bast. ed. p. 69 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 330; HooTc.! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 281; Darlingt.! fi. Cest. p. 157. D. lutea, Pursh! fl.l. p. 162. Lonicera Diervilla, Linn..' mat. med. p. 62, Sf spec. l.p. 175. /3. leaves nearly sessile, rather obscurely serrate. Rocky woods, Canada ! and from Newfoundland ! and Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains, Northern and Middle States ! and along the higher mountains to Carolina. (3. On the Black Mountains, North Carolina, Mr. M. A. Curtis ! — May-June. Stem 2-4 feet high, branched. Leaves 2-4 inches long. Peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves, rather longer than the petioles : the central flower sessile, the lateral ones pedicellate. Bracte- oles subulate, shorter than the ovary. Corolla greenish-yellow, about three- fourths of an inch long, somewhat irregular ; the lobes oblong. Stamens and style exserted. Capsule ovoid-oblong, slightly angled, appearing al- most 4-celled by the projection of the placentfe ; the summit tapering abruptly into a long and narrow neck, and crowned with the apparently per- sistent teeth of the calyx. — Bush-Honeysuckle. — We should have hardly ven- tured, perhaps, to restore the prior name of Moench (although it is a very good one), had we found any thing like uniformity among botanists in the adoption of some one among the later names. Subtribe 2. Trioste^:. — Fruit drupaceous ; the endocarp bony. Testa of the seed membranaceous. 5. TRIOSTEUM. Linn. ; Gartn. fr. t. 26; Lam. ill. t. 150. Calyx-tube ovoid ; the segments of the 5-parted limb linear-lanceolate, fo- liaceous, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at the base, somewhat equally 6-lobed, a little longer than the calyx. Stamens 5, included. Ovary 3- (rarely 4-5-) celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the sum- mit of each cell: style included : stigma capitate, somewhat 3-lobed. Fruit drupaceous, rather dry, roundish-obovoid, obscurely 3-(5-) sided, containing as many ribbed elliptical bony nucules. Testa membranaceous. Embryo minute, oblong, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Perennial herbaceous or rare- ly sufFrutescent plants (natives of the United States and the mountains of Middle Asia) ; the lanceolate or oval entire leaves narrowed and somewhat connate at the base. Flowers axillary and sessile or nearly so, solitary or 12 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Triosteum. clustered ; or rarely (by the reduction of the leaves) verticillate in a terminal raceme. 1. T. jjcrfoliatum (Linn.): stem hirsute with rather soft viscous hairs; leaves ovate or oval, acuminate, abruptly narrowed at the base, velvety-pu- bescent beneath, somewhat hairy above; flowers (dull brownish-purple) ses- sile and mostly clustered in the axils. — Linn. spec. 1. p. 176 ; Pursh,Jl. 1. p. 162 ,• Bio-el. med. hot. I. p. 90, t. 19 ; Bart. veg. mat. med. t. 4 ; Ell. sk. 269 ,• DC. ! I. c. Torr. ! fl.l-p- 245 ; Sweet, Brit. fl. e;ard. {ser. 2) t. 45 ; Darlimrt.fl. Cest. p. 159. T. majus, Michx. ! Ji. 1. p. 107. Triosteosper- mum. Dill. EltJi. t. 293,/. 378. Shady rocky places, in rich soil, throughout the Northern, Middle, and Western States ! and along the mountains of the Southern States. May- July.— Root thick and fleshy. Stem 2-4 feet high, stout, simple. Leaves 4-7" inches long, 2-4 wide, sometimes narrowed into a winged petiole, but always connafe at the base, often nearly glabrous above. Bracts linear. Corolla 8-10 lines long (about the length of the calyx-segments), viscidly pu-- bescent; the lobes rounded. Filaments hairy. Style slender. Fruit half an inch Ions, pubescent, orange-color (not purple wiien mature, as described by Pursh, Barton, & DC), crowned with the foliaceous spreading limb of the calyx : nucules marked with 3 strong ribs and 4 grooves on the back, and with 2 grooves and a central projection on the face. — The leaves are some- times niore or less sinuate, which is noticed by De CandoUe : we have seen Pennsylvanian specimens of this form in the herbarium of the late Mr. Schweinitz. The root is reputed to be etnelic and cathartic, and the plant is well-known in the popular materia medica, under the name of Horse- Gen- tian, Fever-icort, or Wild Coffee. 2. T. an s:usti folium [L'mn.): stem hispid ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, tapering to the base, pubescent or almost glabrous beneath, hir- sute above; the flowers (ochroleucous) mostly soUtary in the axils, sessile or somewhat pedunculate.— jLi««. .' spec. 1. p. 176 [pi. Gronov.!); Vahl. $ymb. 3. y. 37 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. I. c. ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 330. T. minus, Michx. ! I. c. Periclvmenum herbaceuin, &c. Pluk. aim. p. 287, t. 104, Shady places, Virginia! and North Carolina! to Louisiana ! Arkansas! and Missouri! May-June. — A smaller species than the preceding, with the lobes of the ochroleucous corolla deeper in proportion, the tube less gibbous at the base, &c. It probably has the same properties as T. perfoliatum, and bears the same popular names. Plukenet received it under the name of Dr. Tinker's-weed. Tribe H. SAMBUCEiE. Kunth. Corolla regular, rotate, or rarely somewhat tubular. Stigmas 3-5, nearly sessile. Endocarp of the fruit crustaceous or coriaceous. Testa of the seed membranaceous ; the raphe occupying the inner side. 6. SAMBUCUS. Tourn. ; Linn. ; Gartn.fr. t. 27 ; Lam. ill. t. 211. Limb of the calyx small, 5-cleft, at length obsolete. Corolla rotate or ur- ceolate, 5-cleft ; the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5. Fruit baccate, pulpy, sub- globose : nucules 3 (rarely 5), crustaceous, oblong, rugulose, obtusely angled on the back, nearly plane on the face, each containing a suspended seed.— Shrubs or perennial herbs, with a heavy odor. Leaves pinnate or 1-2-pin- Sambucus. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 13 nately divided ; the leaflets or divisions serrate or incised, often pseudo-sti- pellate, or with 2 glands at the base of each pair. Cymes compound, thyr- soid or fastigiate. Flowers white, or sometimes reddish. — Elder. Geertner, and most subsequent botanists, except Kunth, have described the fruit of tliis genus as a proper beny ; the nucules lieing taken for seeds. 1. iS. pubens (Michx.) : stem shrubby; leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower surface and the petioles pubes- cent ; thyrsus ovoid or pyramidal, rather loose. — Michx..' fl. I. p. 181; Torr. ! fl. i. p. 321 ; DC. I prodr. 4. p. 323,- Bongard! veff. Sitcha, in mem. acad. St. Petersb. (ser. 6) 2. p. 144. S. pubescens, Pers. syn. 1. p. 328; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 204; ELL sL: 1. p. 3G8. S. racemosa. Hook.! fl. Bor.-Ani. 1. p. 279. )i. leucocarpa : berries white. y. arboresccns : large ; leaflets 7-9, the serratures longer and narrower ; anthers large. — S. arborescens, Nutt. ! mss. S. racemosa p. Hook. ! I. c. Rocky woods &c. Canada.!, from the Saskatchavvan, and Northern States! to the mountains of Carolina! West to the Rocky Mountains, Ore- gon ! and Sitcha, (chiefly van y.) /3. Cattskill Mountains, Mr. J. Hogg! May ; the fruit mature in June and .Inly. — Stem 2-10 feet high, sometimes attaining the diameter of 3 or 4 inches at the base ; the branches often warty. Leaves'very pubescent when young, seldom stipellate. Thyrsus about 3 inches long. Berries scarlet. — Hooker, perhaps with good reason, unites this species with the S. racemosa of Europe, &c. We have occasionally found this plant arborescent, and at least 18 feel high. 2. .S. Canadensis (Linn.): stem suffrutescent ; leaves pinnately 7-11-fo- liolate; leaflets oblong or oval, acuminate, glabrous, somewhat pubescent on the midrib : the lower ones often 3-parted; cvmes sjireading, loose, -S-parfed. —Linn. ! spec. 1. p. 269 ; Michx. .' fl. 1. p. 281 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 203 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 36'8 ; Torr. ! fl-l. p. 321 .• DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 322 ; Hook. fl. Bor.- Am. 1. p. 279; Darlingl. fl. Cest. p. 205. S. nigra, Marsh, arbust. p. 141. S. hurnihs, Raf. ann. nat. p. 13. Thickets and along fences, in rich soil, throughout the United States ! and Canada ! June-July" — Stem 5-10 feet high, stout, filled with jjith. Leaflets not unfrequently furnished with foliaceous stipellate appendages. Cymes flat, 5-8 inches in diameter ; the flowers pure white. Berries smafl, dark purple, or nearly black when mature; the juice deep crimson. — Near S. ni-. gra of Europe. — Common Elder. 3. S. glauca (Nutt.! mss.): "somewhat arborescent, glabrous; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3-5 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrulate, undi- vided ; cyme large and spreading; fruit (black) very glaucous. " Plains of the Oregon, near the Blue Mountains: common. — Berries re- sembling in taste those of S. Canadensis, to which this species is allied. Nut-- tall. — We can scarcely distinguish this species from S. Canadensis, 7. VIBURNUM. Linn. ; Gcsrtn. fr. t. 27 ; DC. prodr. A. p. 323. Limb of the calyx 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, sometimes somewhat tubular orcampanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-3-celled ; one of the cells containing a single suspended ovule, the others abortive: stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit drui)aceous, 1-celled, 1-seedcd, with a thin pulp; the endocarp (seed of * most authors) crustaceous, mostly compressed. Seed conformed to the cavi- ty of the endocarp; the testa membranaceous. Embryo minute at the ex- 14 CAPRIFOLIACE^. Viburnum. tremlty of the fleshy albumen. — Shrubs or small trees, with petioled undi- vided or lobed leaves. Petioles sometimes furnished with appendages ex- actly similar to stipules. Flowers white, in terminal cymes; the marginal ones sometimes sterile and radiant. § 1. Flowers all similar and fertile : corolla rotate. — Lentago, DC. * Leaves entire, serrat£, toothed. 1. V. nudum (Linn.): leaves somewhat coriaceous, oval, oblong, or lan- ceolate, dotted beneath -with brownish scales, glabrous above ; the margin crenulate or entire ; petiole somewhat margined; cymes pedunculate ; fruit ovoid. a. Clayloni : leaves broadly oval, oblong-nbovate, or oblong, obtuse or slightly acuminate, entire or obscurely crenulate ; the veins rather prominent beneath. — V. nudum, Linn. ! spec. 1. ^j. 268 (jjZ. Gronov. !) ; '■'■Mill. ic. t— 274 ;" Willd. ! spec. I. p. 1487 ; Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 178 ; Bot. mas. t. 2281 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 375 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 319 ; Bigel.fl. Bast. ed. 2. p. 116 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 325 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p>. 203. V. squamatum, Wats, dendr. Brit. t. 24 ? (i. an gusti folium : leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, often acute, en- tire or obscurely crenulate-denticulate, the veins slightly prominent beneath. — V. nitidum, Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 1. p. 371.' V. pyracanthifolia, Schwein. ! herb. y. cassinoides : leaves ovate, slightly obovate, or oblong, often abruptly acuminate, the margins crenate-serrate or undulate ; the veins not prominent beneath. — V. cassinoides, Linn. ! spec. ed. 2. p. 384 (excl. svn. except of Duham.) ; Pursh,fl. 1. p. 202 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 326 ; not oi Michx. V. nudum, Hook.! fl,. Bor.-Am. \.p. 279. V. pyrifolium, Pursh, I. c. ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 318; Bigel. I. c. ; not of Poir., Dcsf. S( DC. V. squamatum, Willd. ! enum. 1. jJ- 327 ; " Wats, dendr. Brit. i. 24." Swamps, a. Massachusetts and Southern part of New York ! to Florida ! and Louisiana. /3. North Carolina! to Georgia I and New Orleans! j. Northern portion of Pennsylvania and New York ! to Canada ! Saskatcha- wan, and Newfoundland ! May-June. — Stem 6-12 feet high ; the bark ash- gray. Leaves variable in form, size &c. on the same individual, usually 2-4 inches long, turning blackish in drying ; the lower surface at first clothed with scaly dots, the upper at length somewhat shining. C^^me as large as in the Laurustina (V. Tinus) : peduncle 1-2 inches long. Fruit about 3i lines long, slightly compressed, dark blue, with a glaucous bloom, pointed, sweetish and edible when ripe ; the nucleus or stone (seed of some authors) much compressed, slightly convex on one side, and with a shallow groove on the other. — Our var. /?. is only a narrow-leaved form of V^. nudum: the more northern plant (var. }'. which is the original V. cassinoides) appears some- what different ; but we can find no permanent characters by which to dis- tinguish it. 2. V. prunifolium (Linn.) : leaves roundish-oval, broadly ovate or ob- ovate, coriaceo-membranaceous, obtuse or with a slight abrupt point, finely serrate witli appressed or uncinate teeth, glabrous ; jjetiole with a slight and even margin ; cyines sessile ; fruit oblong-ovoid. — Linn. ! spec. 1 . ^j. 268 ; Michx.! fl. I. p. 178 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 201 ; ''Duham. arb. (ed. not:) 2. t. 38; Wats, dendr. Brit. L 23 ;" Ell. sk. 1. p. 365 ; Torr. ! fl. \. p. 319, ; Guimp., Otto, Sf Haijne, holz. t. 101 ; Hook. I. c. ; Darlingt. I. c. V. Can- adense glabrum, Vaill. ! Y. ■pyrifoYmm, Poir. diet. b. p. QbS ; Desf. cat. hort. Par. ed. 3. p. 404 ; DC. ! prodr. A., p. 325. Mespilus prunifolia Virginiana &c. Pluk. aim. t. 46, f. 2. Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 15 p. ferrugineum : lower surface of the petiole and midrib when j-oung covered with reddish-brown wool. Dry woods and thickets, Canada? and Southern part of New York ! and Pennsylvania! to Georgia, /i. N. Carolina ! and Georgia! to Louisiana! and Arkansas ! May. — Shrub or tree 8-20 feet high, with numerous abortive branches or spurs. Leaves 1 to nearly 3 inches long, mostly rounded ; the petiole more distinctly margined in the upper than in the lower leaves, about half an inch long; in var. /i. clothed with deciduous reddish pubescence or tomentum, which consists of chafF-like laciniate scales rather than proper hairs. Cyme about 3 inches in diameter. Fruit nearly half an inch long (in j3. more roundish than in the northern plant), bluish-black when ripe, glaucous, compressed : the nucleus much compressed. — Black Haw. Sloe. 3. V. Lentago (Linn.) : leaves ovate, conspicuously acuminate, finely serrate with sharp slightly uncinate teeth, somewhat membranaceous, gla- brous; the lower surface and particularly the midrib and (undulate) mar- gined petioles dotted with minute scales Avhen young ; cymes sessile ; fruit oval.— Linn.! spec, l.p.268; Michx. ! fl. I. p. 178; Ell. sk. 1. ^.365; Wats, dendr. Brit. t. 21 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 318 ; Bigd. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 116 ; DC! jirodr. 4. p. 325 ; Hook. I. c. ; DarlingCfl. Cest. p. 325. Woods and banks of streams, Canada ! (from the Saskalchawan) and throughout the Northern States! to Kentucky! and the mountains of Geor- gia. May. — Tree 15-20 feet high. Leaves usually broadly ovate or oval, about 3 inches long, sometimes slightly cordate ; the petiole 6-8 lines long, sometimes covered, as well as the midrib, with rusty scales. Cymes widely spreading. Fruit somewhat compressed, half an inch long, bluish-black when ripe, with a glaucous bloom ; the pulp thin and sweetish : nucleus broadly oval, nearly flat on both sides. 4. V. ohovafum (Walt.) : leaves obovate or cuneate-obovate, (small) gla- brous, somewhat coriaceous, shining above, mostly obtuse, entire, or often acutely denticulate above the middle ; cymes sessile ; fruit ovoid-globose, shining.— T'F«Z<. Car. p. 116; Poir. diet. b. p. 658; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 201 ; Ell.sk. I. p. 366; Lodd. lot. cab. t. 1476; DC! prodr. 4. p. 326. V. cassinoides, 'Mill. diet. no. 9? (not of Linn.); Willd. ! spec. 1. p. 1491 (excl. syn.), d^e/iMm. ^^. 327; Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 179. V. Ifevigatum, Ait. Ketv. (ed. 1.) 1. p. 371 ; Willd. spec. 1. p. 1492, Sfenum. I. c. ; Pursh,fl. 1. p. 202 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 367 ; DC. I. c. Shady banks of rivers, &c. Virginia to Georgia ! and Florida ! April- May. — Shrub 2-8 feet high, with numerous branches, which are dotted when young with minute scales. Leaves 1-li inch long, and 3-8 lines wide, on short petioles, often minutely dotted beneath ; those of the flowering branches mostly entire; those of the sterile branches frequently acute and sharply den- ticulate or toothed. Cymes small. Fruit about one-third of an inch long, apparently not glaucous, black, sweetish. — Readily distinguished by its small shining leaves, small and somewhat simple cymes, &c. 5. V. elliptieuin (Hook.) ; leaves elliptical, with 3—5 parallel veins, obtuse, coarsely serrate, chiefly towards the summit ; the lower surface, particularly the veins, very hirsute; petiole short; cymes pedunculate, dense; ovary either verv hairy or glabrous ; fruit oval-globose (black). Hook. fl. Bor.- Am. l.p.'280. Shady woods of the Oregon, Douglas, Nuttall ! — A low shrub. Leaves about 2 inches long, having from 3 to 5 principal nerves S])ringirig from the base. Ovary clothed with long hairs ; in one specimen quite glabrous. Hook. 6. V. dentatum (Linn.) : leaves roundish-ovate, often slightly cordate^ coarsely and sharply toothed, acute or somewhat acuminate, appearing pli- 16 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Viburnum. cate from the strong and nearly simple straight veins, glabrous and shining above, pale beneath, with tufts of villous hairs in the axils of the veins, slight- ly pilose-ciliate; cymes pedunculate, nearly glabrous ; fruit small, globose- ovoid ; the nucleus grooved or excavated on one side and obtusely ridged on the other. — Linn. ! spec. 1. p. 268 ; .Tacq. hort. Vindob. 1. 1. 36 ; Pursh,fl. 1. p. 202 ; Torr. ! fl.l. p. 319 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 326 ; HooTc. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p, 280 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 203. V. dentatum var. lucidum, Ait. Keio. {ed. 1) 1. p. 372. V. dentatum var. glabellum, Michx. partly. 13. ? scahrellum : young branchlets and peduncles scabrous and often hairy; leaves (often large) roundish-cordate or ovate, coarsely and rather obtusely toothed, pubescent beneath ; petioles and peduncles shorter. — V. dentatum (a. & ii. chiefly), Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 179 ; Ell. sJc. 1. p. 365. Swamps and low grounds; a. Canada! and Northern States! to Vir- ginia, /i. S. Carolina and Georgia ! to Florida! and Louisiana! June. (i. March-May. — Sbrub 8-15 feet high (the wood hard), with obtusely angular gray branches ; the 3'oung vigorous shoots straight and slender. Fruit deep blue, or bluish-black when fully ripe, with very little pulp : nucleus with a- deep longitudinal groove on one side, and the edges incurved, so that the transverse section is somewhat reniform ; but sometimes there are two shal- low grooves, and the edges scarcely incurved. — The northern plant is A'ery common, and uniform in appearance : the leaves are 2-3 inches long and of- ten of nearly the same width, with strong simply-forked veins, and (]uite gla- brous, except the tufts in the axils of the veins, and a few scattered hairs on the young petioles and veins beneath; the peduncle is 2 or 3 inches in length ; and the drupes about 3 lines long. But in Pennsylvania this same plant be- comes more pubescent ; a few scattered hairs often appearing on the upper surface of the leaves, while the youno; petioles and peduncles are clothed with separate or fasciculate hairs. A still more pubescent plant abounds in the Southern States ; the leaves of which (sometimes 4 inches in breadth, but usually scarcely half that size,) are almost villous or velvetv when voung witb somewhat fasciculate hairs, in part only deciduous : the peduncles are about an inch long, and the drupes 4 lines in length. This may very proba- bly be a distinct species, but we are unable to distinguish it satisfactorily as such. — Arrow-icood. 7. V. pubescens (Pursh) : leaves ovate or oval-oblong, acuminate, coarsely toothed, often somewhat cordate, appearing slightly plicate from the straight sparingly branched veins, somewhat hairy above ; the lower surface, with the very short petioles, villous-tomentose or velvety; cyme pedunculate, nearly glabrous; fruit (small) oblong; the much compressed nucleus slightly 2-grooved on one side and obtusely ridged on the other. — Pursh, fl. 1. p. 202 (e'xcl. the habitat, chiefly); Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 320; DC! prodr. 4. p. 326 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 280. V. dentatum var. pubescens, Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 1. J). 168. V. dentatum var. semitomentosum, Michx. ! I. c. part- ly. V. villosum, Raf. in med. tepos. {hex. 2) 5. p. 361 (1808), &fin Desv. jour. bot. I. p. 228; not of Sivartz. V. tomentosum, i?«/. I. c. (1808) p. 354. (without descr.) V. Rafinesquianum, Rcetn. S^'SchvU.syst. 6. p. 630. Drv rocky banks, Canada (from Lake Winipeg) and northern part of New "York! also near West Point ! New Jersey, i^ecZ: / and the mountainous portions of North Carolina, Schweinitz! June. — Shrub 2-3 feet high, with straggling branches. Leaves about 2 inciies long, nearly trlabrous above when old. Peduncle at first shorter than the cj^me, but mostly elongated in fruit. Flowers fewer and larger than in V. dentatum. Fruit 3 lines long ; the nucleus nearly flat. — Perhaps the plant which Pursh, and even Alton, had in view, mav have been our V. dentatum ji. scahrellum. The present species extends into the Southern States along the mountains ; but certainly does not grow "in the lower parts of Virginia and Carolina." The plant of the Hortus Keicensls came from Peter CoUinson's garden. Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 17 * * Leaves lobed or incised. 8. V. acerifolium (Linn.) : leaves roundish or broadly ovafe, mostly sub- cordate, 3-ribbed from rhe base, 3-lobed, coarsely and uneriually toothed, vel- vety-pubescent beneath; the lobes divergent and mostly acuminate; petioles (wilh the young branchlets and ribs of the leaves) pubescent and somewhat hirsute, furnished near the base with two setaceous stipuliform appendages; cymes pedunculate ; fruit oval, compressed ; stamens much exserted. — Linn. ! spec. I. j). 268 (pi. Gronov.I) ; Vent. hort. Ccls. t. 272; Michx. .' fl. \. p. 180 ; Pursh, fl. ].p. 203 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 364 ; Wals. dendr. Brit. 1. 1. 118 ; Torr. ! fl.l. p. 320 ; Bii^el. fl. Bost. ed. 2. ^?. 116 ,• DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 327 ; Hook. I fl. Bor.-Ain. l.p. 280 (partly); Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 204. Woods, particularly in rocky situations, Canada! and nearly throughout the United States ! and probably in Oregon. May-June. — Shrub 3-5 feet high, with straight slender branches ; the younger branchlets (like the pe- tioles and, in a less degree, the primary veins or ribs of the leaves) usually clothed botli with a very short soft pubescence, and with slender rather ap- pressed hirsute hairs. Leaves 2-5 inches in diameter, membranaceous, gla- brous or sparsely hairy above, often minutely dotted beneath ; the soft close pubescence of the lower surface stellate. Peduncle about 2 inches long ; the loose cyme 2-3 inches broad. Corolla often slightly tinged with rose-color. Drupe broadly oval, 3-4 lines long, nearly black when ripe : the nucleus with 2 obtuse ridges on one side, and 2 corresponding shallow grooves on the other. — A rro w-wood . 9. V. paucifloritm (Pylaie ! herb.) : branches and petioles glabrous or nearly so; leaves roundish, seldom subcordate, slightly 3-lobed or incised at the summit, mostly 5-nerved from the base, uneiiually serrate, sparsely pu- bescent on the veins beneath ; petioles destitute of stipuliform appendages; cymes (small and simple) ])edunculate, tcririinating the very short lateral branches; filaments much shorter than the corolla. — V. acerifolium, Bon- gard ! veo-. Sitcha, I. c. p. 144, ])arfly ? Newf)iindland, Pi/laie .' S^c. White Mountains of New Hampshire, and on Mansfield Mountain, Vermont, Mr. Tucker man ! S^- Mr. IV. F. Macrae! Probably also in Oregon and in Sitcha ! June. — Shrub 2-3 feet high. Leaves 1-2 inches in diameter, nearly glabrous, or more or less pubescent on the veins of the lower surface (the hairs not stellate) ; the lobes often ob- scure. Cymes seldom an inch in diameter. Anthers on very short fila- ments, not exserted beyond the tube of the corolla. Fruit unknown. — For specimens of lliis plant, we are indebted to the promising botanists who first discovered it within the United States (Mr. Macrae of Montreal and Mr. Tuckerman of Boston), who also directed our notice to the characters which clearly distinguish them. We find froin our notes upon La Pylaie's collec- tion in Newfoundland, that he had given to the same plant the appropriate name which we have adopted. De Candolle, it will be seen, has referred Py- laie's plant to V. acerifolium. We have another Newfoundland specimen in a small collection made by a British land-surveyor, and given to us by A. B. Lambert, Es(|. of London. The V. acerifolium of Bongard, veg- Sitcha, Sfc. appears to belong to,' or include this species : but if we mistake not, we have a fragment of the true V. acerifolium from Oregon. — The leaves usual- ly turn blackish in drying. § 2. Cymes radiant ; the marginal flowers much larger than the others, and neutral. — Opulus, Tourn., DC. 10. V. Opulus (Linn.) : nearly glabrous; leaves 3-lobed; the lobes acu- minate, toothed ; petioles glandular ; cymes pedunculate ; fruit ovate-globose, VOL. II.-3 18 CAPRIFOLIACEjE. Viburnum. red.— Linn. sfec. 1. p. 268 ; Fl. Dan. t. 661 ; Engl. hoi. t. 322 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 328. Opulus glandulosus, Mcench, rneth. f. 505. /3. Americanum (Ait.) : leaves remotely and raiher obtusely toothed. — Ait. Kew. {ed. 1)1. p. 373. V. trilobum, Marsh, arhust. p. 162. V. Opulus /3. Pimina & y. edule, Michx. ! ft. I. p. 180. V. opuloides, MuU. cat. p. 32. V. Oxycoccus & V. edule, P«rs/t, ^. I. p. 203 ; Torr. / ji. 1. ^9. 320 ; DC. prodr. 4. p>. 328; iibo/t. fl- Bor.-Am. 1. p. 281 ; Audubon, birds of Amer. t. 148. y. suhintesrifolluni. (Hook.) : leaves somewhat incised, very pubescent beneath. Hook. I. c. under V. Oxycoccus. Swamps and along streams, from the northern part of Pennsylvania, New- York ! and the New England States! to the Arctic Circle and the Rocky Mountains, (i. Oregon, Dr. Scolder, Douglas. May-June. — Shrub 3-10 feet hi.o-h, with glabrous gray spreading branches. Leaves 3-5 inches long, with divaricate lobes ; the base either truncate or somewhat acute ; the low- er sprinkled with hairs : petiole often with subulate stipuHform appendages. Cyme 3-4 inches in diameter; the sterile flowers few or usually numerous, - very large. Stamens exserted. Fruit nearly half an inch in length, juicy, of a pleasant acid taste when ripe, often employed as a substitute for cran- berries. — We find no constant or essential characters to distinguish our plant from the V. Opulus of Europe ; a garden variety of which, with the flowers all sterile, is the well-known Snoiv-bali Bush. Our plant is called Cranber- ry Bush, or High Cranberry. 11. V. lantanoides (Michx.) : leaves ovate-orbicular, cordate, abruptly acuminate, finely and unequally or doubly serrate, membranaceous; the lower surface, and especially the prominent veins and the petioles, tomentose with a pulverulent partly deciduous rusty stellate pubescence; cymes ses- sile ; the exterior flowers sterile and very large; fruit ovoid; the nucleus with a longituduial groove on each side. — Miehx.! fl. I. p. 179; Pursh,fl. l.p. 202 ;" Torr. .' fl. 1.^.319 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 117; DC. prodr. 4. p. 326 ; HooJc.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 280. V. Lantana /3. grandifolium. Ait. Kew. I.e. V. Lantana /?. Canadense, Pers. syn. \. p. 327. V. grandifo- lium. Smith, in Bees, cycl. no. 14. Deep rocky woods, Canada! the noithern part of the New England States! and New York ! and along the Alleghany Mountains to Virginia May- June. — A low very straggling shrub, with the branches often procumbent. Leaves and inflorescence appearing from the same large buds, every part of the newly developed branch covered with the rusty pulverulent pubescence, which under a lens appears beautifully stellate; the leaves when old 4-6 inches long and almost the same breadth, nearly glabrous above ; the nu- merous primar)^ veins strongly prominent beneath, running nearly straight from the midrib to the margin, sending off" a few unilateral branches ; the very numerous secondary veins passing between the primary at right angles, forming beautiful transverse reticulations. Cyme large and loose, flat : the radiant sterile flowers an inch in diameter. Fruit nearly black when ripe. — Hobble-bush. 12. V. molle (Michx.) : leaves somewhat orbicular-cordate, plicate-sulcate, toothed, nearly tomentose with a very soft pubescence underneath ; petioles somewhat glandular; (cymes radiate ?) fruit oblong-ovate. Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 180 ; Pursh, fl. \. p. 203. V. alnifolium, Marsh, arbiist. p. 162. Kentucky, around Danville, Michaux! "Bark lacerate and deciduous every year." The specimen of Michaux's herbarium is in fruit only, and affbrds'no evidence that the cymes were radiant ; the leaves are c renately toothed, and somewhat resemble one form of V. dentatum /3. scabrellum. Pursh, who we presume knew nothing of Michaux's plant, refers to it the V. alnifolium of Marshall, which may indeed be the same. We quote Mar- Viburnum. RUBIACEiE 19 shall's account entire, and commend this obscure species to the botanists of Kentucky, Tennessee, &c. " This grows naturally in Carolina and other parts of America; risino- with a shrubby stalk to the height of 8 or 10 feet, covered with a smooth purplish bark, and divided into several branches. The leaves are heart-shaped, oval, sharp-pointed, deeply sawed on their edges, strongly veined, and placed opposite on slender foot-stalks. The flowers are collected in large cymes or umbels at the ends of the branches ; those ranged on the border are male, but the centre is filled with hermaphro- dite flowers, which are succeeded by pretty large oval berries, red-colored when rips." Marsh, arbust. Amer. p. 162. Order LXXIII. RUBIACE.E. Juss. Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary, or rarely partly or almost completely free ; the limb mostly 4-5-cleft or toothed, sometimes ob- solete. Corolla inserted upon the summit of the calyx-tube, com- posed of as many united petals as there are lobes of the calyx, valvate, imbricate, or somewhat contorted in aestivation. Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla, equal in number and alternate with its lobes (or very rarely fewer) : anthers introrse. Ovary 2-(rarely 3- several-) celled, with 1-many ovules in each cell : style single or part- ly divided : stigmas distinct or concrete. Fruit capsular, drupaceous, baccate, or separable into indehiscent carpels. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous, solitary, few, or numerous in each cell. Embryo straight or slightly curved, in the axis or at the extremity of copious densely fleshy or horny albumen — Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with op- posite, or rarely verticillate, entire leaves. Stipules between the pe- tioles, sometimes simulating the leaves. Flowers regular. Inflores- cence various. Suborder I. STELLATE. R. Br. Leaves apparently (perhaps really ?) verticillate ; but the whorls generally supposed to consist of a pair of leaves and 1 to 3 leaf-shaped stipules on each side, which however are only to be distinguished from true leaves by their never bearing buds in their axils. Ji^stivation of the corolla valvate. Ovary entirely coherent with the tube of the calyx. Fruit consisting of 2 united indehiscent (dry or baccate) 1- seeded carpels. — Herbs, or rarely sufTruticose plants, chiefly natives of temperate or cold regions. 1. GALIUM. Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 60 ,- G^ertn.fr. t. 24 ; A. Rich. Rubiac. in mem. soc. hist. nat. Par. 5. p. 133 ; Endl. gen. p. 522. Calyx-tube ovate-globose or oblong ; the limb obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4- (rarely 3-) parted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, short. 20 RUBIACEJE. Galium. Styles 2, united at the base : stigmas globose. Fruit didymous, dry or sometimes fleshy, separable when ripe into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. Albumen horny. — Herbaceous or very rarely suffrutescent plants, with tetra- gonal stems ; the root frequently containing a red coloring matter. Flowers (rarely polygamous) small, axillary or terminal, cymulose, or rarely solita- ry ; the cymules often paniculate. — Cleavers. Bed-straw. § 1. Root annual. — Aparine, DC. 1. G. Aparine (Linn.) : stem weak, branching, retrorsely aculeolate-his- pid, hairy about the nodes; leaves mostly 8 in a whorl, oblanceolate-linear, apiculate ; the margin and keel aculeolate ; peduncles elongated, axillary, 1-2-flowered ; fruit large, verv hispid with hooked bristles. — Linn. spec. I. p. 108; Engl. hot. t. 816^- Pursh, ft- 1- P- 103; Biirel.fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 57; Torr.! fl. I. p. 166 ; DC! prodr. A. p. 608; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. \. p. 290;. Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 1 00. Shady thickets and margin of woods, Canada and Northern States! Also in Oregon, Douglas, Dr. Scolder. May-June. — Stem 4-8 feet long. Leaves in remote wJiorls, 1-2 inches in length, and 2-3 lines wide, tapering to the base. Flowers white, very small. Fruit larger than in most other species of the genus. — This j/lant has perhaps been introduced from Europe into the United States. Hooker describes a very small variety from Oregon. 2. G. Californicum (Hook. & Arn.) : small, very hairy throughout ; stems slender, diffiise, branched from the base ; leaves 4 in a whorl, ovaie, acute ormucronate; peduncles nearly terminal, 1-3-flowered, Tiiuch longer tlian the leaves; lobes of the corolla ovate, very acute; ovary glabrous. — Hook. 8f Arn, ! hot. Bcechei/, suppl. p. 349. /3. cr ebr ifoli lan (^uu.l mss.) : leaves reflexed ; ovary hairy. y. Texannm : very hirsute througlioiit. California, Menzies, Douglas.' Nultall ! {a. S^- /3.) y. Texas, Dm mm on d ! — Plant about a span high. Leaves at length much shorter than the inter- nodes, about 4 lines long, ] -nerved, appearing reticulale-veined by transmit- ted light. "Flowers polygamous, greenish or yellnwish-gret^n " ■(iY«//.) ; the corolla large for the size of the plant. Peduncles and pedicels capillary, the latter usually longer than the flowers. — The var. /3. may be only the fer- tile plant : the fruit is unknown. The Californian plant is probably annual, which is certainly the case with that from Texas: our S|)ecimens of the latter are immature, not even in flower ; but they doubtless belong to this species. 3. G. virgalum (Nutt. ! mss.) : stems erect, simple or branched from the base, hispid or almost glabrous ; leaves 4 in a whorl, oblong-lanceolate, his- pidly cihate, rather obtuse, much shorter than the iniernodes ; peduncles ax- illary, very short, bibracteolate, 1-flowered ; fruit deflexed, hispid with unci- nate bristles. (3. leiocarpum: fruit glabrous ; stem almost glabrous. — G. nutans, iV«- ^^^ >' Pursh, fi. 1. p. 104 ; Torr. ! fl.l.p. 169 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 289 ; Darlinsi. fl- Ccst. p. 103. G. Bermudianum, Muhl. cat. p. 16. (ex herb., fide Darlingt.) G. strictum, Torr.! cat.j>l. New York. ])• 23. G. septentrionale, Rmvi. S^' Schult. syst. 3. p. 253 ; Bigel.! fi. Bost. ed. 2. p. 54 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 601. Woods and rockv banks of streams, Northern States! and Canada! to Arctic America and Oregon ! July. — Stem 1-2 feet high, somewhat branch- ing, often pubescent at the nodes. Leaves 10-18 Hues long, often rather broadly lanceolate, and slightly ciliate when young in the American plant. Lobesof the corolla acute. — There is an European variety with glabrous fruit, and another with the ovary very slightly and sparsely hispid : both these states occur not unfrequently in this country. 16. G. ruhioides (Linn.) : stem erect, straight, smoothish ; leaves 4 in a whorl, elliptical-lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, scabrous on the margin ; pe- duncles numerous, trichotomous, disposed in a large terminal panicle; fruit glabrous. — Linn. spec. 1. p. 105; Cham. S^- Schlecht. in Linneea, 3. p. 220 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 599 ; Hook. 8^ Arn. bot. Becchey, p. 115; Hook.fi. Bor.- Am. \.p. 289. Dry elevated soils, under pine trees, in the valley of the Oregon, Douglas, VOL. II.-4 26 RUBIACE^. Galium. Kotzebnc's Sound, Capt. Beechcy. — This is a robust plant, with the habit of G. boreale, but with larger and broader leaves. Hooker states that he has received specimens of it from the United States, under the nameofG. Ber- niudianum; but his plant is perhaps G. latifolium. On the authority of Steven, De Candolle mentions a variety with hispid fruit. * * * * Floioers yellow, in dense panicks terminating the brandies : fruit smooth. 17. G. verum (Linn.) : stem erect, slender; leaves 8 in a whorl, narrow- ly linear, sulcate, scabrous, with somewhat revolute margins ; flowers crowded.— ii?m. spec. 1. p. 107 ,- Engl. hot. t. 660 ; Fl. Dan. t. 1146 ; Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 55 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 603. Dry pastures, Roxbury, Massachusetts, Bigelow ! North Bridgewater, Massachusetts, Mr. Tuckerman ! Doubtless introduced from Europe. June- July. X Doubtful Species. 18. G. parviflorum (Raf.) : stems diflfbse, angled, glabrous; leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, linear-lanceolate, very acute, glabrous ; flowers paniculate (white, minute), very numerous. — Raf- in med. repos. {hex. 2) 5. p. 360, i^ in Desv.jour. hot. \. p. 227. Near Newcastle, Delaware, Piafinesque. Suborder II. CINCHONE^. (Order Cinchonacese, Lindl.) Leaves opposite, or very rarely verticillate. Stipules one (2 united) or two on each side between the petioles (interpetiolar), often united with each other or with the petioles, or with both, so as to form a sheath. Estivation of the corolla valvate, imbricated, or contorted. Ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx, or very rarely with the up- per portion free. — Chiefly tropical or subtropical trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Tribe I. SPERMACOCEiE. Cliam. Sf ScUecht. Fruit dry, or scarcely fleshy, composed of 2 (rarely 3 or 4) 1-seeded carpels ; which are sometimes concrete, sometimes separating and in- dehiscent, or variously dehiscent, but never loculicidal. Albumen fleshy or somewhat horny. Jilstivation of the corolla valvate. — Herbs or shrubs. Stipules membranaceous at the base, usually with several bristles at the apex. Subtribe 1. EusPERMAcocEiE, DC. — Flowers distinct. Fruit dr3S separat- ing when mature into 2 (rarely 3 or 4) carpels, or sometimes inseparable. 2. SPERMACOCE. if;!H. (partly); GcErtn.fr.t.2b; Cham. S^- Schlecht. in Linncen, 3. p. 355 ; DC. prodr. 4. p). 552. Calyx-tube ovate or turbinate ; the limb 2-4-parted, sometimes with ac- cessory teeth. Corolla hypocrateriform or infuudibuliform, 4-lobed. Sta- mens 4. Stigma 2-cleft or undivided. Fruit dry, crowned with the (some- times obliterated) teeth of the calyx, 2-celled; the 2 one-seeded carpels separating from the apex downwards ; the one closed by the dissepiment, the other open. Seeds oval-oblong, peltate, marked with a shallow furrow on Spermacock. RUBlACEiE. 27 the face. — Herbaceous or rarely suflTrutescent plants (chiefly tropical), Avith linear, oblong, or roundish leaves. Stipules cohering with both petioles, sheathing, fringed with several bristles. Flowers small, axillary, sessile, crowded or in whorls, usually pale blue or white. Spermacoce, Borreria, and Diodia, differ only in the dehiscence of the fmit : in the first, one carpel opens while tiie other remains closed ; in the second, both are dehiscent ; in the third, bodi are indehiscent. 1. S. glabra (Michx.) : herbaceous, perennial, procumbent, glabrous; leaves lanceolate ; whorls many-flowered ; calyx 4-toothed ; corolla cam- panulate-funnel-form, a little longer than the calyx, very woolly in the throat ; anthers included, nearly sessile at the base of the tube ; style very short; stiijma 2-lobed ; fruit turbinate.— Mic/tr. / ^. 1. p. 82; PursJi,Jl. 1. p. 105. Banks of rivers, Western and South Western States! Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman..' Texas, Drummond! .Tuly-Aug. — Stem branching, 1-2 feet long ; the branches somewhat quadrangular. Leaves 1-3 inches long, acute, attenuate at the base. Stipules with 5-6 subulate bristles, which are several times longer than the sheath. Whorls 10-20-flowered. Flowers scarcely more than 1^ line long. Teeth of the calyx lanceolate. _ Corolla white; the lobes semi-oblong. Style almost wanting: stigma _ with 2 di- versing lobes. Capsule chartaceous ; the ceUs tardily separating. Seeds atta'ched by the middle of the face to the placenta. Embryo in the axis of cartilaginous albumen : cotyledons oblong : radicle pointing downwards. — The plant becomes blackish in drying. 2. S. Chapmanii: perennial'? stem herbaceous, sparingly branched, slight- ly angled with 4 elevated lines, glabrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, attenuated at the base into a petiole, somewhat scabrous above ; stipules with 5-6 bristles, which are rather longer than the sheath ; flowers in dense axilla- ry clusters ; corolla funnel-form,' 3 times as long as the calyx; stamens ex- serted ; style long and slender; stigma indistinctly 2-lobed ; capsule oblong- pyriform, crowned with 4 calyx-teeth. Middle Florida, on the banks of the Aspalaga River, Dr. Chapman! and in Louisiana ! — Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves an inch and a half long, rather strongly marked beneath with the simple oblique veins. Clusters of flowers denle, often half an inch in diameter. Calyx slightly hairy; the teeth lanceolate. Corolla 3 lines long, white 1 Filaments slender, inserted in the throat of the corolla : anthers oblong. Style glabrous, scarcely ex- serted. Capsule coriaceo-crustaceous, dehiscent when mature, and leaving the thin dissepiment adhering to one of the eel Is.— Nearly allied to S. tenuior; but that species has a short obovate fruit, and very short included stamens and style. We have specimens from Louisiana (in flower, without fruit), but have no memorandum of the source from which they were derived ; in these the lobes of the corolla are sprinkled, both internally and externally, with short, flattish, apparently deciduous hairs. 3. S. tenuior (Linn.) : stem annual, branching ; the branches obtusely angled, glabrous or somewhat scabrous; leaves lanceolate, with short petioles, scabrous on the margin and upper surface ; stipules with 5-6 bristles, which are rather longer tha^i the sheath ; whorls few, many-flowered ; corolla some- what campanulate, the tube scarcely twice the length of the calyx ; stamens much siiorter than the corolla ; style the length of the stamens ; stigma 2- lobed ; capsule obovate, crowned with 4 calyx-teeth. — Linn. spec. 1. p. 102 ; Lam. ill. t. 62, /. 1 ; A. Rich, mem. Rub. I. c. t. 4, no. 2 ; DC. prodr. A. p. 552. S. verticillis tenuioribus. Dill. Elth. t. 277, f. 359. Key West, Florida, Mr. Blodgett .'—Stem 8-12 inches long, in our speci- 88 RUBIACE.S:. Spermacoce. mens glabrous. Leaves about an inch long. AVhorls fe\v-(fi-10-) flowered. Flowers smaller than in the preceding species. Anthers roundish-oblong. — This is chiefly a West Indian species, and we doubt whether it has been found hitherto within the limits of our Flora. t Doubtful Species. 4. S. involucrata (Pursh) : stem alternately branched, very hispid ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute on both surfaces; stipules with many bristles; heads terminal, involucrate : stamens exserted. Pursh,fl. 1. 2}- 105. Carolina, Fraser. — About a foot high. Leaves broad and somewhat ob- lique. Flowers white, with a very long tube. Pursh. — The specimen in Mr. Lambert's herbarium, which is said to have been collected by Fraser (but we suspect there is some mistake as to the locality), is marked, perhaps by Mr. Don, " S. strigosa, Bot. mag.^'; a species which has been referred to the genus Crusea. 3. BORRERIA. Meyer, fl. Essequeh. p. 79 ; DC. prodr. 4. f. 540. Bigelovia, Spreng. syst, ; not Spreng. enfd., nor of Smith, nor of Raf. nor of DC, Calyx-tube ovate ; the limb persistent, 2-4-toothed. Corolla infundibuli- form or hypocrateriforra, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-cleft or undivided. Fruit dry, crowned with the teeth of the calyx, 2-celled ; the 2 one-seeded carpels separating from the apex downwards, and each dehiscing equally by a longitudinal chink along the inner surface. Seeds obovate-oblong, marked on the face with a longitudinal furrow. — Herbaceous or suflfrutescent (tropi- cal) plants. Leaves sometimes apparently verticillate from the fascicles in the axils. Stipules cohering with both petioles, fringed with several bristles* Flowers small, in axillary or terminal usually capitate whorls, blue or white. 1. B. wicrantha : annual; stem prominently 4-angled, glabrous; the nodes distant ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, scabrous above, nearly glabrous underneath ; bristles of the stipules 8-10, much longer than the scabrous sheaths ; whorls many-flowered, all of them axillary ; calyx- tube hispid ; corolla hypocrateriform, shorter than the calyx-teeth ; capsule ovate, membranaceous, crowned with the 4 spreading lanceolate-subulate calyx-teeth. Tampa Bay, Florida, Dr. Leavenworth ! — Stem 2 feet or more in length (erect?); the internodes about 2 inches long. Leaves 1-2 inches in length, and 2-3 lines wide, almost hispidly scabrous above. Whorls 40-50-flowered. Corolla white, scarcely a line long. Stamens very short. Style included, notched at the apex. Capsule at first splitting within the calyx-teeth con- trary to the dissepiment, and afterwards septicidally nearly to the base. Seed oblong, nearly terete, black, strongly pitted, with a narrow groove on the face. — In the mode of dehiscence, this plant resembles Hedyotis, one species of which (H. monosperma, Wight Sf Am.) has but a single seed in each cell. 4. DIODIA. Linn. ; GtBrtn.fr. t. 25 ; DC. j^-odr. 4. p. 561. Calyx-tube ovate or obovate, often 8-nerved ; the limb 2-4-parted. Corol- la infundibuliform or tubular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Stigma or style 2.-cleft or undivided, Fruit dry or sHghtly DiODiA. RUBIACE^. ^ 29 fleshy, crowned with the teeth of the calyx, 2- (rarely 3-) celled ; the 2 (or 3) one-seeded carpels separating from the apex downwards, both indehiscent. Seeds oval, peltate, flattish, marked with a shallow furrow on the face. — Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants (American, but chiefly tropical), with the habit of Spermacoce. Leaves often fascicled in the axils, so as to appear verticillate. Stipules usually fringed with bristles. Flowers small, white, axillary, solitary or several together. * Corolla somewhat hypocrateriform, toitk a long and very slender tube : style deeply 2- cleft ; fruit crowned with 2 {or 4 alternately smaller') calyx-teeth. 1. T>. Virginiana (Linn.) : perennial, herbaceous ; stem procumbent ; leaves varying from lanceolate-linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; bristles of the stipules longer than the sheaths ; flowers solitar}^ opposite ; tube of the corolla 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx-teeth, tubular, the liinb abruptly expanded; stamens exserted ; lobes of the deeply 2-cleft style filiform ; fruit ovoid or oblong, coriaceous, crowned with 2 (rarely 4 alternately smaller) lanceolate calyx-teeth. a. Linnrei : nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate ; fruit oblong, somewhat glabrous. — D. Virginiana, Linn. spec. 1. p. 104; Lam. ill. t. 63. D. Vir- ginica, Willd. spec. 1. p. 58 (excl. syn. Walt.) ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 105 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 190 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 562. Spermacoce Virginiana, A. Rich. mem. I. c. t. 4,/. 3. (i. latifolia : somewhat pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; fruit ovate, hairy. — D. Virginica, Michx.lji. \. p. 81. D. tetragona, Walt. Car. p. 87 ; Ell. sk. l.V- 190 ; DC. I. c. y. hirsuta : whole plant very hairy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, very acute ; fruit oblong— D. hirsuta, Pursh, f. l- p- 106 ; Ell sk. I. p. 191 ,• DC I. c. Damp soil, particularly along rivers, a. Sf li. Virginia I to East Florida! Alabama and Louisiana ! y. South Carolina, Elliott. Georgia, Pursh, Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! May-Oct. — Stem 1-2 feet long, somewhat quadrangular. Leaves 1-2 inches long: in /3. those of the branches much shorter and broader in proportion than the lower cauline ones ; in y. nearly all of equal length. Flowers nearly half an inch long. Corolla white ; the segments lanceolate-oblong, more or less hairy inside. Anthers linear. Capsule 2-3 lines long in a. and ji., 4-5 lines in y., marked with several strong longitudinal ridges. Seed oblong, plano-convex. Embryo nearly as long as the albumen : colyledons oblong : radicle inferior, slender. — We find so many intermediate forms between D. Virginica, tetragona, and hirsuta of authors, that we can scarcely distinguish them even as varieties. * * Corolla infundibuliform, vnth a loicle tube : style undivided : stigma capitate or 2- lobed : fruit crowiied loith 4 (^rarely 5) calyx-teeth. 2. D. teres (Walt.) : annual, ascending or procumbent ; stems pubescent or hairy ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate ; bristles of the stipules much longer than the fruit ; flowers solitary or 2-3 in each axil ; corolla much longer than the minutely serrulate-ciliate calyx-teeth; the stamens shorter than its lobes ; stigma large, 2-lobed ; fruit somewhat hairy, ovoid-turbinato and somewhat quadrangular, separating into 2 crustaceous carpels. — Walt. Car. p. 87; DC.! prodr. 4. j}- 562 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 104. Spermacoce diodina, Michx. ! fl. I. p. 82 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 85 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 189 ; Torr. t fl.l.p.170. Sandy fields. New Jersey! to Florida! and Louisiana! and west to Illi- nois! and the sources of the Cantidian River, Dr. James ! Aug.-Sept . Stem nearly terete, 4-16 inches high, much branched, clothed with a short 30 RUBIACEtE. Diodia. pubescence, and sprinkled with spreadino; hirsute hairs. Leaves about an inch long, pale, the mar2;ins and midrib ciliolate-scabrous. Corolla 3-4 lines long, white or pale red, s))rinkled with minute hairs under a lens. Anthers linear-oblong. Capsule (usually but one in each axil) about 2 lines long, much longer than the calyx-teeth. 3. D. tricocca : perennial, much branched, depressed ; stems somewhat hairy: leaves linear, with revolute margins; bristles of the stipules scarcely as long as the fruit; flowers glomerate in the upper axils; corolla scarcely exceeding the strongly hispid teeth of the calyx (often 3-lobed); the stamens about the length of the lobes : stigma small, capitate ; fruit obovate-globose, at first hispid, scarcely longer than the (4, rarely 5 !) conspicuous calyx- teeth, separating into 3 chartaceous carpels. Texas, Drummond .' — Plant resembling a small state of D. teres, 3-4 inches high, appaiently ]jerennial. Leaves smooth above ; the margins and midrib beneath somewhat hairy or his])id, at least when younn;. Flowers and fruit much smaller than in the preceding; the latter scarcely half the - size, and apparently alwaj's tricoccous, very hispid when young, as well as the lanceolate teeth of tlie calyx, with stout bristles; but the mature fruit is often nearly or quite glabrous ; the carpels roundish-obovate, flattened. — Our specimens do not exhibit the corolla in good condition: but all the flowers which we have examined present a 3-lobed corolla, 3 stamens, and a tricar- pellary ovary, while the teeth of the calyx are 4, or very rarely 5, in number. Probably these characters are not constant, but the species is very different from any with which we are ac(iuainted. Subtribe 2. Putorie^:, DC. — Flowers distiuct. Fruit somewhat fleshy or drupaceous, seldom bipartible. 5. ERNODEA. Swartz, jmclr. p. 29, S^-fl. Lid. Occ. j}- 223, t. 4; G^ertn. fr. t. 196, /. 6 ; A. Rich. mem. I. c. t. 15, f. 2; jDC.prodr. 4.^j. 576. Calyx-tube ovate ; the lobes of the 4-6 parted limb oblong-linear, acute, pubescent. Corolla hypocrateriform, with a somewhat quadrangular tube ; the lobes 4-6, lanceolate, revolute, valvate in ajstivation. Filaments in- serted into the upper part of the tube : anthers linear, exserted. Style fili- form, longer than the stamens : stigma emarginate. Fruit drupaceous, obovate or roundish, 2-celled, crowned with the long erect segments of the calyx, bipartible when mature ; the nuclei 1-seeded, cartilaginous, indehis- cent. Seeds peltate, flat and furrowed on the face. Embryo straight : cotyledons oval. — A suffrutescent and decumbent glabrous (West Indian) plant ; with sessile somewhat rigid lanceolate leaves. Stipules sheathing, many-parted. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, yellowish. Fruit yellow. E. littoralis (Swartz, 1. c.) — Knoxia, P. Browne, .Jam. j^--^^^- no. 1. Thy- melea, Sloane, lust. Jam. t. 169. Key West, Mr. Blodgctl! Southern Florida, Dr. Hassler ! — Stem 6-10 inches long, branching from the base, stout and rigid; the branches quad- rangular. Leaves mostly crowded towards the extremity of short branches, about an inch long, somewhat coriaceous or fleshy, very acute and mucronate, 3-nerved. Flowers small. Fruit with a thin and rather dry pulp, separable when ripe into 2 plano-convex portions, crowned with the long lanceolate foliaceous calyx-teeth. Cephalanthus. nVBlACEM. ■ 31 Subtribe 3. Cephalanthe^, DC. — Flowers and fruit sessile and densely aggregated on a globose receptacle. Fruit dry, 2-4-partible. 6. CEPHALANTHUS. Lirin. ; Lam. ill. t. 59 ; Gcertn.fr. t. 86. Calyx-tube obpyramidal ; the limb 4-toothcd. Corolla tubular, slender; the lobes of the 4-clpft limb erect, imbricate in sBstivation. Stamens 4, scarcely exserted. Style filiform, much exserted : stigma capitate. Fruit inversely pyramidal, coriaceous, 2-4-celled, separating from the base to the summit into 2-4 closed one-seeded portions. Seeds pendulous, conformed to the cell, crowned with a kind of corky arillus. Embryo straight, in the axis of somewhat cartilaginous albumen : cotyledons oblong, foliaceous : radicle slender. — Shrubs (American) ; with oval or lanceolate (opposite or ternate) leaves. Stipules short, distinct or somewhat united. Flowers densely aggregated in a globose head (the receptacle hairy) : the peduncles terminal and from the upper axils. Corolla white. — Button-Bush. Pond- Dogicood. 1. C orarfenteZis (Linn.) : mostly glabrous; leaves opposite and ternate, ovate or oblong-oval, acuminate, distinctly petioled, usually glabrous ; pe- duncles longer than the heads, usually ternate at the extrenjity of the branches. — Michx. ! fl. \. p.Sl ; '■'■Ditham. arb. t. 54, SchAuhr. liandh. t. 21, Sft. 5. (^-e./r." ; Pursh. fl. 1. p. 114,- Ell. sk. l.p. 186 ; Ton:! fl. 1. p. 164; Bart. Ji. Amer. Sept. 3. t. 91 ; Darlingt.ji. Cest. p. 98 ; DC. pirodr. 4. p. 538. (i. younger branches and lower surface of the leaves pubescent. Margin of swamps and wet thickets, Canada ! and Northern States ! to Georgia! Arkansas! and Texas ! (the northern plant usually glabrous; the southern more or less pubescent.) July-Aug. — Shrub 3-10 feet high, branched, with light spongy wood, and smooth bark. Leaves 3-5 inches long, more frequently opposite than ternate, feather-veined. Heads an inch in diameter, on ])eduncles about 2 inches long. Cal3'x-tube produced above the ovary ; the teeth obtuse, persistent. Corolla nearly half an inch Jong ; the limb somewhat funnel-form ; the lobes obtuse. Tribe IL COFFEEiE. DC. Fruit drupaceous, containing 2 one-seeded bony or crustaceous nucules ; which are flattish or grooved on the inner side, and often marked witli a furrow on the outer. Albumen horny or somewhat cartilaginous. Estivation of the corolla usually valvate. — Trees or shrubs. Stipules 2 between the petioles on each side, either distinct or combined. Flowers distinct, or in capitate involucrate fascicles. 7. CHIOCOCGA. P. Broivne, Jam. p. 174; Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 480; Gccrtn. fr. t. 26 ; A. Ilich, mem. I. c. p. 106 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 482. Calyx-tube ovate; the limb acutely 5-toothcd. Corolla campanulate-in- fundibulilbrm, 5-lobed ; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5: filaments in- serted into the base of the corolla, and scarcely cohering with it, somewhat monadelphous, pubescent: anthers linear, included. Style filiform, some- 32 RUBIACEjE. Chiococca. what clavate at the summit : stigma entire, or of 2 agglutinated lobes. Fruit fleshy, globose-compressed and somewhat didymous, crowned with the cah'x-teelh, including 2 oblong coriaceous nucules. Seeds suspended. Em- bryo straight, in the axis of somewhat cartilaginous albumen : radicle long and slender: cotyledons small. — Shrubs (tropical American), often with sarmentose branches. Leaves petioled, glabrous. Stipules connate. Flow- ers white or often turning yellowish, in axillary opposite racemes. (Root emetic, &c.) 1. C. racemosa (Jacq.) : leaves oval, acute at each end; corolla many times longer than the teeth of the calyx ; filaments pubcrulent. — Jacq. stir]}. Amer. p. 68 ; Michx. ! ji. 1. f. 103 ,• Andr. hot. rep. t. 284 ; Hook. ! exot. Jl. t. 93 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 482. (e. Floridana.) Jasminum flore myrtino, Sec, Shane, Jam. t. 188. /. 3. Periclymenum racemosum, &c., Dill. Elth.^ t. 228, /. 295. Lonicera alba, Linn, sj^ec. 1. p. 175. Sea coast of Florida, Michaux! Key West, Mr. Blodgett! (Also West Indian & Mexican.) — Leaves 2-3 inches long, and an inch or more broad, abruptly tapering at the base into a narrow petiole, somewhat shining above. Racemes in the "axils of the uppermost leaves, and exceeding them in length, usually simple ; the flowers somewhat secund, "at first white _ and inodor- ous, but at length yellowish and odorous". Fruit about the size of a pea, white. The branches are sometimes sarmentose ; the leaves somewhat va- riable in form, and often acuminate ; and the racemes either simple or pani- culate. — Snoivberry. 8. PSYCHOTRIA. Liiin. ; Gfertn. fr. t. 25; DC. j^rodr. 4. ^;. 504; W. S^-Arn. prodr. Lid. Or. 1. p. 432. Calyx-tube ovate ; the limb short, 5-lobed, 5-toothed, or somewhat entire. Corolla infundibuliform, usually short, 5- (or rarely 4-) cleft, regular, with the throat glabrous or bearded ; the Hmb spreading or recurved ; the seg- ments incurved at the point : a3stivation valvular. Stamens 5, or rarely 4 : anthers exserted or included within the throat of the corolla. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit drupaceous, containing 2 nucules, crowned with the limb of the calyx, usually marked with 10 ribs by drying; sometimes 4-angled and with four furrows, sometimes even ; nucules chartaceously coriaceous, ribbed, angled, or even, 1-seeded. Seed erect, with a cartilaginous solid (not rumi- nated) albumen.— Trees or shrubs, rarely herbaceous plants. Leaves oppo- site, petioled. Peduncles usually terminal. Flowers panicled or corym- bose. Am. 1. P. lanceolata {Nun.): leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end; the lower surface as well as the branchlets ferruginous-pubescent; stipules am- plexicaul, roundish, deciduous, sphacelate; corymb terminal, trichotomous at the base. DC.—Nutt. in Sill. jour. 5. p. 290 (1822) ; DC. prodr. 4. P- 513. , , ^ . East Florida, Mr. fFare.—" Leaves 2-3 inches long. Berries ovate, red." This is unknown to us. De Candolle remarks that he has seen a specimen collected by Michaux. We have insufficient specimens, apparently belonging to another species of Psychotria, collected in Florida by Dr. Leavenworth. MoRiwDA. RUBIACE^. 33 Tribe III. GUETTARDE^. Kunth. Fruit drupaceous, 2-8-cellecl, or containing 2-8 one-seeded nucules. Seeds somewhat terete, elongated, usually erect. Albumen mostly fleshy. Estivation of the corolla usually contorted or valvate.— Small trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs. Stipules between the pe^ tioles. Subtribe 1. Morinde^, DC. — Flowers and fruit aggregated in a dense head and more or less coherent with each other. ^Estivation of the corolla valvate. — Tropical shrubs or small trees. 9. MORINDA. Faill. ; Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 153 ; G(crtn. fr. t. 29. Calyx-tube obovate, cohering with the adjoining flowers ; the limb short, scarcely toothed. Corolla infundibuliform ; the tube somewhat terete ; the limb spreading, 5- (rarely 4-) lobed. Stamens 5 (rarely 4) : filaments short : anthers usually included. Style filiform : stigma 2-cleft ; the lobes filiform. Fruit baccate, containing 2-4 nucules, all usually concreted into a com- pound subglobose fruit, which is areolate with the traces of the calyx. Em- bryo terete, in a fleshy albumen. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, rarely 3 or 4 in a whorl. Stipules within the petioles, usually obtuse. Peduncles solitary or several together, axillary, opposite the leaves (from the suppres- sion of a leaf), or terminal. Flowers sessile upon a globose receptacle. (Bark of the root styptic and used for dyeing.) 1. M. Roioc (Linn.) : glabrous, procumbent at the base; leaves broadly oblanceolate, acute, gradually narrowed at the base into a short petiole ; stipules broad and very short, bimucronate ; peduncles short, axillary or opposite a leaf ; stamens somewhat exserted. — Linn. spec. 1. p.llQ; Jacq^ hort. Vindob. t. 16 ; DC. proclr. 4. p. 448. Royoc humifusum, Plumier^ s.en. p. 11, t. 26. Periclymenum Americanum, &c., Pluk. alm^ U 212, f. 4. Key West, Mr. Blodgett ! Common in the West Indies, &c. — Leaves 2-3 inches long, glabrous on both surfaces, except a pubescence in the axils of the larger veins underneath. Peduncles 4-6 lines long, usually opposite a leaf. Heads about half an inch in diameter. Flowers crimson. Subtribe 2. Mitchelle^. — Flowers solitary, or geminate with their ovaries united. iEstivation of the corolla valvate. Albumen somewhat cartilaginous or corneous. — Creeping evergreen herbs, natives of the northern and southern extratropical regions, and on mountains within the tropics. 10. MITCHELLA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 63; GeBrtn.fr. t. 192. Chamsedaphne, Mitch. ; not of Buxb. Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Limb of the calyx conspicuous, 4-toothed. Corolla infundibuliform, with a slender tube, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely hirsute or bearded within (as well as the throat) with white hairs. Stamens 4, somewhat included : filaments inserted into the VOL. II.-5 34 nVBlACEJE. BIitcuella. throat of the corolla : anthers oblong. Style filiform : stigmas 4, linear, somewhat exserted. Fruit baccate, oblate-globose, usually composed of the united ovaries of both flowers (one of them sometimes abortive, or want- ing ?) ; each of which contains 4 small corneous 1-seeded nucules. Embrj'o minute, at the extremity of somewhat cartilaginous albumen : cotyledons short ; the radicle thick. Glabrous creeping evergreen herbs (indigenous to North America, and perhaps to the mountains of Peru ?) with opposite ovate or roundish petioled leaves. Stipules triangular-subulate, minute. Flowers terminal, white or pale rose-color, odorous. Fruit bright red, edible, persistent. We have drawn the character exclusively from M. repens ; since it is doubtful whether M. ovata, DC. (which we have not seen,) belongs to this genus, ratlier than to Xertera. Does not the Nertera depressa, Banks (or rather Sulanckr), as left by De Candolle, include two or more species 1 1. M. repens (Linn.) : leaves roundish-ovate, often slightly cordate ; pe- duncle 2-flowered. — Linn. ! spec. 1. p. Ill ; Michx. ! ft. 1. p. 86 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 101 ,• Ell. sk. 1. p. 198 ; Torr..' fl. 1. p. 174 ; Bigel. ji. Bost. ed. 2. p. 62 ; Bart. fl. Amcr. Sept. t. 95, /. 1 ; DC. ! j>rodr. 4. p. 452 ; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Ain. 1. p. 287 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 105. Syringa bac- cifera, &c., Phik. amalth. t. 444, /. 2 ; Catesb. Car. 1. t. 20. Lonicera foliis subovatis &c. Gronov. ! fl. Virg. ed. 1. p. 22. Deep moist woods, about the roots of trees, Canada and throughout the United States! to Florida! and Louisiana! (Also in Mexico, ex DC.) June. (November to April in the Southern States. Ell.) — Stems slender, branching, 6-12 inches long. Leaves on slender petioles, half an inch or more in diameter, dark green and shining, usuall}^ with a pale longitudinal line, of a firm texture, turning blackish in drying. Corolla about half an inch long ; the limb sometimes 3-cleft (and then triandrous), occasionally 5-8-cleft, ijut never (we believe) with more than 4 stamens. Berries about a third of an inch in diameter, broader than long, crowned with the persistent teeth of two calyces, bright red, edible but insipid, persistent through the winter and until the plant flowers again. — Partridge-Berry. Subtribe 3. Euguettarde^, DC. (excl. gen.) — Flowers distinct. Es- tivation of the corolla usually contorted. Albumen fleshy. — Tropical trees or shrubs. 11. GUETTARDA. Linn. ; Vent, choix. i. 1 ; G(ertn.fr. 1. t. 36 ; A. Rich. mem. I. c. p. 121. Calyx-tube ovate or globose ; the limb tubular, persistent or deciduous, truncate or irregularly toothed. Corolla hypocrateriform ; the tube cylindri- cal ; lobes 4-9, oval-oblong. Anthers 4-9, nearly sessile in the throat of the corolla, linear. Stigma capitate, rarely 2-lobed. Fruit drupaceous, subglo- bose or ovate, usually crowned with the persistent limb of the cal3'x : endo- carp bony, obtusely angled, 4-9-celled; the cells 1-seeded. Seeds some- what terete. — Small trees or shrubs (mostly tropical American) ; with ovate or lanceolate, or rarely cordate leaves. Stipules lanceolate, deciduous. Pe- duncles axillary, once or twice dichotomous ; the flowers sessile in the forks and unilateral on the branches of the peduncle. GuETTARDA. RUBIACE^. 35 1. G. elliptka 1 (Swartz) : leaves ovate and elliptical, rather obtuse, mu- cronulate, hairy on both surfaces ; petioles short ; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves; cymes 2-cleft; flowers tetramerous ; tube of the corolla silkj^-hirsute, three times as long as the calyx; limb of the calyx at length deciduous. — Swarlz.frodr.f. 59? DC. prodr. A. p. 457? Key West, Florida, Mr. Blodgett.'—A shrub; the younger branches pu- bescent. Leaves 1-2 inches long, rather acute at the base, the lower surface more hairy than the upper: petiole 2-3 lines long. Peduncles sometimes rather longer than the leaves, twice or thrice dichotomous. Flowers about one- third of an inch long. Calyx truncate, often notched on one side of the orifice, with 2 subulate bracteoles at the base. Corolla dull crimson internally. Style filiform, included : stigma entire. Immature fruit ovate.— We have not seen authentic specimens of G. eUiptica, the species which a.grees most nearly with ours ; but it seems to diifer in the leaves being smoolhish above, and in the 2-lobed stigma. 12. ERITHALIS. P. Browne, Jam. t. 17, f. 3; Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 159; Geertn.fr. t. 26 ; A. Rich. mem. I. c. p. 133 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 465. Calyx-tube ovate ; the limb short, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, 5-parted ; the segments linear. Stamens 5 : filaments subulate, inserted in- to the base of the corolla : anthers linear-oblong. Style stout, as long as the filaments: stigma bilamellate, the lobes agglutinated. Ovary 5-10-celled, with a single pendulous ovule in each cell. Drupe globose, somewhat fleshy, sulcate, with 5-10 bony nucules.— Glabrous (chiefly West Indian) shrubs. Leaves petioled, somewhat coriaceous. Stipules persistent, short and broad. Flowers in paniculate cymes from the axils of the uppermost leaves. 1. E.fruticosa {liinxi.): leaves obovate ; panicles pedunculate ; fruit 8-10- sulcate, crowned with the truncate limb of the calyx. — DC. prodr. I. c. E. odorifera, Jacq. stirp. Amer. p. 72. t. 173, /. 23. Southern Florida, Dr. Leitner ! — Leaves about 2 inches long, obtuse, the lateral veins indistinct, abruptly tapering at the base into a short petiole. Stipules with a small mucronate point. Cymes 10-15-flowered : flowers odorous, crimson? Tribe IV. HAMELIEiE. A. Pdch., DC Fruit baccate, 3-many-celled ; the cells many-seeded. Albumen fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. Stipules between the (rarely verticillate) petioles. 13. HAMELIA. Jacq. stirp. Amer. p. 71. t. 50, c^ ic. rar. t. 335; Lam. ill. t. 155; Gcertn.fr. t. 191 (^•196. Calyx-tube oval ; the lobes 5, short, erect, acute, persistent. Corolla tu- bular, somewhat 5-angled, slightly 5-lobed at the summit ; tlie lobes equal, scarcely spreading. Stamens 5, inserted into the middle of the corolla, in- cluded : anthers oblong-linear. Stigma obtuse, somewhat 5-angled. Berry oval, 5-furrowed, 5-celled ; the cells membranaceous, many-seeded. Seeds minute, compressed. — Tropical American shrubs. Leaves often ternately or quaternately verticillate, petioled. Stipules one on each side, lanceolate- subulate. Flowers red or orange, showy, in di-trichotomous or scorpioid cymes. 36 RUBIACE^. Hamelia. 1. H. patens (Jacq.) : leaves ternate, oval-oblong, acuminate at each end, villous-pubescent underneath ; cymes colored, di-trichotomous, in a terminal pedunculate umbel ; corolla cylindrical. DC. — Jacq. stirp. Amer. I. c. ; Smith, exot. hot. t. 24 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 441. H. coccinea, Sivartz, prodr. p. 46. DuhameUa patens, Pers. syn. \. p. 203. Key West, Florida, Mr. Bennett! — A shrub 8-10 feet high, with a trunk 3-4 inches in diameter ; the younger branches minutely pubescent. Leaves 2-4 inches long, and an inch or more in diameter, somewhat glabrous above. Cymes usually forked, with the flowers sessile and unilateral on the divisions; the common peduncle trifid. Flowers bright red, very handsome. Berry about one-fourth of an inch long. Seeds oval, scrobiculate, only one (in our specimen) ripening in each cell. Tribe V. EUCINCHONEiE. (Cinchonacea;, DC.) Fruit capsular, 2-celled ; the cells many-seeded. Seeds winged. - Albumen fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. Stipules between the petioles, 14. EXOSTEMMA. DC. diss. 1806 ; A. Rich. mem. I. c. p. 280. Exostema, Pers. (§ of Cinchona), L. C. Richard. Calyx-tube obovate ; the limb 5-toolhed. Corolla with a long terete tube, the segments of the 5-parted limb linear, revolute, valvate in aestivation. Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla near the base, much exserted : anthers narrowly linear. Style filiform, clavate at the summit : stigma entire or somewhat 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, opening at the sunmiii by septici- dal dehiscence. Seeds flat, Avith a circular winged margin, retrorsely im- bricated. — Trees or shrubs of tropical America, (the bark febrifugal or some- what emetic ; but destitute of Quinia and Cinchonia, according to St. Hilaire), usually glabrous. Stipules one on each side. Peduncles axillary or terminal. 1. E. Carihreum (Rcem. & Schult.) : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous; pedicels axillary, 1-flowered, about the length of the petiole; teeth of the calyx very short.— -Rceni. 6f Schult. syst. 5. p. 18; DC frodr. A. p. 359. Cinchona Caribsea, Jacq. stirp. Amer. t. 179, /. 65, S^'ohs. 2. t. 17 ; Geertn.fr. t. 33 ; Lamb. Cinch, t. 4 ; Andr. Bot. rep. t. 481. C. Jamaicensis, Wright, in phil. trans. 67. p. 504, t. 10. Key West, Mr. Blodgett ! — A glabrous shrub. Leaves li-2 inches long, somewhat coriaceous. Stipules broad and very short, with a subulate point. Flowers crimson, odorous, showy. Pedicels half an inch long. Calyx-teeth rather acute. Corolla nearly 2 inches long; the tube about the length of the linear segments. Anthers half an inch in length and very slender. Style much exserted : stigma entire. — The bark of this plant is used in the West Indies as a substitute for Cinchona bark. 15. PINCKNEYA. Michx.fl. 1. p. 103, t. 13 ; A. Rich. mem. I. c. p. 277. Calyx-tube oblong-turbinate; four of the segments of the deciduous 5- parted limb linear-lanceolate, the fifth usually dilated into a large colored leaf. Tube of the corolla cyUndrical ; the lobes of the 5-parted limb linear- oblong, recurved-spreading, somewhat imbricate in estivation. Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla near the base, exserted : anthers oblong. Style fill- PiNCKNEYA. RVBIACEM. 37 form : stigma obtusely 2-lobed. Capsule subglobose, coriacco-chartaceous, 2-valved, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, horizontal, in a double series, flat, with a reticulated membranaceous wing. Embryo large, straight: cotyle- dons foliaceous, concave. — A large shrub or small tree; the young branches &c., hirsute-tomentose. Stipules one on each side, linear-subulate, cadu- cous. Flowers large, in small cymes, which are terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves. Corolla purplish inside, hirsute-canescent externally. P. puhens (Michx. ! 1. c.)—Michi: f. sylv. 1. p. 260, t. 49 ; Pursh,Jl. 1. p. 158 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 269 ; Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 137 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 366 ; Bart. ji. Arner. Sept. t. 7 ; Audubon, birds of Ainer. t. 165. P. pubescens, Gcerln. f. fruct. 3. p. 80, t. 194. Pinknea pubescens, Pers. syn. 1. p. 197. Cinchona Caroliniana, Poir. diet. 6. p. 40. Swamps, S. Carolina! to Middle Florida ! May-June. — Stems or trunks often clustered. Leaves oval, acute or acuminate at both ends, on short pe- tioles, nearly glabrous above, pubescent or somewhat tomentose beneath, 4- 8 inches long, and 3 or 4 broad. Limb of the calyx somewhat colored ; one (or sometimes two) of the segments dilated into an oval membranaceous (rose-colored) petioled leaf, two or three inches in length. Corolla an inch and a half long ; the segments shorter than the tube. Capsule about half an inch in diameter ; the dehiscence loculicidal and at length [)artly septicidal also. — This genus is doubtless sufficiently distinct from Musssenda, to which Jussieu joined it, and with which it accords in habit. The bark has the taste and medicinal properties of Cinchona, and probably contains the same or a new alkaline principle. Tribe VL HEDY0T[DE7E. Cham, [y Schlecht. Fruit capsular, 2-celled, usually loculicidal (rarely somewhat mem- branaceous and indehiscent) ; the cells several-many-seeded. Seeds wingless. Albumen fleshy. ^Estivation of the corolla mostly imbri- cated or contorted. — Herbs or shrubs. Stipules between the petioles, either one or two on each side, or frequently united with the petioles into a membranaceous sheath, which is often fringed with bristles, as in SpermacocecB. 16. HEDYOTIS. Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 62 ; A. Pack. mem. I. c. ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 286; W. Sy Am. prodr. Ind. Or. 1. p. 405; Endl. gen. p. 548, i^' iconogr. t. 89. Hedyotis, Houstonia, & Oldenlandia, Linn. — Anotis &c., DC. Calyx-tube ovate or globose; the limb 4- (rarely 5-?) toothed or cleft, persistent. Corolla infundibuliform, hypocrateriform , or rotate, 4- (rarely 5-?) lobed ; the lobes imbricate in aestivation. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted either in the throat or towards the base of the tube. Stigma usually 2-clcft or 2-lobed. Capsule globose, ovoid, or obcor- date, mostly coriaceous, the summit often free from and exserted beyond the calyx, 2-celled, opening across the summit by loculicidal dehiscence, and at length often slightly septicidal. Seeds few or numerous, on placentae (either ascending or horizontal) which project into each cell, with a reticulate-punc- tate or scrobiculate testa. — Herbs, or suffruticose plants. Sti])ules connate 38 E,UBIA.CE^. Hedtotis. with the petiole on both sides, entire, toothed, or sometimes fringed with bristles. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary, cymulose, or glomerate. Plant often turning blackish in drying. § 1. Corolla hypocrateri/orm ; the tube much longer than the teeth or segments of the calyx {which are distant in fruit) ; the limb glabrous: stamens and style diacio-dimor]ihous, i. e., the stamens in one plant inserted in or near the throat of the corolla, and often someivhat exsertcd, and then the style in- cluded ; in the other, the stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla near the base, and the style exsertcd : filaments short : anthers linear or oblong : capsule somewhat didymous or 2-lobed, the very broad summit free from the calyx, loculicidal : seeds several (8-20 in each cell), scroUculate or reticulated, oval or roundish, with a deep hollow on the face : small annual or sometimes perennial herbs : stipules entire, minute : peduncles axillary or terminal, one-floivered. — Houstonia, Linn. hort. Cliff. (Species of Anotis, DC, Am. ? Endl. Poiretia, Gmel. Panetos, Rqf. ?) The name Houstonia must be retained for whatever section shall include H. cjerulea, on which that o;enus was founded in the Hortiis Cliffortianus. This, if con- siderably extended, wovild probably include a large portion of De CandoUe's species of Anotis, but in a more restricted sense perhaps veiy few. Hedyotis (Anotis) gentianoides, Eiidl. icomgr. t. 89, certainly belongs to this section. 1. H. minima: annual, glabrous, at length dichotomous and depressed; leaves linear-spatulate, with a long attenuate base ; peduncles not exceeding the leaves; capsule obcordate, free only at the .summit ; seeds oval, nearly smooth, with a broad cavity on the face. — Houstonia minima. Beck, in Sill, jour. 10. p. 2G2. Banks of rivers and prairies of the South Western States. Near St. Louis, Mis9.ou\i, Beck, Dr. Engelmann! New Orleans, Nuttall ! Arkansas and Western Louisiana, Nuttall! Dr. Pitcher! Dr. Hale! March-May.— Plant less than an inch high when it begins to flower; when old 3-4 inches high, the peduncles becoming axillary or alar. Leaves 4-5 lines long, scarcely a line wide. Corolla rose-color or pale purple, large for the size of the plant, but smaller than in H. cajrulea ; the tube narrowed at the base, as long as the semiovate-oblong lobes, at length about thrice the length of the calyx-segments. Seeds 10-15 in each cell; the cavity of the face wider than in the following, with a longitudinal central ridge. 2. H. ceerulea (Hook.) : annual or biennial, glabrous; stems numerous, erect or spreading, dichotomous ; leaves oval-spatulate or oblanceolate, the radical and lower ones tapering to the base or somewhat petioled, usually minutely ciliate ; peduncles fifiform, elongated, spreading; capsule very broadly obcordate, free above the middle ; seeds roundish, scrobiculate. — Hoolc. ! fl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 28G ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 104 ; not of Wight K' Am. Houstonia cajrulea, Linn.! spec. 1. p. \0b ; Bat. mag. t. 370; Purshfi. 1. p. 106; Ell. sic. 1. p. 192; Torr. ! fi. 1. p. 172 ; Bart. fl. Amer. Sept. t. 34, f. 1. H. pusilla, " Schcqf, it. 2. p. 306" ; Gmel. syst. 1. p. 236. H. Linnrei a. elatior, Michx. ! fl. I. p. 85. Chamsejasme inodora Sec. Pluk. aim. t. 97, /. 9. /?. minor: smaller; the branches and peduncles divaricate or spreading; flowers smaller. — Hook. I. c. Houstonia Linnoei /3. minor, Michx. I. c. H. patens. Ell. I. c. Canada! (from lat. 48°) to Louisiana! on grassy banks, wet rocks dec. (3. Mostly in dry soil throughout the Southern States! April- (Feb. or March Hedtotis. RUBIACE^. 39 in the Southern States) Sept. — Stems 3-6 inches high, branching from the base, sparingly dichotomous. Radical leaves often minutely hispid on the surfaces as "well as the margin, usually 3-5 lines long. Peduncles 1-2 inches long in fruit. Corolla"4-5 lines long (in (3. often much smaller), blue or blue and white (someiimes all white), with a yellowish throat ; the tube 3 or 4 times longer than the oblong-lanceolate calyx-segments; the lobes somewhat ovate and acute, shorter than the tube. Capsule, when mature, more than half free, dehiscent down to the calyx. Seeds 8-] 5 in each cell ; the cavity of the face circular. — Dwarf Pink. Bluets. 3. H. scrpyJU folia: perennial, nearly glabrous ; stems numerous or cass- pitose, filiform, procumbent or creeping, elongated; leaves roundish-ovate, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, often slightly cordate, ciliolate ; peduncles terminal, very long ; lobes of the corolla about the length of the tube. — Houstonia serpyllitolia, Miclix. ! fl. \. p. 85 ; Pursh! fl. 1. p. 106. H. te- nella, Pursh, I. c. About springs, on the high mountains of Carolina, Michaux ! S^v. Moun- tains of North Carolina, Mr. M. A. Curtis! May. — The filiform stems, in the specimens of Mr. Curtis, are 6 to 10 inches long ; and the plant has quite the habit of Arenaria Balearica, as Michaux has remarked : the leaves, including the slender petioles, do not exceed 3 lines in length; the peduncles 1-2 inches long; the corolla about as large as in H. CEerulea, with the lobes broadly oval. We know not whether the root is really perennial. From the same region, Mr. Curtis has sent us specimens of H. ca^rulea (apparent- ly), with (he leaves nearly of the same shape and almost as disiinctly peti- oled, but they belong to a much stouter and nearly erect, or diffuse plant. — The prior Hedyotis serpyllifolia of Poiret, is referred to H. trinervia by Wight & Arnott. 4. H. rotund if olia : perennial; stems branched, creeping; leaves roundish or broadly oval, ciliate when young, thickish, abruptly narrowed into a short petiole; jieduncles axillary and shorter (and sometimes terminal and longer) than the leaves ; capsule free above the middle, very broad, emarginate, few-seeded ; seeds roundish, scrobiculate. — Houstonia rotundifoha, Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 85 ; Pursh ! I. c. ; Ell. I. c. Panetos rotundifolia, Raf. Anonymos procumbens, Walt. Car. p. 86. Poiretia procumbens, Gmel. syst. p. 263. Anotis (Panetos) rotundifolia, DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 433. Sandy soil, S.Carolina! to Florida! and Louisiana! flowering nearly all the year. — Leaves persistent, at length nearly glabrous, about half an inch long. Flowers (while Ell.) about as large as in H. c;crulea ; the pe- duncles nodding in fruit. Lobes of the corolla shorter than the slender tube. Capsule splitting almost to the base. — The Hedyotis rotundifolia of Sprengel is also referred to H. trinervia. § 2. Corolla infundibuliform, often hairy or villous inside ; the tube longer than the teeth of the calyx, which are distant in fruit : stamens and style dicecio-dimorphous, and alternately included' or more or less exserted {a& in § 1) : anthers linear: capsule subglolose or ovoid, the upper half free from the calyx : seeds rather fcio (4-15 in each cell) oval, with a deep hollow on the face: small erect perennial herbs, often corymboscly brajiclicd; sti- pules entire: flowers in terminal di-trlchotomous cy mules. — Abiphiotis, DC* (§ of Anotis.) * In De Candolle's sectional charactei-, the plirase " Corollre hypocratprimoi-phse" occurs : but the only species of the section is said to have an itfuiulil/idiform corolla. 40 RUBIACEjE. Hedtotis. 5. H. purpurea : stems erect or ascending, tetragonal, pubescent (at least when young) with spreading liairs ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile, 3-5-nerved from the base, glabrous or sprinkled with scattered hairs above, the veins of the lower surface and margins pubescent ; umbelliform cymules 3-7-flowered, often clustered ; Jobes of the cal3'x subulate-linear, three or four times the length of the tube, and manifestly longer than the subglobose capsule. — H. umbellata, Walt. Car. p. 85 ? Houstonia pur- purea, Lin?u ! spec. 1. p. 105 ; Pursh ! ji. 1. p. 167 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 193 ; Torr. ! jl.l. p. 173. H. varians, Miclix. ! fi. 1. p. 86, in part. H. pubes- cens, Raf. in med. repos. {hex. 2) 5. p. 361 ? Anotis lanceolata, DC. prodr. 4. pi. 433 ? /?. lobes of the calyx lanceolate-linear, almost equalling the corolla; leaves lanceolate. — Houstonia macrosepala, Nutt. ! mss. Hedyotis lanceolata, Poir. suppl. 3. p>. 14 ? Woods and river banks, Mar^'land ! Virginia ! Western Pennsylvania, and Ohio ! to Alabama ! Tennessee ! and Missouri ! May-July. — Stems, usually several from the same root, branching, about a foot high. Leaves 1-2 inches long, in size and shape not unlike those of Galium circKzans, rounded at the base, rather acute ; varying however to lanceolate; the upper surface either hairy or glabrous. Stipules ovate, scarious. Corolla purple, about 4 lines long, slightly hairy inside ; the tube usually longer than the lobes of the calyx. Stamens all exserted in some specimens, all included in others ; the filaments in the former case coherent with the tube of the corolla to the summit, but they may sometimes be partially detached without laceration. Capsule free only at the summit; the cells several-seeded. 6. H. ciliolata {Torr.) : stems usually numerous and somewhat caispitose, nearly glabrous ; leaves rather thick, obscurely 1-nerved ; the cauline ones oblanceolate or linear-oblong, mostly obtuse, sessile, minutely ciliale; the radical and lowest cauline ones oval-spatulate, tapering into a petiole, ciliate with rigid hairs ; cymules mostly 3-flowered, in corymbose clusters ; peduncles and pedicels short ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate-subulate, about the length of the subglobose capsule. — Torr.! in Spreng. cur. post. p. 40 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 422 ; Hook. I. c. Houstonia ciliolata, Torr. ! fi. 1. p. 174. H. Canadensis, Mold, in herb. Wdld. ! H. serpyllifolia, Graham, in hot. mag. t. 2882, not oi Michx. Banks of rivers and lakes, Canada {Pursh ! in herb. Lamb.), Michigan ! Falls of Niagara! and on the shore of Lake Ontario! nearly confined to limestone formations. Kentucky, Dr. Short! May-July. — Stems 4-6 inches high, often with slightly margined angles. Radical leaves in rosu- late tufts, somewhat coriaceous ; the cauline pairs rather few and distant, shorter and broader than in H. longifolia : the flowers much more numerous than in that species, clustered, lilac or pale purple. Stipules scarious, round- ish, rather large. Calyx-lobes about half the length of the tube of the corolla. Capsule about half free ; the cells 8-9-seeded. 7. H. longifolia (Hook.) : glabrous ; stems erect, 4-angled with decur- rent lines; leaves linear or oblong-linear, acute or obtuse, tapering to the base, 1-nerved ; the radical ones oval or oblong, narrowed into a petiole ; cvnmles 2-3-flowered, somewhat paniculate ; the pedicels at first short, at length nearly equal and longer than the fruit ; lobes of the calyx subulate- lanceolate, mostly longer than the tube, but shorter than, or scarcely exceed- ing, the subglobose capsule. — Hook.! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 286. (excl. syn. Miclix.) Houstonia longifolia, Geertn. Jr. \. p. 226, t. 49, /. 8 (fruit); Willd. ! spec. 1. p. 583 ; Ell. I. c; torr. ! I. c ; Bigcl. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 53; Hook. hot. mag. t. 3099. H. angustifolia, Pursh! fi.. 1. p. 106, not of Michx. (3. tenuifolia: stem and numerous divaricate branches very slender; Hedyotis. RUBIACE^. 41 peduncles and pedicels filiform ; flowers small. — Houstonia tenuifolia, Nutti gen. 1. p. 287. Shady banks &c., Canada ! (from the Saskatchawan) and Northern and Western States ! to the upper and middle country of the Southern States ! 0. Ohio I and mountains of N. Carolina ! and Tennessee to Arkansas ! June-July. — Stems 5-10 inches high, usually numerous from the same root, obscurely 4-sided, but with the angles, or 2 of them, margined with very narrow sharp decurrent lines. Leaves 9—15 lines long, 2-3 lines broad, gla- brous, or the margins very slightly scabrous. Stipules scarious, small, ovate or triangular. Flowers rather smaller than in the preceding, pale purple of nearly white. Corolla much longer than the lobes of the calyx. Capsule nearly half free ; the cells about 10-seeded. Stamens and style varying in- versely, as in the preceding species. — This is probably distinct from H. pur- purea, the narrow-leaved forms of which sometimes approach it very nearly ; although the length of the calyx-lobes is perhaps not absolutely invariable. It seems to pass insensibly into the H. tenuifolia, Nutt. ; which is, however, a remarkably slender plant, with more distant narrowly linear leaves, and very slender and spreading branches and pedicels, the latter several times longer than the (about 8-seeded) fruit. 8. H. stenophylla : slightly suflTruticose at the base, glabrous ; stems erect or assurgent, much branched ; leaves very narrowly linear, often with smaller ones fasciculate in the axils, 1-nerved, acute, tapering to the base ; flowers very numerous, in 3-4 times di-trichotomous cymules, corvmbose at the extremity of the branches ; pedicels short, the central flower of each cluster almost sessile ; lobes of the calyx subulate, as long as the tube ; cap- sule turbinate. — Houstonia angustifolia, Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 85. (not Hedyotis angustifolia. Cham. &f ScMecht.) H. fruticosa & H. rupestris, Raf. ! vionogr. Houst. tn ann. gen. 1820. (not Hedyotis rupestris, Sicartz.) Banks of rivers, and prairies; sea-coast of Florida, Mlchaux ! (Georgia? Elliott !) lo Kanlucky \ Missouri! Louisiana! Arkansas! and Texas! June-* July. — Stem 10 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves an inch or more in length. Flowers very numerous, usually fastigiate-corymbose, pale purple : the tube of the corolla thrice the length of the calyx-teeth (which are furnished with a few very minute bristly hairs) ; the oblong segments and throat very villous inside. Filaments and style either exserted or included inversely, as in the other species of the section. Capsule small, acute at the base ; the summit only free. Seeds 5-10 in each cell, oval, black. — Readily distinguished by its turbinate fruit. In the other species of this section, the pedicels (2-7) are equal or nearly so, and more or less elongated in fruit : in this, the central flower of each cymule is nearly sessile. § 3. Corolla rotate, much shorter than the lanceolate teeth of the calyx, which are spreading and with the sinuses acute in fruit : stamens and style very short : anthers roundish-ovate : capsule ovoid, wholly coherent with the tube of the calyx, loculicidally dehiscent across the summit : seeds very numerous and minute (50-60 in each cell), angular : herb perennial, with the habit of Spermacoce or Diodia : stipules mostly bimucronate or bisetose on each side : flowers solitary or 3-4 together in the axils of the leaves, almost sessile. — DiODELLA. 9- H. Boscii (DC.) : herbaceous, or sufTrutescent at the base, much branched, diffuse, glabrous; branches slender; leaves linear, acute at each end, obscurely 1-nerved; stipules very small; flowers on very short pedi- cels ; teeth of the calyx triangular-subulate, spreading or recurved, shorter VOL. II.-6 42 RUBIACEiE. Hedtotis. than the slightly compressed roundish-ovoid fruit. — DC! inodr.^. p 420; Hook.! cojnpan. to hot. mag. \. p. 48. Borders of ponds and streams, and in open grounds, Carolina {Bosc !) to Louisiana, Tainturier ! Drummond ! Dr. Carj^enter ! Alexandria, Dr. Hale! and on the banks of the Sabine, Dr. Leavemcorth ! July-Sept. — Stems 6- 10 inches long. Leaves about an inch in length. Flowers minute; the fruit scarcely more than a line long, minutely scabrous, crowned with the rather short calyx-teeth. Corolla (purplish, Leavemcorth,) with scarcely any tube. The plant turns blackish in drying. — Somewhat intermediate between the sections Scleromitrion & Oldenlandia of Wight & Arnott. § 4. Corolla rotate, much shorter than the teeth of the calyx, which are erect in fruit, with the sinuses acute : stamens scarcely longer than the lohcs of the corolla : anthers subglohose : style nearly none : stigmas oblong, ohtuse : capsule globose-compressed, wholly coherent loith the tube of the calyx, emarginate, loculicidally dehiscent across the summit: seeds very numerous and minute (60 or more in each cell), angular : herb annual, %vith the habit of Elatine : stipules hisubulate on each side : flowers solitary or mostly glomerate in the axils of the leaves. — Elatinella. This and the pi'eceding sections should probably be considered mere divisions of the subgenus Oldenlandia, whenever that group shall be definitely characterized. 10. H. glomcraia (Ell.) : stems difTuse or somewhat erect, hirsute-pubes- cent, branching : lea\'es oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, or slightly petioled, nearly glabrous ; flowers mostly glomerate in the axils ; tube of the calyx hirsute, shorter than the ovate or oblong foliaceous lobes.— K/. sk. 1. p. 187 ; Torr. ! ft. 1. p. 171 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 421. H. auricularia, Walt. Car. p. 85, not of Linn. H. uniflora. Lam. 1 H. glomerata & H. Virginica, Spreng. syst. 1. p. 412. Oldenlandia imiflora, Linn.! spec. 1. p. 119. O. glomerata, Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 83,- Pursh, fl. 1. p. 102. Margin of swamps, and especially brackish marshes. New York ! and New Jersey! to Florida! and Louisiana! June-Oct. — Stem 2-18 inches high. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, often slightly pubescent, some- what 3-nerved at the base, slightly veiny. Stipules on each side cleft near- ly to the base into 2 subulate divisions, which are as long as the petioles or narrowed base of the leaves. Flowers small, seldom solitary or three to- gether, and then })edicellate, usually in small dense clusters. Corolla many limes shorter than the limb of the calyx, white ; the lobes semiovate. The plant does not turn blackish in drying. § 5. (An gen. ?) Flotvers pentamerous : corolla infundihuliform, 5-lobed, somewhat longer than the 5 lanceolate-subulate teeth of the calyx, which are erect in fruit, with the sinuses obtuse ; stamens 5, included, inserted towards the base of the corolla : anthers oblong : style as long as the stamens : cap- sule turbinate, wholly coherent ivith {and rather shorter than) the tube of the calyx, loculicidal at the summit : placentee pedicellate from the middle of die septum, horizontal: seeds very numerous, angular: herb jierennial, dichoto- inous : stipules 2— ^-subulate on each side : flowers axillary, someichat cyiU' ulose. — Pentotis. 11. H Halei: glabrous; stem diffuse, dichotomous ; leaves oval-oblong, Hedyotis. RUBIACEiE. 43 somewhat fleshy, rather acute, narrowed into a slight petiole ; cymules 3-5- flowered, scarcely pedunculate ; shorter than the turbinate capsule. Red River, near Alexandria, Louisiana, Dr. Hale! — Stems 8-10 inches long, branched from tlie base. Leaves an inch to an inch and a half long, half an inch broad, shining underneath. Stipules broad, connate with the petioles, membranaceous, truncate, witli 2-4 short subulate appendages on each side. Pedicels scarcely longer than the calyx. Corolla while, about twice the length of the calyx-teeth. Lobes of the stigma linear-oblong, hairy. Seeds minutely roughened. — This plant appears to accord with Hedyotis (Oldenlandia), except in its pentanierous flowers. Houstonia grandiflora, pusilla, & ciliata, Baf. monogr. Houst., in ann. sd. gen. 1820, (his subgenus Edrissa, which coiTCsponds to Houstonia proper,) are doubt- less synonyms of H. cserulea. Houstonia obtusifolia, oblongifoUa, and hetei'ophylla, Ji(7f. I. c. belong doubtless to H. longifblia and H. ciliolata. Suborder III. LOGANIE^E. jR. Br. (Loganiaceae, Lindl., Endl. in part.) Leaves opposite. Stipules between the petioles, sometimes nearly obsolete. ^Estivation of the corolla valvate or convolute. Ovary free from the persistent calyx, or nearly so. — Shrubs or herbs, natives of warm or tropical regions. In thus appending Logania and its nearest allies to Rubiaceas (which seems in- evitable when we compare Ophiorhiza with Mitreola, a portion of Hedyotis with CoelostyUs, &c.), we tiiist we are following the indications thrown out by the most profound botanist who proposed the order or tribe {Appx. to Flinders, 2. p. 564, and Tackeifs Congo, p. 418) ; although it is still no less true than when Mr. Brown first made the remark, that there are no satisfactory chai-acters known to distinguish RubiaccK from Apocynacese. 17. CCELOSTYLIS. Torr. <^- Gr., in Endl. decad., Sficonogr. t. 101. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla infundibuliform ; the limb 5-cleft, val- vate in EEStivation, the margins slightly reduplicate. Stamens 5, inserted near the middle of the tube, included : anthers oblong-linear. Ovary 2- celled, free from the calyx, seated on a small 2-lobed disk: ovules 10 or more in each cell, peltate, covering the somewhat projecting placentas, which arise from near the base of each cell: style included : the lowerportion solid, persistent; the upper half membranous, tubular, deciduous by an articula- tion ; the summit cylindrical-subclavate, villous with rigid collecting hairs : stigma undivided. Capsule didymous, composed of two subglobose rather coriaceous carpels, which at length separate from each other and from the indurated disk, opening elastically by loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds 6-8 on each globose placenta, wingless, angular, scrobiculate. Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy albuirien, almost straight : cotyledons oblong. — Her- baceous, probably perennial plants (natives of Florida and Texas), with somewhat angular stems. Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, somewhat veined, slightly petioled, wijh small entire stipules between the petioles. Flowers small, solitary or somewliat cymulose, axillary, dichoto- mal, and terminal. 44 RtJBlACEJE. C(elostylis. This genus was characterized and published by the accomplished Endlicher, from an insufficient specimen of the Florida plant, the fruit of which is still a desideratum. But a second species of the genus fortunately occurs in Drummond's Texan Col- lection {no. 321 of 3/v/. coll.), from which we have completed its carpological histoiy. — The venation of the corolla is somewhat curious, although nearly the same as in many Rubiacese. There are about 20 primaiy veins, three of which are continued into each segment and somewhat ramified towards its summit : there is also a vein corresponding with each sinus, occupying the situation of the primary veins in Com- positse, and forked near the sinus in the same manner, one division passing into each segment and coursing near the margin, but disappearing by ramification before it reaches the summit. — The nearest alliance of Coelostylis is perhaps with Logania § Stomaudra, R. Br. ; from which it differs abundantly in the cestivation of the co- foUa, and the insertion of the stamens. 1. C. loganioides (Torr. & Gr. 1. c.) : leaves ovate and obovate, some- what coriaceous ; the upper surface with the margins and tlie summit of the stem somewhat pnbenilent-scabrous. Near Fort King, Florida, Dr. Burrows ! — Stem, or branches, slender, 6- 10 inches long, ascending, glabrous except the upper part and about the nodes, somewhat 4-angled by lines decurrent from the leaves; two of the angles more distinct. Leaves about half an inch long, scarcely petioled, rather obtuse, marked with a few strong oblique veins. Flowers apparently three together at the summit (the central one on a short pedicel), or solitary and axillary- Sepals almost distinct, linear-subulate, less than half the length of the corolla, minutely serrulate under a lens. Corolla about 4 lines long, glabrous, probably white: the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuiish. Fila- ments scarcely longer than the anthers: pollen triangular. Ovary ovoid, Fftiit unknown. 2. C. Texana : leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, membranaceous, glabrous; .stem dichotomous at the summit. Texan, Drummond ! — Stem ascending, 12-18 inches high, 4-angled with decurrent lines, di-trichotomous at the summit, often bearing 4 leaves in a whorl at the first bifurcation. Leaves 1-2 inches long, 6-8 lines wide, rather acute at each end ; the veins few and nearly simple. Siijiules ovate, those near the base of the stem almost obsolete. Flowers dichotomal or terminal, solitary or three together : the central ones on very short pedicels. Calyx, corolla, stamens, and style as in the preceding species, except that the hairy portion of the latter is shorter. Capsule about 3 lines wide, composed of two globose glabrous cocci, which cohere by a small portion of their face, separa- ting from each other at maturity, and from the indurated disk, which, with the calyx, remains attached to the summit o.f the pedicel. Seeds strongly pitted. 18. MITREOLA. Linn. hort. Cliff.; R. Br. prodr. 1. p. 450 (note); A. Rich, in mem. soc. hist. nat. Par. 1. t. 3. Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Linn. spec. — Cynoctonum, Gmel. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla urceolate-infundibuliform, exceeding the calyx, bearded in the throat ; the lobes of the 5-parted limb ovate, 3-nerved. Sta- mens 5, included, inserted into the lower part of the tube of the corolla : an- thers roundi.sh. Ovary 2-celled, coherent with the calyx at the base : styles short, separate at the base, united above: stigmas also united, small. Cap- sule alinost entirely free from the calyx, 2-horned or deeply 2-lobed, mitre- shaped, 2-celled, each lobe dehiscent near the suminit by the ventral suture: placentas stipitate from near the summit of the dissepiment, many-seeded. Seeds very small, oval, anatropous, minutely scrobiculate under a lens. Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy albumen, straight : radicle cylindri- MiTREOLA. RUBIACEiE. 45 cal : cotyledons short, ovate. — Annual glabrous herbs (natives of tropical America and the Southern United States), with opposite oval or lanceolate leaves, and very small entire stipules between the petioles. Flowers small, Avhite, in terminal scorpioid cymes. Mitreola appears to differ from Mitrasacme, LahiU. chiefly in its pentamerous flowers. — In both species of this genus, and also in Polj^iremum, the pollen-tubes are often so copious, even in dried specimens, as to fasten the anthers strongly to tlie stigiua. 1. M. petiolata: leaves membranaceous, lanceolate or oval-oblong, acute, narrowed at the base into a petiole. — Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Linn. spec. 1. p. 150; Swartz, obs. p. 59, t, 3,/. 2. O. lanceolata, Ell.! sk. I. p. 238. Anonymos petiolata, Walt. Car. p. 108. Cynoctonum petiolatum, Gmel. syst. p. 4. Damp shady soil, Virginia ! to Florida! and west to the borders of Texas! June-Sept. — Stem 1-2 feet high, .somewhat branching. Leaves 1-3 inches long. Peduncles terminal and from the axils of the upper leaves, once or twice dichotomous or trichotomous : the flowers subsessile and unilateral along the somewhat circinate divisions, and solitary in the forks. Bracts minute, subulate, one to each flower. Capsule exactl3'^ mitre-shaped ; the lobes somewhat flattened anteriorly and posteriorly, slightly pointed, diverg- ing, and then often somewhat convergent near the summit, each opening by a small chink in the ventral suture near the summit. 2. M. sessilifolia : leaves firm or slightly coriaceous, ovate or roundish, sessile; the veins conspicuous beneath. — Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Michx. ! fl. I. p. 148 (partly) ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 139 ; Ell.! sk. 1. p. 237. O- ovalifo- lia, Mulil. cat. p. 20. O. Croomii, Curtis! pi. Wilmingt. in Bost. jour, nat. hist. \. 'p. 128. Anonymos sessilifolia, Walt.! Car. p. 108. Cynocto- num sessilifolium, Gmel. I. c. (3. angustijhlia : leaves lanceolate-elliptical, closely sessile, obscurely veined. Damp shady .soil, and wet banks of rivers, South Carolina! Georgia ! and Alabama! /^. Middle Florida, J9/-. Chapman! .June-Aug. — Stem 12-18 inches high, somewhat quadrangular, simple, or sometiiues branched from the base, or slightly so at the summit. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, often nearly round, very obtuse at the base, and closely .sessile. Stipules very small, those of the lower leaves indistinct. Peduncles and iuflore.scence, flowers. &c. nearly as in the preceding species, the flowers perhaps closer and more nearly sessile. ^Estivation of the corolla slightly imbricated ? — We have resumed the specific names of Walter, the first botanist who dis- tinguished the two species. It is Achille Richard, if we mi.stake not (for we do not possess his paper on the subject), wlio has proposed the name of M. ophiorhizoides ; but, as he has followed Michaux, who considered the two plants as mere varieties, we know not to which species this name, if adopted, should be apjilied ; perhaps to M. sessilifolia, which appears to be the plant Michaux had chiefly in view, while the other species is the original Ophio» rhiza Mitreola. 19. ? POLYPREMUM. Linn., in act. Ups. (1741) t. 78 ,• La7n. ill. t. 71 ; Geertn. Jr. t. 62 ; Juss, in ann. mus. Par. 5. p. 255, Sfmem. mus. 6. p. 382 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 435. Symphoranthos, Milch. Calyx deeply 4-parted ; the divisions subulate from an ovate base, with Bcarious margins. Corolla somewhat rotate, not longer than the calyx ; the 46 RUBIACE^. POLTPREMUM. throat bearded ; the lobes of the 4-parted Hmb sliglitly unequal, oval. Sta- mens 4, inserted into the tube of the corolla towards the base, included: an- thers subglobose. Ovary coherent merely with the base of the calyx, 2- celled : style extremely short : sligma ovoid (large), entire. Capsule ovoid, shorter than the persistent calyx, slightly compressed and didymous, 2-celled, 2-valved, loculicidal : placentas oblong, ascending from near the base of the dissepiment, many-seeded. Seeds minute, angled, diaphanous. " Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen." Gtertn. — A glabrous dichotomously much branched and diffuse annual herb, rather rigid ; with opposite subulate- linear leaves, connected on each side by an obscure stipular membrane. Flowers small and inconspicuous, solitary and sessile in each fork of the branches, and terminal, subtended by one or two pairs of subulate bracts. Corolla white. P. procumhens (Linn. 1. c.) — Pursh, fi. 1. p. 99; Ell. sJc. 1. j^- 200; DC. ! I. c. P. Linnaii, Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 83. Dry fields and pastures, Virginia ! to Florida ! Key West ! and Louisi- ana ! May-Sept. — Stems numerous, procumbent or somewhat erect, 6-12 inches long ; the angles minutely scabrous. Leaves about an inch long, very minutely serrulate-scabrous on the margins, often fascicled in the axils. Bracts similar to the upper leaves. Sepals with a green and rigid midrib and subulate point, the border broad and scarious. Throat of the corolla densely bearded : the 2 upper ? lobes slightly shorter, and perhaps a little divergent from the lower. Stamens equal. Capsule between crustaceous and coriaceous ; the placentte oblong, nearly the length of the cells, covered throughout with the very numerous seeds. OiiDER LXXIV. VALERIANACE.E. DC. Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary ; the limb various, some- times forming a plumose pappus, occasionally obsolete. Corolla tubu- lar-infundibuliform or obconical, often gibbous anteriorly or spurred ; the limb mostly 5-lobed, imbricate in aestivation. Stamens distinct, inserted into the corolla, sometimes 5, more frequently 3 or 4 (the pos- terior only, or this and one of the lateral ones being suppressed), rarely 2 or reduced to a single one (the posterior) : anthers introrse. Ovary mostly 3-cclled, two of the cells empty, the third containing a solitary suspended ovule : style filiform : stigmas 2-3, or united into one. Fruit membranaceous or coriaceous, indehiscent, 1 -celled, or frequently 3-celled with 2 of the cells empty, sometimes 2-celled by the confluence of the empty cells, 1 -seeded. Seed anatropous, with a membranaceous testa, destitute of albumen. — Herbs or sometimes shrubs ; the perennial species with thick and odorous roots or rhizomas. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, simple or divided. Flowers in dichoto- mous cymes, at first often glomerate, frequently corymbose or panicu- late. Corolla white, rose-color, or blue, rarely purple or yellow. Valeriana. VALERIANACE^. 47 1. VALERIANA. Tourn. ; Linn. (excl. spec); Neck. clem. 1. p. 122 ; DC. mem. Valer., S^'prodr. 4. p. 632. Limb of the calyx involute after flowering, at length evolute, forming a plumose pappus of numerous setae, deciduous. Corolla obconical, or with a cyUndraceous tube, sometimes gibbous, but not spurred at the base; the limb obtusely 5- (rarely 3-4-) cleft, regular. Stamens 3. Fruit 1 -celled when mature (with no vestiges of the abortive cells), 1-seeded. Perennial herbs or sometimes shrubby plants, with divided or undivided leaves. Flow- ers cymose, the dichotomal flowers sessile ; the cymules often paniculate or glomerate. Bracts usually opposite. Corolla white, sometimes bluish or rose-color. Our species are all tme Valerians (§ Phu, DC), and are perennial herbs. * Stems climbing or twining. 1. V. scandens (Linn.): herbaceous, glabrous, climbing and twining; leaves on slender petioles, ternately divided ; the divisions ovate or oblong- ovate, entire, the terminal one largest, mostly acuminate ; flowers (srnall) in dichotomous difluse or divaricate paniculate cymes, axillary and terminating the branches ; corolla very short ; fruit glabrous or slightly hairy, 3-nerved on one side, 1-nerved on the other. — Linn. spec. {ed. 2) 1. p. 47; Willd. spec. 1. p. 180 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 634. Florida, Baldwin ! Dr. Leavenworth ! — Stem slender, branching, climb- ing to the height of 4 or 5 feet. Leaves membranaceous. * * Stem erect : root or rhizoma somewhat creeping, fibrillose. 2. V. sylvatica (Herb. Banks.): glabrous; stem slightly striate, simple ; radical leaves ovate or oblong-spatulate, entire, or rarely with 2 small auri- culate lobes, on slender petioles ; cauHne ones pinnately divided ; the divi- sions lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or obscurely serrate, the terminal one larger; flowers all perfect and similar, numerous, in a compact cyme; lobes of the stigma 2-3, minute ; fruit ovoid, compressed, glabrous — ■ Richards.! in appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 2; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 291. V. dloica, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 727. /?. uliginosa : leaves ciliate ; the surface also (as well as the stem) often minutely pubescent ; the terminal division frequently toothed. — V. sylvati- ca? Beck! hot. p. 164. Newfoundland, Banks ! On Clear-water R,iver, in Subarctic America, Richardson ! Prairies of the Rocky Mountains, (in about lat. 52° ?) Drum- mond! /3. In swamps, Fairhaven, Vermont, Dr. Bobbins! Beck! Prof. Tully! Wayne County, New York, Dr. Sartivell ! Near Pontiac, Michi- gan, Mr. George P. Williams ! June-July. — Root having the odor of V., officinahs. Plant 10-24 inches high. Divisions of the cauline leaves 5-11,. varying from oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, mostly acute. Corolla short,, obconical, gibbous at ihe base, rose-color. — The flowers of the northern plant (var. a.) are no larger than those of V. dioica of Europe (to which Hooker thinks the species is probably too nearly allied) ; but the plant from the United States, besides the diflerences already indicated, has rather larger flowers : the cyme, at first glomerate, is at length open and somewhat ])an- iculate. The fruit of the northern plant is unknown to us ; in that of the United States it is glabrous, narrowly oblong-ovate, 3-nerved on one side, and 1-nerved on the other. The leaves in tlie specimens communicated by- Mr. Williams are pubescent throughout. 48 VALERIANACE^. Valeriana. 3. V. ■paudfiora (Michx.) : glabrous ; stem simple, slender, often decum- bent at the base and surculose ; radical leaves ou slender petioles, ovate, cordate, acuminate, crenate-toothed, sometimes ternately divided, with the lateral divisions small ; cauline leaves pinnately 3-7-divided ; the divisions ovate or oblong-ovate, often periolulate, acute or acuminate, mostly- serrate ; cymules few-flowered, paniculate ; tube of the corolla long and slender' with a minute gibbosity at the base ; fruit elliptical, flat, minutely pubescent along the middle, marked on one side with 3 closely approximate, on the other with 3 distant nerves.— iVizc/ix. / fl. I. p. 18 ; Null.! gen. I. p. 20 ; DC. frodr. 4. p. 638. Alon^ the Alleghany Mountains, from Virginia ! to Tennessee ! and m the We'stern States ! June-July.— Stem 1-3 feet high. Leaves thin and membranaceous. Corolla pale pink, 8 lines to near an inch in length. 4. V. capitata {WiWA.): glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes of the erect simple stem ; radical and lower cauline leaves on slender petioles, either simple (and ovate or broadly oval, obtuse), or pinnately 3-5-divided ; the di- visions broadly oval, sinuate-toothed, repand-crenulate, or often entire, the terminal one largest ; the upper cauline leaves somewhat sessile, undivided or often ternately parted ; the divisions (or leaves) oblong or ovate-oblong, mostly acute, serrate-toothed or entire; cyme glomerate or often capitate; bracts filiform-linear, elongated ; corolla gibbous on one side, at first short ; the tube at length elongated; fruit ovate-oblong, compressed, very glabrous, 2-3-nerved on one sid^e, 1-nerved on the other. — " Willd. herb. ; Ram. ■., in the South^n-n States ! /3. Illinois, Dr. Short! 6. Kentucky, Dr. Short! July-Aug.— 21 Stem tall (6-12 feet, Nutt.) and stout. Cyme usually dense and fastigiate, or sometimes loose and spreading. Flowers (except in var. 6.) bright purple. Pappus either pale or purple. — This species varies greatly in the size of its heads, and in the cymes : it is distinguished by its closely appressed and inappendiculate (usually rounded) involucral scales; the tips of which are mostly ]iurple. The leaves, in one of the forms with small loosely disposed heads, are often ratlier broadly lan- ceolate, and 6 to 8 inches long. 6. V. Jamesii: stem nearly glabrous, striate, corymbose at the summit; leaves (upperones) narrowly lanceolate, elongated, sessile, glabrous, 1-nerved, entire, both sides puncticulate; cyme corymbosc-fastigiate ; heads (about 40) 15-20-flowered, rather large ; involucre oblong-campanulate or turbinate, acute at the base, shorter than the pappus ; the scales all appressed, lanceo- late-ovate, acuminate or somewhat mucronate, ciliate ; achenia glabrous, shorter than the pappus ; the exterior chaffy pappus very indistinct. — V. al- tissima? /3. marginala, Torr. ! in ann. lye. NeivYork, 2. p. 210. On the Arkansas? Dr. James! — The specimen is imperfect, consisting only of a branch or the summit of a stem ; but it is abundantl}' different from any other N. American species. The heads are half an inch in length, more elongated than usual ; the scales bordered with an arachnoid web, as in many other species, and greenish, with reddish tips. The corymbose branches of the inflorescence bear 3 to 7 heads, which are mostly on slender pedicels. Vernonia. COMPOSITiE. 59 6. V. angustifolia (Michx.) : stem slender, simple or branched, hairy be- low; leaves numerous, sessile or nearly so, linear or narrowly lanceolate, often pubescent especially on the midrib beneath ; the lower remotely serru- late ; the n])permost with revolute margins, mostly entire ; cyme corymbose or somewhat unibelliform, often simple; heads 15-25-flowered ; involucre campanulate, shorter than the pappus ; tlie scales ovate or lanceolate, (he exterior mostly loose and bracteolate, either mucronate or furnished with sub- ulate or filiform points ; achenia minutely hispid on the ribs, much shorter than the pappus. — Michx.! fi. 2. j)- 94. a. upper leaves slender, very narrowly linear, entire, glabrous or scabrous (scales of the involucre either appendiculate or merely mucronate). — V. angustifolia. Ell. sk. 2. p. 287 ; Less. I. c. ; DC. prodr. 5. j). 63. V. fasciculata, DC! I. c, not o( Michx. Chrysocoma graminifolia, Walt.! Car.jj. 196. /?. leaves lanceolate or linear, short, scabrous, especially above ; the lower ones serrulate ; scales of the involucre mostly appendiculate. — V. scaberri- ma, Nutl. ! gen. 2. p. 134 ; Ell. I. c. ; Less. I. c. ; DC. ! I. c. y. leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, elongated, very scabrous above ; the lower ones remotely serrulate ; cymes often compound; scales of the in- volucre nearly inappendiculate. Dry pine woods, N. Carolina! to Florida! (a. & /3.) y. Louisiana, Dr. Hale! Texas, Drurmnond! June-Aug. — 21 Stem 1-3 feet high. Cyme bearing 5-many (small) heads, either simple or compound, loose. Scales of the involucre few. Pappus wliite or purplish. Corolla bright purple. Achenia often glandular. — The lower leaves of the most narrow-leaved form are veiny, as in the other varieties ; while the upper ones, being very narrow, are only one-nerved. The original specimens of both V. angustifolia, Michx., and V. scaberrima, Nutt., belong, if we mistake not, to precisely the same form of this species. No reliance can be placed upon the appendages of the involucral scales. 7. V. ovalifoUa : stem simple, pubescent below, corymbose at the sum- mit ; leaves oval or lanceolate-oblong, acute, sessile, sharply serrate, veiny, nearly smooth and glabrous ; cyme corymbose-fastigiate, loose ; the heads about 20-flowered ; involucre campanulate, much shorter tlian the pappus; the scales ovate, appressed, mostly acute or somewhat mucronate ; achenia a little hairy, much shorter than the pappus. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! also near Fort King, Mr. Alden! — Stem apparently 3-4 feet high, and rather stout, terete, finely striate above. Leaves 3-4 inches long, and 1-2 or more wide. Heads rather numerous ; the involucre and flowers much resembling those of V. angustifolia, but mostly larger. Achenia glandular between the ribs : pappus purplish. 8. V. Arkansana (DC): nearly glabrous; stem stout, simple, striate; leaves numerous, lanceolate-linear, acute at each end, obscurely veined, ser- rulate, punctate, especially above ; heads 6-10, in a simple umbelliform cyme, the central one nearly sessile, subglobose, 50-60-flowered ; involucre nearly as long as the pappus ; the scales very numerous, lanceolate, pubes- cent and glandular, with spreading or squarrose subulate tips; achenia strongly 10-ribbed, puberulent and minutely glandular, nearly the length of the pappus. — DC. prod.r. 7. p. 264. Arkansas, Nutlall! Dr. Pitcher ! — The plant of De Candolle (which was raised in the Geneva garden from seeds collected in Arkansas by Mr. Four- tales) appears to be the same with ours. But he does not mention the size of the heads, which in our plant when in fruit are nearly an inch in diameter; and then depressed-globose ; and the pedicels are remarkably thickened at the summit. Corolla violet-purple. Exterior pappus short, but copious. 60 COMPOSITE. Stokesia. 2. STOKESIA. VHer. sert. Angl. p. 27 ; DC in ann. mus. Par. 16. p. 134, Sfprodr. 5. p. 71 ; Cass. diet. bl. p. 64. Heads many-flowered ; the exterior flowers much larger and assuming the form of a ray. Involucre subglobose, bracteate at the base, imbricated in several series, appressed; the exterior scales with a somewhat spreading fo- liaceous ciliate-spinulose appendage ; the inner oblong, somewhat ciliate. Receptacle fleshy, naked. Corolla palmate, sprinkled with resinous glo- bules ; the marginal ones much deeper cleft within. Anthers included. Branches of the style semi-subulate. Achenia short, 4-sided (rarely 3-sided), glabrous, terminated with a broad quadrangular areola. Pappus of 4-5 elongated rather rigid awn-like (white) chaffy scales, deciduous. — An erect somewhat branching perennial herb ; with a tomentose stem, and large heads, , resembling a Carthamus or Centaurea, terminating the branches. Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous or slightly glaucous, minutely glandu- lar-punctate, entire; the uppermost sessile and serrate-spinulose near the somewhat dilated base ; the lower tapering into a margined petiole ; the in- volucrate bracts resembling the upper leaves. Flowers blue, showy. S.cyanea (L'Her. ! 1. c.)—Ait.! Kew. {ed. 2) 4. p. 491; DC! I.e. " Carliiamus Ifevis, Hill, Kew. 57. t. 5." C. Carolinianus, Michx. ! in herb, mus. Par. Cartesia centauroides, Cass, in bull, philom. 1816,^. 198. S. Carolina, "introduced into England by Mr. James Gordon about the vear 1766." Hort. Kew. " Georgia, Mr. Tatnall,'" in herb. Nutt. ! Covington, Louisiana, Drummond ! — This is one of the rarest plants of the United States. It is, or recently has been, cultivated in Mr. Buist's garden at Phil- adelphia. The plant collected by Drummond is inadvertently called Cen- taurea Americana, in the account of his United States collections, in Comp. to bot. mag. I. p. 48. 3. ELEPHANTOPUS. Linn. ; Geertn.fr. t. 165; Endl. gen. p. 362. Heads 3-5-flowered, aggregated into terminal or axillary glomerules ; the flowers all equal and similar. Involucre compressed ; the scales about 8, in 2 series, dry, oblong, alternately plane and conduplicate ; the interior usually 3-nerved. Receptacle naked or obscurely alveolate. Corolla palmate (one of the sinuses being more deeply cleft than the others) ; the segments acumi- nate. Filaments smooth. Branches of the style semi-subulate. Achenia oblong, somewhat compressed, many-ribbed, hairy. Pappus in one or two rows of several chaffy bristles, dilated at the base. — Erect perennial herbs, with alternate mostly sessile feather- veined leaves. Corolla violet-purple. § Pappus in a single series ; the bristles straight and equal : glomerules ter- minating the branches, somewhat corymbed, involucrate. — Ei,ephantopus, Cass., Less., DC. 1. E. Caroli7navus {Wi]]d.) : stem hairy, corymbosely branched above; leaves somewhat hairy and scabrous ; the radical ones ovate or obovate-ob- long, crenate-serrate, tapering into a long margined petiole ; the cauline ob- ELEPHANT0PU3. COMPOSITE. 61 long or lanceolate ; the floral ones ovate-oblong, or cordate-ovate (usually longer than broad).— IVilld. spec. 3. p. 2390 (excl. syn.) ; NuLt.! gen. 2. p. 187,- Eli. sk. 2. ;;. 480 ; Less, in Linncea, 4. j>. 324 ; DC! prodr. 5. p. 86. E. scaber, Michx.! Ji. 2. p. 148; not of Linn., except as to syn. Gronav. In dry soil, Pennsylvania ! to Florida ! and Louisiana ! July-Sept. — Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves membranaceous; some of the floral leaves often oblong, and longer than the glomerules. 2. E. tomentosus (Linn.) : stem hirsute, nearly naked, simple, sparingly dichotomous and corymbose at the summit ; leaves villous-tomentose beneath, hirsute-pubescent above ; the radical ones large, obovate or oblong-spatulate, obtuse, crenate, narrowed at the base, sessile ; the floral ones broadly ovate or cordate ; scales of the involucre rigid. — Linn. ! spec. ed. I. p. 814, 8^ ed. 2. p. 1314, excl. syn. Brotone ; Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 582 ; Less. I. c. p. 326. E. nudicaulis. Ell. sk. 2. p. 481 ; Poir. suppl. 2. p. 543 ; Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 96; DC! I. c. E. Carolinianus /?. simplex, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 187. S. Carolina ! to Florida ! Alabama ! Louisiana ! and Arkansas ! July- Sept. — Stem 1-2 feet high, naked, or sometimes with a single leafbelow, re- sembling the radical ones, and a small lanceolate leaf at each bifurcation of the corymb; the floral leaves very broad, about tlie length of the glomer- ules, villous-tomentose, or somewhat silky. Glomerules large. Heads larger, and the scales more pubescent and rigid than in the preceding species. — This is the original E. tomentosus of Linnaeus, as appears from the speci- men of Clayton. It is more nearly allied to E. scaber than to E. Carolini- anus, and Hooker thinks it is identical with the East Indian species. We know not how it is to be distinguished from that species, except by its larger and usually broader tomentose leaves, and more hairy involucre ; and we have received from Western Louisiana a plant which exactly accords with the East Indian E. scaber. 3. E. scaber (Linn.) : stem somewhat dichotomous or corymbose above, more or less hirsute ; leaves somewhat pubescent or hairy and scabrous ; the radical ones cuneiform-spatulate or oblanceolate, crenulate, tapering to the base, often petioled ; the cauline few and small, lanceolate ; the floral ones cordate-ovate, hairy. — Liim. I. c, excl. syn. Gronov. Sfc. {Dill. Elili. I. 106) ; Less. I. c. ; DC ! p>^odr. 5. p. 86. Near Alexandria, Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! — Stem slender, 12-18 inches high, with only 2 or 3 very small cauline leaves; the radical ones about 6 inches long, an inch or a little more in width towards the summit, slightly scabrous and pubescent. Glomerules small. — The plant exactly accords with specimens from China and the peninsula of India. We can make lit- tle use of Lessing's character derived from the venation of the floral leaves and scales of the involucre. Subtribe 2. Pectide^, Less. — Heads radiate. Branches of the style in the perfect flowers obtuse. — Leaves usually opposite. Flowers of the xan- thic series (mostly yellow). 4. XANTHISMA. DC prodr. 5. p. 94. Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers (neutral ? or pistillate ?) entire ; those of the disk perfect. Involucre hemispherical ; the scales imbricated, appressed, coriaceous, nearly oval, very obtuse. Receptacle flmbrillate; the fimbrillas lacerate, about the length of the achenium. Corolla of the disk 62 COMPOSITiE. Xanthisma. 5-cleft, regular ; the lobes erect. Anthers not caudate. Style of the ray- short and simple, included within the tubular part of the corolla; that of the disk 2-cleft at the summit ; the branches included, linear, obtuse, slightly and minutely hispid. Achenia obovate, scarcely angled, pubescent. Pap- pus composed of elongated unequal acuminate chaff; the outermost rather shorter and narrower. — An annual or biennial erect glabrous herb, with a simple stem, loosely branclied or corymbose at the summit ; the branches erect and leafy. Cauline leaves alternate, rather rigid (not dotted with glands nor fringed with bristles), sessile, oblong or linear, 1-nerved, chiefly entire, sometimes acutely serrate at the summit. Flowers yellow. DC. X. Texanum (DC. 1. c.) Texas, Berlandier ; in woods. — Habit of Centaurea cerinthefolia. DC. — This plant is wholly unknown to us : it is perhaps from the southern part of Texas, and scarcely within the limits of this work. 5. PECTIDOFSIS. DC. prodr. 5. p. 98. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers of the ray in a single series, ligulate, pistillate ; those of the disk perfect, tubular. Involucre cylindrical-campan- ulate ; the scales about 8, in a single series, somewhat conduplicate. Re- ceptacle naked. Corolla of the disk 5-toothed, regular. Branches of the style semicylindrical, short. Achenia crowned with a very short scarious minutely about 5-toothed and somewhat lacerate pappus. — A very small annual herb, with the habit of Pectis, nearly glabrous, branching from the base. Leaves opposite, narrowly linear, punctate with large pellucid glands, somewhat connate at the base, near which the margins are fringed with a few bristles. Heads on short peduncles terminating the branches. Flowers yellow ; those of the ray 7-8. P. angustifolia (DC. 1. c.) — Pectis angustifolia, Torr. ! in ann. lye. New York, 2. f. 214. On the Rocky Mountains, in about lat. 41°, Dr. James! — Peduncles much shorter than the leaves. 6. PECTIS. Linn. (excl. spec.) ; Less, in Linnaa, 6. p. 708, if syn. p. 153. DC. prodr. 5. p. 98. Heads several-flowered ; the flowers of the ray in a single series, ligulate, pistillate ; those of the disk perfect, bilabiate. Involucre somewhat cylin- drical ; the scales 5-8, in a single series, often involute or conduplicate. Re- ceptacle naked. Corolla of the disk bilabiate, (the two inner sinuses deeper than the others) ; those of the ray ligulate, the ligule longer than the tube. Branches of the style semicylindrical, short. Achenia striate. Pappus of the disk and ray similar, in a single series, chaffy, mostly pointed with ser- rulate (often unequal) bristles. — Mostly annual (tropical American) herbs. Leaves opposite, connate at the base, 1-nerved, punctate with pellucid glands ; the margin somewhat cartilaginous, and fringed with scattered bris- tles. Heads on slender pedicels, or often sessile. Flowers yellow. Pectis. COMPOSITiE. 63 I. P. linifolia (Linn.) : stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear, mncronate, dotted with large glands, ciliate with bristles towards the base ; heads on slender minutely bracteolate pedicels, 4-18-flowered ; scales of the involucre 4-6, elliptical-lanceolate, equal, conduplirafe, with broad scarious margins, not glandular; pappus of rather broad chaff", mostly awned, the bristles in the ray-flowers 2, equal, in the disk usually 5. — Linn, amaji. acad. 5. p, 107, Sf spec. ed. 2. p. 1250; Lam, ill. t. 684; Less. I. c. ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 99. Key West,Mr. Bennett ! Mr. Blodgett ! — A native of Jamaica, St. Thomas, &c. Tribe II. EUPATORIACE^. Less. Heads discoid, with the flowers all tubular and perfect (homogamous), or sometimes heterogamous ; the ray-flowers either tubular or ligulate. Style cylindrical above ; the branches usually much elongated, obtuse or clavate, puberulent or papillose externally towards the summit ; the stigmatic lines inconspicuous, terminating near the middle of the branches of the style, not confluent at their termination. Anthers never caudate. — Flowers mostly of the cyanic series (white, blue, or purple). Leaves commonly opposite. CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA. Subtribe 1. Eupatorieje. — Heads discoid, homogamous. Div. 1. Agerate^. — Pappus chaffy, aristate-squamellate, or coroniform. 7. CcELESTiNA. Pappus coroniform or cup-like. 8. Ageratum. Pappvis of 5-10 distinct often aristate chaffy scales. 9. ScLEROLEPis. Pappus of 5 obtuse corneous scales. Leaves verticillate. Div. 2. Adenostyle^. — Pappus of slender or capillary bristles. * Achcnia striate or ribbed. 10. Carphephorus. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus barbellate. II. LiATUis. Receptacle naked. Scales of the involucre not striate. Lobes of the corolla elongated. 12. Clavigera. Receptacle naked. Scales of the involucre deeply striate. Teeth of the corolla very short. Pappus plumose-barbellate. 13. Kuhnia. Receptacle naked. Teeth of the corolla short. Pappus plumose. 14. BuLBOsTYLis. Receptacle naked. Pappus scabrous. Heads 10-25-flowered, 15. Brickellia. Receptacle naked. Pappus scabrous. Heads 30-50-flowered. * * Achenia 5-anglcd, 7wt striate. Pappus scabwus. 16. EupATORiUM. Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre munerous. 17. Mikania. Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre (and flowers) 4-5. 18. CoNocLiNiuM. Receptacle conical, naked. Subtribe 2. Tussilagine^. — Heads with the flowers heterogamous, or dioecious. 19. Nardosmia. Heads corymbose, many-flowered, somewhat dicecious. 20. Tussilago. Head solitary, many-flowered, heterogamous ; the pistillate flow- ers ligulate, in several series. 21. Adenocaulon. Heads few-flowered, heterogamous ; the floAvers all tubular. 64 COMPOSITE. CffiLESTINA. Subtribe 1. Eupatorie^, DC. — Heads discoid ; the flowers all perfect and similar, usually white, rose-color, or purple (rarely ochroleucous), never yellow. Div. 1. Agerate^, Less. — Pappus composed of chaSy often unequal scales, sometimes aristate or coroniform. 7. CCELESTINA. Cass. diet. 6. svppl. p. 8, <^-26. p. 221 ; Less. syn. p. 155 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 107. Heads many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical-hemispherical ; the scales numerous, narrow, somewhat imbricated. Receptacle convex, chaffy or naked. Achenia glabrous, 5-angled. Pappus coroniform or cup-like, slight-. ly toothed, or sometimes produced into one or two longer teeth or chaffy scales. — Annual (tropical American) branching herbs, with terete stems, and opposite petioled and toothed leaves. Heads in rather dense corymbs, pedi- cellate. Flowers blue or purple. §. Receptacle naked. — Ageratoides, DC. 1 . C. maritima : stem decumbent, branching, nearly glabrous ; leares smooth and glabrous, slightly fleshy, ovate or oval, serrate, tapering into a slender petiole ; tube of the corolla sparsely pubescent with jointed hairs ; pappus minute and coroniform, often with one or two slightly produced teeth, sometimes obsolete. Key West, Florida, Mr. Bennett! Mr. Blodgett! — Leaves scarcely an inch long. Flowers blue. — We have seen specimens of a very similar plant from Cuba; which however has a pappus of 5 distinct mostly aristate chaffy scales, and is therefore an Ageratum : it agrees with the description of Kanth's A. ? maritimiim, (from the same locality) as to the foliage, (kc, but not as to the corolla and pappus. — Surely Coslestina (at least the section Ageratoides) and Ageratum are not sufficiently distinct. 8. AGEPvATUM. Linn. ; Gcertn.fr. t. 165 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 108. Heads many-flowered, subglobose. Scales of the involucre numerous, imbricated, linear, acuminate. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, dilated above, 5-lobed. Branches of the style exserted, cylindraceous, rather obtuse. Achenia 5-angled, narrowed at the base, with a rather large callus. Pappus of 5-10 distinct chaffy scales, either aristate-acuminate, or obtuse and pecti- nate. — Mostly annual (tropical) herbs, with opposite petioled and toothed leaves, and corymbose heads. Flowers blue or white. 1. A. conyzoides (Linn.) : stem branching; leaves ovate, rhomboid, or cordate, on rather long petioles ; pappus of 5 somewhat serrate chaffy scales, dilated at the base, acuminate-aristate ; the subulate awns as long as the corolla (flowers blue or white). — Linn. spec. 2. p. 839 ; Sicartz, obs. p. 301 ; Schkuhr, handb. t. 238 ; Hook. exot. fl. t. 15 ; DC. prodr. b.p. 108. Wet places near Savannah, Georgia, Mr. Curtis I April-June. — Found in almost every country within or near the tropics, varying greatly in the form of the leaves ; the stem and petioles also sometimes hispid, but occasion- Ageratum. composite. 65 ally almost glabrous. In this country it has only been detected by Mr. Cur- tis, wliose specimens seem to accord with the variety Mexicanum (A. Mexi- canum, Bot. mag. t. 2524), except that the flowers are -white. 9. SCLEROLEPIS. Cass. did. 25. p. 365, ^r. ; Less. syn. p. 136. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, equal, in a double series. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular-infundibuUform, 5-toothed, gla- brous. Branches of the style much exserted, somewhat clavate. Achenia 5-angular. Pappus of 5 almost horny short oval and obtuse scales, in a single series. — A glabrous perennial (aquatic) herb ; with simple stems, pro- cumbent at the base, terminated usually by a single head. Leaves verti- cillate (5-6 in a whorl), linear, entire, 1-nerved (resembling those of Hip- puris). Flowers pale purple. S. verticillata (Cass. 1. c..)—DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 114. Sparganophorua verticillatus, Michx.! Ji. 2. p. 95, t. 42 ; Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 139 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 312. iEthuha uniflora, Walt. Car. p. 195. Shallow water in pine barrens. New Jersey (at Quaker Bridge !) to Flori- da ! July-Sepl.— Stem 1-2 feet high, very leafy, a little pubesceiit at the summit, as also the involucre. — We have a form from Florida, wuh very slender stems, only about 6 inches high, and the involucre nearly glabrous. Div. 2. Adenosttlk^, DC. — Pappus composed of slender hair-like bristles, either scabrous or plumose, in one or more series. 10. CARPHEPHORUS. Cass, in bull, philom. 1816, Sf did. sci.nat. 7. p. 149 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 132. (excl. spec. no. 2?) Species of Liatris, Michx., Nult., DC. Heads many- (about 20-) flowered. Scales of the involuce imbricated in 3-5 series, ovate or lanceolate, appressed. Receptacle chaflTy ; the scales (subtending the flowers) lanceolate or linear, rigid, 3-nerved, mostly shorter than the flowers, deciduous with the fruit. Corolla more or less dilated above ; the lobes ovate or lanceolate, mostly short. Anthers usually in- cluded. Branches of the style exserted, cylindraceous, obtuse. Achenia terete or somewhat angled, narrowed towards the base, 10-ribbed. Pappus of numerous (30-40) barbellate (rarely minutely plumose) unequal bristles, somewhat in a double or triple series. — Perennial herbs (mostly North Ameri- can), with the habit of Liatris, from which the chaffy receptacle chiefly dis- tinguishes it. Root, or caudex, thickened, but not tuberous. Stem simple, or corymbose at the summit, leafy. Leaves impressed-punctate, rigid, en- tire (or toothed ?) ; the cauline ones commonly appressed. Heads corym- bose-cymose, rarely racemose. Flowers purple. This genus was established by Cassini on a specimen preserved in the lierbarium of Jussieu, with no label or any inlication of its native country, wiience U has not subsequently been recognized. De CandoUe having added a second species, founded VOL. II.-9 66 COMPOSITjE. Carphephorus. on the description of Liatris Baicalensis of Adams, which is said to have a chaffy receptacle, the genus has been thought to be Siberian ; although a third, and doubt- less genuine species from Mexico, and subsequently a fourth from Brazil, are also given by De Candolle. Cassini's original species is without doubt the Liatris squamosa of Nuttall ; in which the chaffy receptacle (first pointed out to us by Dr. Chapman) had escaped the notice both of Nuttall and Hooker. Cn examining the allied species of Liatris, we find that all those with many-flowered heads disposed in corymbose cymes also belong to the genus ; which is well marked in habit. * Leaves linear-subidaie, app-essed : heads cymose or racemose. 1. C. Pseudo-Llatris (Cass. 1. c.) : stem virgate, simple, lomentose-pu- bescent ; leaves linear-subulate, carinate, rigid, closely sessile, nearly glab- rous, sparsely punctate; the radical ones elongated; the cauline short, very numerous, closely appressed ; the uppermost pubescent; heads few (3-7), in a simple contracted cyme ; the branches imbricated with very short subu- late leaves; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, rigid, appressed, to-, mentose-pubescent ; achenia minutely hairy; pappus barbellate. — Liatris squamosa, Nidt. ! in jour, acacl. Philad. 7. p. 73 ; Hook. ! com/pan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 95. /?. heads (13-14) racemose. Hook. I. c. Dry soil, Alabama, Dr. Gates ! Middle Florida, Dr. Chajmian ! Also Covington and .Jacksonville, Louisiana, Drmvmovd (with var. /3.), & Pasca- goula, Mississi|)pi, Dr. Riddell! — Stem about 2 feet high, very straight ; the whole plant of a pale gravish hue. Radical and lower leaves 4-5 inches long; the cauline ones diminisliing in size upwards, those at tlie summit and on the peduncles less than half an inch in length, strongly appressed. Flow- ers 20 or more in each head, (instead of 6-8 as described by Nuttall), bright purple. Scales of the involucre imbricated in about 3 series. Chaflf of the receptacle lanceolate, resembling the inner scales of the involucre, rigid, colored and often hairy at the summit, nearly as long as the flowers. — We have not seen the var. (3. * * Leaves plane, lanceolate, spatulutc, or oblong : heads corymbose-cymose. 2. C. tomentosus : stein tomentose-puberulent above, corymbose at the summit; leaves punctate, mostly nearly glabrous, acute; the radical ones lanceolate or lanceolate-spatulate, tapering into a petiole, somewhat 3-nerved ; the cauline small, scattered, lanceolate or ovate, sessile, slightly appressed ; the uppermost pubescent; heads 1—5 on each branch of the loose and spread- ing corymbose cyme; scales of the somewhat cylindrical-cam panulate invo- lucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, appressed, or with slightly spreading tips, very tomentose and glandular; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate; pappus rather strongly barbellate. — Liatris tomentosa, Michx. ! jl. 2. p. 93; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 510; Curtis ! pi. Wibningt., in Boston, jour. nat. hist. 1. p. 127 ; not of Ell. L. Waited, Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 285 ; DC. I. c. Anonymos uniflora, Walt. Car. p. 198. Margin of swamps, Virginia (Pursh) and North Carolina, Michaux ! Mr. Croom! Mr. Curtis ! \o Georgia, Dr. MacBride ! (Elliot t.) Sept.- Oct. — Stem about 2 feet high. Cyme sometimes simple with 5 or more heads, but often corymbose with the branches elongated and much spreading. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 4 or 5 series, hoary but often somewhat colored, without scarious margins. Corolla deep purple. Pappus purplish. Chaff of the receptacle (often wanting in the centre of the head) narrowly linear, a little hairy at the tip, rather shorter than the flowers. 3. C. bellidifolius : low, nearly glabrous; stems numerous from the sain e root, slender, branching above ; radical leaves sjjatulate, 3-nerved, tapering into a petiole, punctate with scattered impressed dots ; the cauline small and Carphephorus. COMPOSITiE. 67 scattered, mostly linear; heads commonly solitary upon each slender branch of the nearly simple corymb; scales of the involucre ratlier loose, oblong and obovate, very obtuse, not margined; the outermost spreading; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-linear, elongated ; achenia hairy ; pappus densely plu- mose-barbellate.— Liairis bellidifolia, Mkhx. ! fi. 2. p. 93; Nuit. ! gen. 2. p. 133 ,• DC. jJrodr. 5. p. 132. Dry sandy hills, near Wilmington, North Carolina, Michaux ! Nut t all ! Delile! Mr. Curtis! Sfc. Sept.— Plant 8-12 inches high; tbe stem often branched from about the middle. Scales of the campanulate involucre in about 3 series, glabrous, the margin scarcely scarious or ciliate ; the outer- most smaller aiid bracteolate; the second series obovate or obovate-oblong ; the innermost linear-oblong and much longest. Bristles of tlie pappus almost plumose to the naked eye. Chaft' of the receptacle narrowly linear, as long as the flowers, deciduous. 4. C corymbosus : stem solitary, tall, stout, somev/hat hirsute-fomentose; leaves nearly glabrous, about 1-nerved; the radical ones oblanceolate, ob- tuse, gradually tapering to the base ; the cauline small and numerous, oblong, closely sessile ; heads about 20, in a dense terminal corymbose cyme ; the branches sliort, tomentose-hirsute, scales of the involucre nearly glabrous, appressed, oval, very obtuse, with a broad scarious and somewhat fringed margin ; lobes of the corolla ovate, very short ; achenia slightly hairy ; pappus barbellate.— Liatris corvmbosa, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 132 (excl. syn.) ; DC. I. c. L. tomentosa? Ell. sk. 2. p. 284, not of M/c/i.r. Damp sandy soil, and along the margin of swamps, N. Carolina! to Georgia! and Florida! Sept.-Oct. — Stein 2-4 feet high, striate. _ Leaves somewhat fleshy, 1-nerved or very slightly tripli-nerved, sometimes ob- scurely punctate ; the radical ones 4-6 inches long, very gradually narrowed to the base; the cauline (gradually diminished to about half an inch in length,) appressed. Inner scales of the involucre scarcely longer than the others. Corolla pale purple. Pappus mostly white. ChafT of the recepta- cle hnear or lanceolate, with scarious tips, shorter than the flowers ; often wanting in the centre of the head. II. LIATRIS. Schreh. gen. p. 542 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 128. (excl. spec.) Heads few-many-flowered. Scales of the involucre few or numerous, imbricated, not striate. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, 6-lobed, the lobes usually elongated. Branches of the style much exserted, cylindraceous or somewhat flattened, obtuse. Achenia nearly terete, tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pap])us of numerous (15-40) plumose or barbellate bristles. — Perennial (North American) herbs or very rarely shrubby plants, mostly with simple stems and a tuberous root. Leaves alternate or scattered, usually lanceolate or linear and entire, with a rigid or cartilaginous mar- gin, l-5-nerve(l, rarely veiny. Heads disposed in an elongated spike or raceine (flowering from the summit downwards), sometimes (as if by acci- dent) paniculate, rarely corymbose. Flowers jjurple, occasionally varying to white; the corolla, style, &c. commonly dotted with scattered resinous globules. § 1. Root a globose mostly naked tuber {impregnated roith a tcrebinthine sub- stance) : leaves linear or lanceolate, gramineous, 1-5-nerved, mostly punc- tate with hninessed and resinous dots: heads in a virgate spike or raceine : involucre manifestly imbricate: lobes of the corolla lanceolate or linear: 68 COMPOSITE. LiATRis. pappus evidently plumose, or mmutely and densely plumose-barbellate. — EuLiATRis. (Euliatris & Suprago, DC.) * Imier scales of the {4-5-Jlovered) involucre longer than the corolla, produced into a dilated and Ugulate colored appendage : pappus very plumose. (Calostelma, Don.) 1. L. eles:ans (Willd.) : stem and involucre villous-pubescent ; leaves glabrous, punctate; the radical ones spatulate or oblanceolate, 3-5-nerved ; the upper cauline ones linear, short, spreadina; or reflexed, often mucronate ; spike or raceme virgate, dense; the pedicels bracteolate, often very short ; scales of the invohicre 10-12, glandular ; the appendages of the inner ones ovate or lanceolate (bright purple or sometimes white), spreading : acheuia ViWous.— Willd. ! spec73. p. 1635 ; Michx. ! Jt. 2. p. 91 ; Bot. reg. t. 267 ; Null. ! gen. 2. p. 132 ,• Ell. sk. 2. p. 279 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 129. Staehe- lina elegans, Walt. ! Car. p. 202. Serralula speciosa, Ait. ! Kew. {ed. I) 3. p. 138. Eupaiorium speciosum, Vent. hort. Cels. t. 79. /3. raceme compound (doubtless an accidental or occasional state). Dry barren soil, Virginia to Florida ! Louisiana ! and Texas ! Aug.- Sept. — Stem 3-5 feet high, strict. Spike or raceme compact, a foot or more in length. Bristles of the pappus about 18, in a single series. * * Scales of the involucre very nuvicrous and inilricated in several series, without pe- taloid appendages : heads (feu-) cylindrical or slightly clavate, many- (20-60-) floicered: hbcs of tlie corolla hirsute within ; pappus very plumose. 2. L. squarrosa (Willd.) : pubescent or hairy, or nearly glabrous, very leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, rigid, scarcely punctate ; the lower ones 3-5- nerved ; the radical very long; heads few (sometimes solitary), sessile or on short pedicels, manv-flowered ; scales rigid, ciHate, not punctate, with more or less elongated and pointed foliaceous spreading extremities; the inner ones mucronate-acuminate ; the outermost often bracteolate and resembling the upper leaves; achenia minutely pubescent. — Wdld. ! I. c. ; Michx..' fl. 2. p. 92; EU. ! sk. 2. p. 282; Hook. fl. Bar.- Am. \. p. 306 ; DC ! prodr. 5. p. 129. Cirsium tuberosum &c., Dill. Elth. t. 71, /. 82. Serratuia squarrosa, Linn. ! sjiec. 2. j)- S18. Pteronia Caroliniana, Wall.! Car. p. 292. p. Jloribunda : heads numerous (20 or more), in a somewhat paniculate or branched raceme ; the pedicels, or rather branches, elongated and leafy. y. compacta: glabrous; leaves crowded, very narrow; heads several, closely sessile, approximate; scales of the involucre lanceolate, with long mucronate points, all erect ; the exterior linear and resembling the upper- most leaves. 6. intermedia (DC.) : tnostly hairy ; heads (1-5) turbinafe-cylindrical, pe- dicellate ; exterior scales of the involucre elongated and foliaceous, erect; the interior acute, scarcely or not at all squarrose. — L. intermedia, Lindl. bot. reg. t. 948. Dry barren or sandy soil. Upper Canada! to Florida! and Texas I (y. Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth!) July-Sept. — Stem 1-3 feet high, often nearly glabrous, sometimes almost hirsute, as well as the leaves and involucre. Heads about an inch long; the points of the upper scales often ])urplish. Flowers bright purple. Bristles of the pappus 18-20, often purplish. — The var. y. is the most remarkable form; but in the ordinary plant the scales are sometimes erect. Through the not uncommon var. 6. thisspecies seems almost to pass into L. cylindracea, which however it is perhaps safer to consider distinct. — Blazing Star. Bid 'on Snake-roof. Rattle-snake' s-master. (One of the popular antidotes for the bite of the Rattle-snake.) LiATRis. COMPOSITE. 69 3. L. cylindracea {Michx.) : glabrous or slightly hairy ; stems low, leafy ; leaves linear, rigid, scarcely ])iinclate, mostly l-nerved ; heads (1-7, rarely 12) turbinate-cylindrical, sessile or pedicellate, 16-20-flowered ; the scales of the involucre all short and appressed, wiih rounded or obtuse abruptly mu- cronulate tips, ofien ciliate, not punctate ; achenia pubescent. — Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 93 ,• Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 275 ; DC. I. c. ; not of Pursh. L. stricla, MacJSah ! in Edinb. phil. jour. 19,^. GO. Dry woods and prairies, Michigan ! (and N W. Territory, Dr. Hough- ton I) Upper Canada ! Illinois! Missouri! &c., a[)parently nearly confined to ihe Weslern States. July-Sept. — Stem 6-18 inches high. Heads about an inch long; the exterior scales of the involucre commonly very short, rare- ly somewhat prolonged or foliaceous. Flowers bright purple. * ♦ * Scales of the (b-'iO-fiowercd) involuc7X without pctahid appendages : lobes of the corolla glabrous toithin. t Pappus evidently plumose to the naked eye : heads 3-6-flowered. 4. L. punctata (Hook.): stems several from the same tuberous-fusiform root, stout, nearly glabrous, very leafy; leaves linear, rigid, manifestly punc- tate on both surfaces with impressed dots, glabrous, the margins often remote- W ciliate wiih bristly hairs; heads in a dense spike (which is often leafy towards the base), 4-6-flovvered ; scales of the cylindraceous involucre oblong, conspicuously punctate, imbricated, appressed, with more or less spreading mucronale-acuminate tips; the margins lanuginous-ciliate; achenia hairy; pappus very plumose. — Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 306, t. bb ; DC. I. c. L. cylindrica, Torr.! in ami. lye. NewYork, 2. p. 210. L. resinosa, DC! prodr. b. p. 129 (pi. Arkans.), not of Nult. /?. leaves nearly all very narrowly linear ; the margins remotely ciliate or naked; scales of the involucre narrower, tapering somewhat gradually into a cuspidate-acuminate point, at least the inner ones; spike usually short; stem often slender. y. leaves conspicuously ciliate with hispid hairs ; inner scales of the invo- lucre purplish above. Arid plains and prairies, Saskatchawan, Drummond, Douglas ! and throughout the country between the Upper Mississippi and the Missouri, Mr. Nicollet!* to Arkansas, Dr. James! Dr. Pitcher! Dr. Leavenworth! and Texas, Drummond ! Aug.-Sept. — Stems 8 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, usually several from the thick and somewhat knotted often fusiform root, leafy to the sun miit. Lower leaves 3— 5 inches long, slightly 3-nerved ; the others l-nerved, varjdng from 3 lines to less than a line in width, pungently acute. Spike .3-4 to 10 inches long. Flowers reddish-])urf)ie. Bristles of the pappus about 30, purplish or nearly white. Achenia almost villous when young, 3-4 lines lo/jg. — A well-marked species; the varieties we have indi- cated passing into each other. Some of the specimens of the collection made in Mr Nicollet's expedition (our var. y.), have the margin of the leaves con- spicuously fringed with rigid jointed hairs : others are very sparsely ciliate, * We are greatly indebted to the kindness of Mr. Nicollet, for an extensive col- lection of dried specimens, made during his survey of the countiy between the Upper Missouri and the sources of the Mississippi, under the orders of the Secretary of War. The collection was formed by Mr. Charles A. Geyer, an assiduous Gennan botanist who was attached to the expedition. The specimens are very complete, and in the finest preservation ; and the localities, with other particulars, have been carefully recorded by Mr. Geyer: they were chiefly gathered during the autumn and latter part of summer ; their earlier, and perhaps most interesting collections were unfortunately lost. 70 COMPOSITE. LiATRis. with the leaves and involucral scales narrower, nearly like one of the forms from Texas. 5. L. mucronala (DC.) : glabrous ; stem slenrler, very leafy ; leaves nar- rowly linear, very acute, minutely punctate; the lowermost elongated, the uppermost short, almost setaceous or subulate; spike long and narrow, dense; the heads (small) sessile, or on appressed pedicels shorter than the subulate bracts, 3-5-flowered ; scales of the narrow and somewhat cylindri- cal involucre few, (purplish, the margins not scarious,) appressed, shorter than the pappus, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, slightly ciliate ; the exterior shorter; paf)pus manifestly plumose. — DC. jn-odr. 5. p. 129. Texas, "in tlie eastern districts, Berlandier,'" Drummond ! Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! — Stem 2-4 feet high, virgate ; the slender spike sometimes 2 feet long. Lower leaves about 2 lines wide ; the upper crowded, 2-3 inches, and gradually diminishing to less than an inch in length, and less tlian half a line in width, flat. Heads 4-5 lines long; the lowermost shorter, the uppermost much longer than the bracts. Corolla bright purple. Pappus longer than the achenium, of about 30 often purplish bristles, mani- festly plumose to the naked eye, but less so than in L. punctata. — Varies with the achenia minutely pubescent throughout, or on the ribs alone, or per- fectly glabrous; and with the scales of the involucre either abruptly cuspi- date-mucronate, or gradually narrowed into a subulate-mucronate point; the latter being more common in the specimens we have examined. The plant of DeCandoUe (which we have not compared with our own) is said to have pubescent achenia, and the obtuse scales abruptly mucronate : it may be ditferent from the plant we have described, and possibly what we consider a narrow-leaved variety of L. jiunttata ; but that species would not be com- pared with L. tenuifolia, and besides is well characterized by De Candolle, under the name of L. resinosa. 6. L. Boyhinii: nearly glabrous; stem slender, erect; leaves linear, punctate ; the lower elongated, the upper short and setaceous ; spike virgate; the heads rather crowded, subsessile, or on appressed pedicels much shorter than the subulate bracts, 3-4-flowered ; scales of the involucre (about 8) gla- brous, scarcely punctate ; the outer ones short, lanceolate-subulate ; the in- terior lanceolate or linear, with scarious margins and acuminate spreading summits, e(ju ailing or exceeding the pappus ; achenia villous ; pappus man- ifestly plumose. Near Columbus, Georgia, Dr. Boyl'in .' Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves rather scattered. Spike 6-10 inches fong. Heads half an inch in length, exceeding the bracts, on very short pedicels if any. Inner scales of theinvolucre membranaceous, with scarious and slightly colored margins and tips. Flowers ap[)arently pale purple. Pappus plumose to the same decree as the preceding, more so than any of the following species. Heads larger than L. mucronata, or especially L. tenuifolia, rather smaller than those of L. secunda. 7. L. tenuifolia (Nutt.): glabrous; stem very slender; radical and lower leaves crowded, very narrowly linear or almost filiform, elongated, often hairy towards the base, punctate ; the upper ones very short, setaceous, scattered ; raceme virgate; heads (small) 5-flowered, crowded ; the pedicels mostly bracteolate and longer than the setaceous bracts, sometimes branch- ing ; scales of the involucre (about 10) erect, glabrous, not punctate, usually mucronulate; the outermost ovate-lanceolate, very short; the inner oblong, obtuse, with membranaceous (purplish) margins, rather shorter than the pap- pus ; achenia villous; pappus barbellate-plumose. — Nutt..' gen. 2. p. 131; Ell. ! sic. 2. p. 275 ; DC. jrrodr. b. p. 128. /?. radical leaves broader, coriaceous. — L. laevigata, Nutt! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 285. LiATRis. COMPOSITE. 71 Dry pine barrens, N. Carolina to Georgia! and Florida! Aujj.-Oot. — Stem 2-4 feet high. Radical leaves resembling tliose ol Piinis palusiris. as remarked by Nuttall (a few of the exterior sometimes 2 lines broad), rigid, forming a close tuft in the manner of Xerophyllum. Raceme elongated ; the i)edicels 8-12 lines long. Flowers pur])le. Achenia turbinate. Pappus scarcely plumose to the naked eye ; the bristles 20-25. — Like most species of tliis .section, the ])edicels are sometimes elongated and branched, forming a paniculate inflorescence. Heads usually quite small. t + Pappus densely barbcllate : heads 3-40-flowered. 8. Z«. sccM«f/a (Ell.) : minutely pubescent or glabrous; stem slender, de- curved; leaves linear, short, rather obtuse, the upper ones bract-like ; raceme virgale; the heads all turned to one side, on short mostly recurved andbracf- eolale pedicels, 4-5-flowered ; involucre cylindrical; scales 12-14, with slightly scarious margins, often resinous-punctate ; the exterior oval and very short; the interior as long as the pappus, oblong-lanceolate, mucronaie-acu- minate ; achenia villous : pappus minutely and densely plumose-barbellate. —EIL. ! sk. 2. p. 278 ; DC. ! jnodr. 5. p. 131. Dry sandy soil, S. Carolina ! to Florida ! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1-3 feet high. Raceme G-12 inches long, curved, rarely slightly compound, beauti- fully unilateral. Heads 6-8 lines long; the scales appressed, mostly 1- nerved. Bracts and bracteoles subulate, very short. Flowers light purple. 9. L. gracilis (Pursh) : somewhat cinereous-pubescent or nearly gla- brous; stem slender, simple, hearing numerous heads in a long virgate ra- ceme, sometimes compound or paniculate ; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, short, 1-nerved, often sparsely pilose-ciliate towards the base ; the lower ones lanceolate, obtuse ; heads (small) on divaricate pedicels, few-flowered ; scales of the somewhat cylindraceous involucre few, oblong or elliptical, ob- tuse, resinous-punctate, appressed, shorter than the barbellate jiappus; ache- nia turlinate, villous. a. nearly glabrous ; raceme elongated, simple, or slightly compound at the base ; heads (5-7-flowered) on elongated divaricate, or even reflexed, simple pedicels. — L. gracilis, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 508. /i. heads 3-5-flowered, in a slender virgate raceine, on filiform more or less elongated divaricate (or somewhat reflexed) pedicels; of which the lower are furnished with scattered bracteoles similar to the exterior scales of the involucre, and rarely bearing one or two suhsessile lateral heads ; scales of the cylindraceous involucre pubescent and ciliate; the outermost very short, often slightly acute. — L. pauciflosculosa, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 71. y. raceme virgate, simple, or frequently branched or paniculate below; heads (3-5-flowered) on short divaricate pedicels, or sometimes alniost ses- sile ; otherwise as in /3. (5. inflorescence entirely paniculate; the branches simple, ascending; a few of the up])ermost only bearing single heads, short ; the lower successive- ly elongated, slender, bearing few or several racemose (3-5-flowered) heads, on short pedicels, or sometimes almost sessile; otherwise as in j3. and y. Pine barrens, Georgia ! Alabama! and Florida ! y. Alnhnma, Mr. Buck- ley ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 1-3 feet high, usually clolhed with a minute some- what cinereous pubescence. Leaves rather tliick, spreading, minutely punctate, often obtuse, tapering to the base; the upper 1-2, tlie lower .3-5 inches in length, sometimes hairy. Raceme, when simjjle, 4-15 inches long; with the pedicels IJ to 2 inches long in Pursh's plant {herb. Banks), nearly an inch long (about the length of the bracieai leaves) in our var. (i., shorter, but very variable in the other forms. Heads smaller than in any other species of this section, except L. tenuifolia ; the scales of the involucre 7-9, mostly pubescent and ciliate. Flowers bright purple. — The plants 72 COMPOSITE. LiATKis. here arranged (/3. y. & ^.) are undoubtedly different forms or states of one and the same well-marked sf)ecies, difft'ring in no respect exce[)t the devel- opement of the inflorescence, which affcirds most fallacious characters in this genus. There is an obvious tendency to branch in the inflorescence of all the racemose species, which is manifest, not only when the suminit of the stem receives an injury, but in most very vigorous individuals; an almost necessary result of the successive developement of the heads from the apex of the stem or branch downwards, or outwards, (in whicli the plants with a racemiform disposition of the heads do not ditTer from other Composite,) ■which effectually preventing farther growth from the summit, the powers of the ))lant are directed to the production of additional heads, either from the axils of the upper cauline leaves, or of the bracts with which the pedicels (peduncles), especially the lower ones, are usually furnished. This is particu- larly exemplified in the present species ; which exhibits almost every grada- tion between the simple racemiform inflorescence, and a kind of panicle which results from the developement throughout of lateral heads on the otherwise simple branches. — We regret that we have not been able to settle the synonymy of several species in this difficult genus. Mr. Bennett, who has most obligingly compared fragments from our specimens of this and other allied species with those preserved in the Banksian herbarium, considers our var. /3. as probably identical with the Liatris gracilis of Pursh ; the dif- ferences consisting chiefly in the degree of pubescence, and the length of the peduncles or branches of the inflorescence. As the (unexpanded) heads in Pursh's specimen are globose-ovate and at least 6-flowered, we were strong- ly inclined to consider that plant identical with a form of the following spe- cies; but Mr. Bennett, on comparing the two, did not recognize the resem- blance. If the species here described should prove distinct from L. gracilis, it will retain the appropriate name of L. pauciflosculosa, Null. 10. Tj. graminifulia ( Willd. ?) : glabrous or sparsely hairy ; stem slender ; leaves linear, somewhat scattered, 1 -nerved, usually ciliate towards the base with scattered hispid hairs ; tlie lowermost elongated ; heads 7-9- (rarely 10-14-) flowered, spicate or racemose, sometimes partly paniculate; involucre obovoid-iurblnate or broadly obconical, acute at the base; the scales (12- 20) regularly imbricated in several series, appressed, spatulate or oblong, very obtuse, sometimes slightly mucronulafe, mostly resinous-punctate and with slight scarious margins ; the exterior verv short, roundish-oval or obo- vate ; achenia villous-pubescent ; pappus densely barbellate. — Anonymos graminifolius & ramosus, IValt. Car. p. 197? a. heads rather small, 7-9-flowered, mostly sessile and rather remote, forming a slender spike ; lower bracts longer, the upperniost shorter than the heads.— L. graminifolia, {Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 508 7) Null.! sen. 2. p. 131; Ell..' sk. 2. ^p. 274 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 130, (excl. pi. cult.", which belongs to L. spicata .') /?. heads larger, 7-14-flowered. (Varies, 1. with the heads few or nume- rous, somewhat scattered, sessile or nearly so : 2. heads few or numerous, in a siinple raceme; the pedicels sonietimes shorter, sometimes much hmger than the heads, erect-spreading or slightly recurved : 3. heads numerous, approximate, sessile ; the inflorescence branched below, the heads on the short simple branches also sessile.) — Serratula foliis linearibus, floribus soli- tariis sessilibus, hronov. ! fl. Virg. cd. 1. p. 92. y. heads small, 6-12-flovvered, on spreading or often recurved pedicels, forming a long virgate racciue, sometimes compound or paniculate at the base. — L. gracilis. Ell. I. c, not of Pursh. ? L. pilosa j3. gracilis, Nuit. I. c. L. virgata, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 72, 6^' in trans. Amer. Phil, soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 284 (inflorescence compound). 6. 1 heads rather larger, 7-12-flowered, spicate, or racemose, with the pedicels short and erect, or sometimes with the inflorescence compound LiATRis. COMPOSITiE. 73 below; scales of the involucre somewhat narrower and less rounded at the summit, usually ciliate.— L. pilosa, Pursh, I. c. (chiefly); Nutt. I. c. ; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 277, "var. dubia" (the inflorescence compound below); Lindl. bot. resr. i. 595 ("/3. gracilis"); Lodd. bot. cat. t. 356; not of Willd. (Ait.) L. pilosa /3. L-Evicaulis, DC! prodr. 5. p. 131. L. spicata y. racemosa, DC! I. c.p. 130. L. dubia, Bart. res;, mat. med. 2. p. 222, t. 49. "L. turbi- nata. Sweet, in Loud. hort. Brit." Anonymos cilia!u>, Walt. Car. p. 197 7 Pine barrens, often in wet places, New Jersey ! (var. d. ?) to Alabama! and Florida! common. Aua.-Oct.— Stem 1-4 feet high. Heads as large or larger than in L. spicata,'in var. a. & >■. smaller. — Our chief doubts re- specting the plants here brought together, relate to var. S.l, which is very properly called L. dubia by Barton, and which varies between this species and L. spicata, while it presents no characters that we can seize upon to dis- tinguish it as a separate species. The chief distinctions between this species and L. spicata consist in the usually larger, fewer, and more scattered heads; the more regularly imbricated scales of the obconical or obovate involucre, diminishing "successively to the outermost, which are very short; the more hairy and shorter achenia, &c. We are by no means certain that we have correctly referred this species to the L. gramlnifolia of Willdenow, which appears to have been derived from Muhlenberg; in whose herbarium seve- ral s[)ecies are mingled under this name. Our remarks upon the inflores- cence of the preceding, apply equally to the present species; and it may also be remarked, that the heads of the compoimd ])ortion of the inflorescence are frequently smaller and fewer-flowered than the others. We have an inte- resting variety, or state, sent from Middle Florida by Dr. Chapman ; a plant at least six feet high, the inflorescence of which exceeds three feet in length, consisting of a dense virgate raceme (more than 2 feet long) of crowded heads, on spreading or recurved pedicels not larger than the heads them- selves, which at the apex are as large as is usuat in this species, but very gradually diminish in size towards the base: below the inflorescence is com- pound, consisting of numerous filiform branches, 2-4 inches long; bear- ing several mostly sessile heads, which are seldom more than half the size of those at the sijrnmit of the raceme. — In a single cultivated specimen of the paniculate state of this species, Mr. Nuttall ( Trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.) remarked chafly scales intermixed among the flowers. This accidental oc- currence, however, will hardly be thought to overthrow a genus so well marked by habit as Carphephorus proves to be. 11. L. spicata [WiWd.) : glabrous, or rarely pubescent; stem strict, very leafy; leaves linear, acute; often ciliate towards the base; the upper ones very short, often subulate; the lowermost elongated, 3-5-nerved ; heads about 8- (sometimes 10-13-) flowered, sessile, aggregated in a dense elonga- ted spike; involu(;re cylindrical or cylindrical-campanulate, obtuse at the base; the scales (15-20) appressed, resinous-punctate and with narrow scari- ous (purplish) margins, obtuse; the inneroblong; the exterior oval orroiihd- ish, short; achenia more or less hairy or pubescent, or almost glabrous when mature; pappus densely barbellale. — Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1636; Bot. mag. t. 1411 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 273; Brit. fl. gard. t. 49; Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 131; Darlinsf. •' fl- Cest. p. 448 ; DC ! prodr. 5. p. 130. (a. & /?.) L. macrosta- chya, Mich.v. ! fi. 2 p. 91 ; Pursh, I. c. Serratula spicata, Linn.! spec. 2. p. 819 (excl. syn. Gronov.) ; Andr. bot. rep. t. 401. Suprago spicata, Gartn. fr. 2. p'. 402, t. 167. Cirsiuni tuberosum, &c. Dill. Elth. t. 72, /. 83. (i. heads about 5-flowered; plant smaller.— L. resinosa, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 131, not of DC. Moist ground, Michigan! and New Jersey ! to Florida! and Louisiana! common." Aug.-Oct.— Stem 2-5 feet high. Leaves often hairy on the nerves, spreading or somewhat erect. Spike 5-15 inches long; the heads VOL. II.-IO 74 COMPOSITjE. Liatris. sessile or nearly so, mostly crowded, about half an inch in length : lower bracts longer, the upper much shorter than the heads. Flowers bright pur- ple. Achenia about the length of the pappus. — The number of flowers in the head is variable. (Mr. G. Watson has discovered, near Philadelphia, a state of this plant with pale pink, or sometimes pure white flowers.) — But- tcm- Snake-root. 12. L. pycnostachya : hirsute or nearly glabrous ; stem stout, strict, very leafy; leaves strict, rigid, closely sessile, and partly clasping at the base; the radical and lower ones elongated, lanceolate, obtuse, 5-7-nerved; the up- per short and much crowded, narrowly linear, acute; spike elongated, thick and dense, somewhat leafy below; the heads closely sessile, about 5-flow- ered ; involucre cylindrical; the scales (14-16) oblong or lanceolate, usually acute, with scarious and colored margins, scarcely punctate, rigid, appressed, squarrose at the summit; achenia pubescent; pappus densely barbellate. — Michx.! fl. 2. p. 91; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 507 (excl. syn. Dill. S^- Walt.?);. DC. I. c. a. stem densely hirsute; leaves more or less hairy; scales of the involucre strongly ciliale, often glandular. 13. stem, leaves, and involucre nearly glabrous. — L. brachystachya, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 72. Prairies of Illinois! Missouri! Arkansas! Louisiana! & Texas! (not extend- ing eastward beyond the Alleghany Mountains.) Aug.-Oct. — Stem 3-5 feet high, striate, stout. Spike very dense, cylindrical, and 12-18 inches long, or often short and somewhat clavate, an inch or more in diameter when fully developed ; sometimes (in starved specimens of both varieties) slender and looser. Heads equalling or exceeding those of L. spicata in length, but narrower. — .\ well-marked species, resembling some forms of L. spicata, but readily distinguished by its squarrose involucre. The upper leaves are usually very short, bract-like, subulate, and somewhat appressed. 13. L. pilosa (Wilid.) : more or less pubescent with long scattered hairs; stem stout; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated, hairy; heads in a loose simple raceme, 10-15-flowered ; scales of the turbinate or campanulate involucre glabrous, not punctate, with slight scarious margins ; the exterior narrowly oblong, short, very obtuse; the innermost linear; achenia pub- escent, nearly as long as the densely barbellate (almost plumose) pappus.^ WilLd. spec. 3. p. 1636 ; scarcely of any succeeding author. Serratula pilosa, Ait.! Keiv. {ed. \) 3. p. 138. " North America : introduced [into the Kew garden] 1783, by Mr. Wm. Young." Hort. Keio.l.c. On Seven-mile Mountain (in the Alleghanies), Virginia, Mr. Read ! (in hcrh. Acad. Philad.) — Plant nearly as siout as L. scariosa. Heads somewhat scattered, 8-10 lines long, on pedicels which vary in length from 1-3 inches, or are sometimes shorter than the head. Interior scales of the involucre narrow, rather acute, about half an inch long. Achenia and pappus nearly eipial in size to L. scariosa. — Our description is drawn from our own memoranda upon an authentic specimen in the Banks- ian herbarium, and from fuller notes kindly communicated by Mr. Bennett; also from a jjlant collected in the mountains of Virginia by Mr. Read, the only native specimen we have met with, which accords so well with the original plant as to leave no reasonable doubt of their identity. It has long since disappeared from the English gardens; and being probably a very rare or local species, the name and insufficient character of the Horius Kewensis have been generally assigned to a very different plant. The character of Pursh's L. pilosa is not inapplicable to the true species ; but the habitat he gives, the size of the heads, &c. do not accord. That of De CandoUe is chiefly derived from the detailed description of Elliott, which is entirely drawn from a specimen of the New Jersey plant, as is proved by his her- LiATRis. COMPOSITiE. 75 barium. The L. pilosa /?. Isvicaulis, DC. is identical with L. spicata )'. raceriiosa of the same author. 14. L. scariosa (Willd.): stem stout, more or less pubescent; leaves lan- ceolate, pubescent or glabrous, obscurely if at all punctate with impressed dots ; the radical and lower ones usually large, oval, oblong-lanceolate, or obovate-oblong, somewhat veiny, tapering into a peiiole ; heads (few or numerous) racemose or spicate, subglobose, 20-40-flowered ; scales of the involucre very numerous, obovaie or spatulate, very obtuse, often punctate, with more or less ciliaie scarious often denticulate and colored margins ; the lower ones sometimes a little spreading or squarrose ; the lowest bracteolate and often acute ; achenia hairy or villous, about the length of the plumose- barbellate pappus.— IVilld. ! 'sjjec. 3. p. 1635 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 281 ; Bot. mag. t. 1709 ; Bot. reg. t. 590 ; Brit. fl. gard. t. 87 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 293 ; Hook. .' fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 306. L. squarruiosa, aspera, & sphe- roidea, Michx. ! fl.. 2. p. 92. L. scariosa & spheroidea, DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 129 Sf 130. L. borealis, '' Paxton, tnag. 5. /. 27." L. heterophylla, Nutt..' gen. 2. p. 131, not of R. Br.? Serralula scariosa, Linn..' spec. 2. p. 818. Vernonia scariosa, Pair. Dry, usually sandy soil, from the Saskatchewan and Upper Canada ! to Florida! Louisiana! & Texas! Aug.-Ocf. — Stem 1-5 feet high. Heads often an inch in diameter. Flowers bright purple, or rarely pure white ! — Varies with the stem nearly glabrous, or sometimes almost tonientose at the summit; the leaves smooth and glabrous, very scabrous (L. aspera, Michx.), or pubescent ; the heads from 3-10 or more, when they are usually some- what distant and distinctly pedicelled (the pedicels shorter or sometimes longer than the heads,) to 30 or 50, when they usually form a dense spike. But the forms are so numerous and diversified that marked varieties cannot be characterized. It is mostly a pretty large and stout plant ; but is sometimes slender, 12-18 inches high, with smaller heads, and small linear-lanceolate cauline leaves ; when it is frequently called L. heterophylla. 15. L. heterophylla (R. Brown) : leaves lanceolate, smooth and glabrous ; the upper ones linear-lanceolate and much smaller; heads spicate, on very short peduncles; scales of the involucre lanceolate, squarrose, naked. — R.Br, in Ait. Keu: (ed. 2) 4. p. 503. " Native of N. America : cult. 1790, by Mr. William Malcolm. Fl. July and August," R. Br. " In S. Carolina and Georgia, Fraser, Bartram," Pursh. — To the original character of this species, we have only to add the following notes upon the specimen preserved in the Banksian herbarium, obligingly communicated by Mr. Bennett: "Heads about 10, forming a compact spike of little more than two inches in length, apparently 15-16- flowered ; in size and shape they appear to resemble those of L. scariosa; but the scales are long, pointed, and more decidedly squarrose." Apparently the species has not been subse(|uently met with in this country; but we have often seen depauperate forms of L. scariosa with this name, yet never with pointed scales. Pursh's reference to Willd. evu/n. is a mistake, as Will- denow has no such species. 16. L. pauciflora (Pursh) : stem simple, glabrous; leaves linear; panicle virgate, leafy; the branches short, bearing few subsessile secund 3-5-flow- ered heads , scales of the involucre erect, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Pursh, fl. 2. p. 510. In Georgia, Bartram, (herb. Banks) Flowers small, the size of No. 4. [which is L. heterophylla.] Pursh. — We have translated the character of Pursh, merely changing the name 'calyx' to involucre, &c. This still very obscure species evidently does not belong to llie same division with L. paniculata &c., where Pursll places it; for, according to Mr. Bennett's re- marks upon the specimen, " the primary branches of the inflorescence (which 76 COMPOSITjE. LiATRis. is 7 or 8 inches long,) are not corymbose but simple, slender, from an inch and a half to two inches in length, suberect, and each bearing 3 to 4 subses- sile secund (obconic or subcylindric) capitula : the outer scales of the involu- cre are less than half the length of the innermost ; their shape and the num- ber of flowers in each are accurately noted by Pursh." § 2. Suffruticose : branches and heads corymbose : leaves obovate, punciicu- lale: scales of the few-flowered involucre few, imbricated: lobes of the corol- la lanceolate: jyaj^pus unequal, barbellate. — Leptoclinium, Nult. 17. L. fru'icosa (Nutf.) : glabrous; branches naked above ; leaves spafu- late-obovate, nerveless, entire ; heads about 5-flowered ; involucre cylindri- cal-campanulate, much shorter than the pappus ; the scales (12-14) lanceo- late, acute, or acuminate, sprinkled with resinous globules; achenia villous- pubescent. — Nutt. ! in Sill. jour. 5. p. 299, Sf in trans. Amer. phil. sac. - (n. ser.) 7. p. 285. East Florida, Mr. Ware .' — Leaves scattered, (the lower opposite, the upper alternate, JS'utt.) about an inch long, similar in shape to those of the common Purslane. Scales of the involucre imbricated in about 3 series ; the exterior shorter and more acuminate; the innermost a little longer than the achenia, which are nearly 3 lines in length. Corolla purple. Pappus longer than the achenia, of numerous rather strongly barbellate bristles, some of which are much weaker and shorter than the others. — The achenia and pappus exactly agree with those of L. scariosa, and are about the same size : the receptacle is the same as in other few-flowered species. § 3. Root a short rhizoma or caudex : leaves dilated, obovate, spatulate, or lanceolate, somewhat tripli-ncrved or veined, not punctate with imjjressed dots: heads corymbose or paniculate-cymose, small, few-flowered : scales of the involucre few and slightly imbricated : corolla scarcely dilated above ; the lobes short, ovate : pappus minutely barbellate. — Tkilisa, Cass., DC. (excl. spec.) 18. L. odoratissima (Willd.) : glabrous ; leaves somewhat glaucous, ob- scurely veined; the radical ones obovaie-spaiulale, tapering at the base, often slightly and obtusely toothed ; the cauline oblong, clasping at the base ; cyme corymbose-jianiculate ; the heads numerous, pedicellate, 7-8-flowered ; scales of the involucre spatulate-oblong, glandular ; achenia scarcely pubescent. — Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1637; Michx.1 fl. 2. p. 93 ; Pursh. fl. 2. p.b\Q: Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 132 ; Arulr. bot. rep. t. 633 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 283 ; DC ! prndr. 5. p. 131 ; Don, in Brit. fl. gard. (ser. 2) t. 184. Anonymos odoratissimus, Walt. Car. p. 198. Trilisa odoratissima, Cass. diet. 55. p. 310. Pine barrens, Virginia (Nnttall) to Florida! Alabama! and Louisiana! Sept.-Oct. — Stem 2-4 feet high, corymbose at the summit. Leaves thick, tripli-nerved, or with several veins proceeding from the midrib ; the ra- dical ones large; the upper small and scattered. Flowers bright purple. Achenia glandular. — The leaves when bruised exhale the odor of Vanilla, which in a dry state they retain for many years; whence the popular name, Vanilla-plant. 19. L. paniculata (Willd.) : stem clothed with viscid hairs; leaves 3-5- nerved, mostly glabrous; the radical ones spatulate-lanceolate, tapering into a margined petiole; the cauline very small and numerous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, viscidly pubescent when yoimg; corymbs small, numerous, aggregated into a dense oblong panicle; heads 4-10- (commonly 5-) flowered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear-oblong, viscid ; LiATRis. COMPOSITiE. 77 achenia minutely pubescent. — Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1637; Michx. ! I.e.; Pursh, I. c. ; Nutt. ! ^en. 2. p. 132 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 283 ; DC! I. c. Anony- mos paniculatus, Wait,.! Car. p. 198. Moist pine barrens, Virginia to Florida! common. Sept.-Oct. — Stem 1-2 feel high, virgale, purplish, somewhat villous or hirsute with glutinous hairs. Cauline leaves very small, a])pressed, almost imbricated. Heads as large as in the preceding species. Corolla purple, sometimes almost white. The scales of the involucre vary from 6 to 16, and the flowers from 4 to 10. L. flexnosa of D. Thomas, in Sill. jour. 27. p. 338 (1839), is either L. cylin- dracea or a reduced L. squaiTosa ; it is impossible to determine which from the imperfect description and figure. 12. CLAVIGERA. DC. prodr. 5. p. 127. Heads 5-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several series, striate ; the exterior very short ; the innennost elongated, linear. Receptacle narrow, naked. Corolla tubular, dilated at tlie base, not expanded above, 5-toothed ; the teeth very short, glandular externally. Style with a villous bulb at the base ; the branches terete or subclavate, mostly glabrous, included or partly exserled. Achenia somewhat cylindrical, striate (mostly 10-striate), nearly glabrous, sessile. Pappus a single series of plumose-barbellate bris- tles. — Somewhat shrubby branched (Mexican & Texan) plants. Leaves alternate, 1 -nerved or tripli-nerved, linear or oblong, entire or toothed, some- times dotted with resinous globules, or punctate. Heads in a corymbose or spicate panicle. Flowers whitish. " A genus intermediate between Kuhnia and Liatris [but much nearer the for- mer], dedicated, on account of the species being all natives of Mexico, to Franc. Xav. Clavigero, who wrote upon the natural as well as the civil history of Mexico." DC. — On the authority of Hrenke's herbarium, De Candolle gives Mulgrave Sound as one of the localities of C. scoparia ; but this is probably a mistake; and much confusion is said to exist respecting the localities of Hsenke's plants. 1. C. dcntata (DC.) : pubescent, cinereous, shrubby ; leaves oval-oblong, toothed, here and there .somewhat lobed at the apex ; branchlets leafy, bear- ing one or few heads disposed in a narrow panicle; heads l2-fl()wered; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, somewhat scarious at the apex, more or less striate. DC. I. c. Texa.s, in the eastern districts (Cammancheries), and about Bexar, Ber- landier, ex DC. — This species jterhaps hardly conies within the prescribed limits of our Flora. We introduce it for comparison with the following, apparently different, species. 2. C. Riddellii : shrubby; the branches cinereous and miinitely pubes- cent: leaves oblong-lanceolate, okscurely punctate ; the lower ones tripli- nerved, reticulate-veined beneath, minutely pubescent, unequally serrate; those of the branches small, crenaiely toothed from the middle to the apex; heads 15-20-fiovvere(l, disposed in a leafy spike or thyrsus terminating the virgate branches; scales of the involucre pubescent and glandular, stri- ate, obtuse, seldom mucronate; the exterior ovate; the inner lanceolate- linear, slightly scarious at the apex. Interior of Texas, Dr. Riddell ! — A much branched shrub, 4-6 feet high. Lower leaves slightly petioled. Spike or raceme nearly simple, dense, vir- gaie ; the hemls .scarcely exceeding the leaves from the axils of which ihey arise, the lower ones flowering earliest. Branches of the style partly ex- serted, clavate. Achenia about 10-striate. 78 COMPOSITiE. KuHNiA. 13. KUHNIA. Linn. spec. ed. 2. appx. p. 1662; Vent. Cels. t. 91. Kulinia § Strigia, DC. — Critonia, Gartn., not of/?. Br. Heads 10-25-flowered. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, rather loosely imbricated in two or three series; the exterior shorter, acute or acuminate. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, somewhat dilated at the base, not ex- panded above, 6-toothed ; the teeth short, obtuse, glandular externally. Style with a villous bulb at the base ; the branches at length exserted, slight- ly clavate and somewhat flattened at the summit, glabrous. (Anthers some- times abortive or unconnected?) Achenia nearly cylindrical, many-striate, sessile. Pappus a single series of strongly plumose bristles. — Perennial herbs or suifrutescent plants, with alternate or somewhat ojiposite 1-nerved or tripli-nerved lanceolate leaves, sprinkled with resinous dots beneath. Heads paniculate-corymbose. Flowers white or purple. "We have drawn the above character from the North American species alone, to which, with probably K. rosmarinifolia of Cuba (the section Strigia, DC.) the ge- nus should doubtless be restricted: the species with pentagonal estriate achenia seem to be closely allied to Eupatorium, while Kuhnia proper is more near to Cla- vigera. — Kuhnia glutinosa of tUiott is placed by De CandoUe in his section Leio- go°iia, and is referred by Hooker to Eupatorium altissimum, in both cases on the authority of specimens communicated by the author himself who had inadvertendy sent under that name the Eupatorium aUissimum, a very different plant frorn the K. glutinosa of his herbarium (also long since sent to his correspondents in this coun- try), and by no means agreeing with his published description, in which the pappus is said to be "beautifully feathered."— Kuhnia Arabica, Hochst. tf- Steu/i.! pi. Arab, un. itin.; DC! prodr. 7. p. 267, is a species of Pegolettia, as Dr. A molt first inti- mated to us.— Nothites, Cass, (of which we know a single species) is nearer Kuhnia than Mikania, but a distinct genus. 1. K. eupatorioides (Linn.): stem herbaceous; leaves, as w^ell as the scales of the involucre, thickly sprinkled beneath with shining resinous dots, lanceolate; the cauline ones txiostly irregularly serrate; those of the branches narrow and usuallv entire; heads in paniculate corymbs; flowers white or yellowish-white.— L?>?». I. c. (excl. syn. Pluk.) ; Linn. f. decad. 2. p. 21, Ml; Darlmgt..'Ji.Cest.p.'\A9. K. eupatorioides & K. Crhonia, Willd. spec. 3. p. 1773. K. eupatorioides, dasypia, glutinosa, elliptica, tuberosa, fulva, (media, glabra,) & puhescens, Ra'f. Critonia Kuhnia, Gxvin. fr. 2. p. 411, t. 174, f. 7 ; Michx.! f. 2. p. 101. p. corymbulosa: lower surface of the leaves, and the branches, cinereous- pubescent; lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, irregularly serrate or sometimes laciniate-toothed ; corymbs rather short and dense. — K. eupatorioides, Ell. sk. 2. ;;. 291; DC. prodr. 5. p. 126. K. glutinosa. Ell..' I. c, notof J>C. prodr..' K. suiveolens. Presenilis, ind. sem. hort. Franc. 1838. y. gracilis: leaves scarcely pubescent; the lower cauline ones lanceolate and more or less serrate; the others linear and mostly entire; corymbs loose, paniculate.— K. paniculata, Cass. diet. 2i. p. 516; DC! I. c. K. Critonia, Ell. I. c, <^r. Dry soil, New Jersey ! and Pennsylvania! to Florida! Alabama! Lou- isiana! and Texas! Sept.-Oct. — Lower leaves frequently opposite. Ache- nia pubescent when young, nearly glabrous when mature. Pappus white or tawny. — The K. eupatorioides of Linnaeus, and the Critonia Kuhnia of Ga;rtner were clearly founded on the same plant, and that the more common form in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which is rather the K. Critonia of authors than K. eupatorioides; so that some changes in nomenclature would KuHNiA. COMPOSITiE. 79 be necessary'' if more than one species were admitted. But, considerable as is the difference lietween ihe extremes, we have a great variety of specimens forming snch complete transitions that we are unable even to characierize a series of varieties. The involucre, corolla, achenia, dec. are precisely the same in all. We have, therefore, taken the more common northern plant as the type of the species, and have designated the extreme forms as varieties. 14. BULBOSTYLIS. DC. prodr. 5. p. 138. Heads 10-25-flowered. Scales of the oblong or cylindrical-campanulale involucre rather loosely imbricated in about 3 series, striate ; the exterior short, the inner lanceolate or linear. Receptacle narrow, naked. Corolla tubular, slender, somewhat dilated at the base, contracted at the summit, with 5 extremely short externally glandular teeth. Style whh a commonly villous bulb at the base, included. Achenia nearly terete, or obscurely 6-angled, about 10-striate. Pappus of numerous capillary scabrous bristles, longer tlian the corolla. — Suflfruticose (chiefly Mexican) plants, with terete branches. Leaves opposite or alternate, ovate or lanceolate, petioled, ser- rate, often doited with resinous globules. Heads in thyrsoid or spicate leafy panicles. Flowers mostly white or ochroleucous. Perhaps not sufficiently distinct from Brickellia; which again is distinguished froiTi Eupatorium chiefly by its striate achenia. 1. B. Californica: stem and branches velvety-puberulent ; leaves ovate, on short petioles, irregularly serrate-toothed, 3-nerved at the base, nearly gla- brous above, dotted with minute glands and puberulent but scarcely reticulated beneath, the upper ones mostly alternate; heads in a spicate thyrsus, about 20-flo\vered ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; the exterior very short, ap- pressed ; the innermost linear, 1— 2-nerved; achenia minutely pubescent. — B. Cavanillesii, DC. ! prodr. 5. ;;. 138, partly (the Californian plant) ; Hook. Sf Arn. ! hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 3o0. California, i)oy^/a6'.' — DiHers from the Mexican plant {herb. DC. .') as well in the leaves, which have not the upper surface scabrous, nor the lower reticulated, as in the obtuse scales of the involucre. 2. B. microphylla (Nutt.) : much branched, viscidly pubescent and glandu- lar ; leaves alternate, ovate, petioled, sparingly toothed, tripli-nerved, equally pubescent and viscid on both sides ; those of the branchlets very small, nearly sessile; heads about 15-flowered ; exterior scales of the involucre with squarrose foliaceous tips; the interior erect, linear, 2-3-nerved, mucro- nulate. — Nutt..' in trans. Amer. jihii. soc. {n. scr.) 7. p. 287. Oregon, on the Walla-wallah, Nultall ! — A low suffruticose plant; the leaves of the numerous branchlets onl}' 2 or 3 lines long, rather thick, re- sembling those of some Asters. Heads small, scattered. Achenia not seen. 15. BRICKELLIA. Ell. sk. 2. p. 290. Heads 30-50-flowered. Scales of the campanulate involucre imbricated, lanceolate or linear, striate ; the exterior shorter. Receptacle naked, flat. Corolla tubular, slightly expanded towards the summit ; the teeth short, ob- tuse, scarcely glandular externally. Style whh a villous bulb at the base ; the branches often much exsertcd, somewhat clavate, glabrous. Achenia 80 COMPOSITiE. Brickellia. nearly cylindrical, about 10-striale. Pappus a single series of slender sca- brous or minutely barbellate-serrulate bristles. — Perennial herbs (natives of the Southern United States and Oregon), sparingly branched ; with opposite or alternate tripii-nerved leaves, and rather large corymbose heads. Flowers pale purple. § 1. Leaves mostly opposite, cordate, crenate, petioled, 3-nerved from the base, veiny : involucre rather shorter than the flowers. 1. B. cordifolia (Ell. 1. c.) : stem paniculate-corymbose at the summit ; leaves all opposite, somewhat triangular-cordate, acuminate, minutely pu- bescent anil thickly dotted with resinous globules beneath, crenale-tooihed ; corymb loose, the branches bearing 1-3 pedunculate heads; bracts setaceous ; scales of the involucre rather rigid; the outermost subulate, loose or bracteo- late, somewhat shorter than the obtuse oblong-linear imbricated interior ones ; branches of the style much exserted ; achenia nearly glabrous ; pap- pus (purplish) persistent. — Eupatorium Brickellia, DC. prodr. 5. p. 182. Hill-sides, western districts of Georgia, Elliott. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman ! Aug.-Sept. — Stem about 3 feet high, terete. Leaves about 3 inches long ; the uppermost merely truncate at the base. Heads half an inch long, 40-5()-flowered. Style with a depressed villous bulb. Achenia •when young minutely hairy towards the summit. 2. B. grandiflora (Nutt.): stem paniculate at the summit; leaves cordate- triangular, acuminate, pubescent or nearly glabrous, dotted with resinous globules beneath, coarsely or incisely dentate-serrate ; the lower mostly op- posite, the others alternate; heads subses'iile and glomerate (3—5 together) on the simple branches of the panicle; scales of the involucre imbricated in several series; the inner ones linear-oblong, rather acute; the exterior short, ovate, appressed, produced into a subulate spreading appendage; branches of the style slightly exseried; achenia glabrous when mature; pappus (white) deciduous. — Nutt.! in trans. Anier. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 287. Eupatorium? grandiflorum, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 26. Low hills between the north and south branches of Lewis & Clarke's River, Oregon, Douglas; and from this region to the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall! Upper plains of the Platte? Dr. James! — Manifestly allied to the preceding species; the heads about the same size. Flowers white, ac- cording to Hooker; but evidently tinged with purple in the specimen of Dr. James. § 2. Leaves all alternate, oblong-lanceolate, small, sessile, not sprinkled with resinous dots, obscurely tripii-nerved, entire: inner scales of the involucre longer than the flowers. 3. B. oblongifolia (Nutt.) : slightly viscid-puberulent ; leaves nume- rous, narrowly oblong, mucronulate, tapering to the base, scarcely veined ; heads solitary or 2-3 together, terminaiing the corymbose-paniculate leafy branches; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 series ; the exte- rior shorter, lanceolate-oblong, often obtuse; the interior linear, elongated, acute or mucronate; branches of the style scarcely exserted ; achenia slen- der, minutely puberulent. — Nutt. ! I. c. Gravel bars of the Oregon and Wahlamet, Nut/all! — Leaves about an inch long. Heads 8-10 lines in length. Habit different from the other spe- cies. The plant is viscid, and has a heavy odor, according to Nuttall; who states that the flowers are yellowish [ochroleucous?]. EuPATORiTJM. COMPOSITiE. 81 16. EUPATORIUM. Tourn. i7ist. t. 259 ; Linn.; Gtertn. fr. t. 166; DC.prodr. 5. p. 141. Heads 3-1 00-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or campanulate ; the scales imbricated in 2-3 or niore series, or sometimes nearly equal in a single se- ries. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla tubular-infundibuliform or often with a campanulate limb, 5-toothed, frequently dilated at the base. Anthers in- cluded. Branches of the style mostly exserted and elongated, cylindra- ceous or somewhat flattened, obtuse. Achenia 5-angled, without intermediate strice. Pappus a single series of very slender capillary bristles, scabrous or minutely serrulate. — Perennial herbs or somewhat shrubby plants (the great- er portion American), with opposite (sometimes alternate or verticillate) sim- ple or rarely divided leaves. Heads mostly corymbose. Flowers purple, blue, or white. Leaves, involucre, corolla, and achenia often sprinkled with resinous globules ; the former rarely impressed-punctate. § 1. Heads cylindrical, 5-60-Jlowered : scales of the involucre numerous, closely imbricated in several series, oppressed, obtuse, strongly striate ; the outer ones shortest : leaves opposite or rarely alternate. 1. E. ivcejhliwn (Linn.): herbaceous; stem terete, somewhat hispid; leaves opposite, narrowly lanceolate, tapering to each end, scarcely petioled, 3-nerved, subserrate, glabrous; corymb trichotomous, loose ; heads oblong, pedicellate, 15-20-flowered ; scales of the involucre few, erect, striate, olj- tuse. DC. — Linn, amcen. acad. 5. p. 405, c^ spec. {ed. 2.) 2. p. 1174 ; Sivartz, obs. p. 301 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 146. /?. Ludovicianum : leaves less attenuated at each end, often rather obtuse; the uppermost short and nearly sessile ; corymbs more dense. — E. neurolepis, Torr. ! herb. E. calocephalum, Nutt. .' in trans. Amer. j)]nl. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 286. Liatris oppositifolia, Nutt. ! in Sill. jour. 5. 2^- 299. Open woods or fields, Louisiana, near New Orleans, Tainturier ! Nut- tall ! Dr. Ingalls! Dr. Riddell! Jackson, Dr. Carpenter! and Alexandria, Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! July-Nov. — Stem branched, 3-5 feet high. Lower leaves about 2 inches long, broadly lanceolate, rather sparingly ser- rate ; those of the numerous branchlefs very short. Corymbs with 6-20 heads, more contracted than in the West Indian plant. Scales of the invo- lucre about 20 ; the inner ones somewhat dilated and colored (purplish) at the summit. Flowers light purplish-blue. — We have only seen West In- dian specimens of E. ivjefolium ji. DC. ; which has more pointed leaves than our plant, but appears scarcely to difler in other respects. This is our only representative of a large and marked group of tropical American species. § 2. Heads cylindrical, 5-lO-Jlowered : scales of the involucre numerous, co- lored, obtuse, slightly striate, imbricated in several series; the outermost much shortest {style bulbous at the base): herbaceous: leaves large, mostly verticillate : Jloicers purplish. 2. E. purpurcum (Linn.) : stem stout, simple, fistular or nearly solid, pubescent or glabrous; leaves (3-G-nately) verticillate or rarely opposite, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, more or less petioled, acuminate, veiny, scabrous or glabrous above, somewhat ])ubcscent beneath and minutely dotted with resin- VOL. II.-ll 82 COMPOSITiE. Eupatorium. ous globules, serrate, the teeth mucronulate; heads in a large compound corymb, 5-9- (rarely 3-12-) flowered; achenia glabrous and more or less glandular.— irf)n. .' spec. {eel. 1) 2. p. 838,- Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 304; Darlingt. fl. Ccsl. p. 453. E. trifoliatum, Linn.! I. c. E. purpu- reum, maculatuin, verticillatum, ternifolium, & dubium, DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 151. a. stem tall, somewhat glabrous and glaucous, purple at the nodes (and sometimes throughout) ; leaves (5-6 in a whorl) large, oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, somewhat petioled, often rugosely veiny ; corymb very large, convex. — E. purpureum, Linn. ! I. c. (excl. /3.) S^- ed. 2. p. 1173; Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1759 (partly); Ell. I. c.l ^-c. ; DC! I.e. E. verticillatum, Willd.! L. c. (herb. fbl. 1, & 2 !) E. trifoliatum, Darlingt. ! I. c. /?. jnaculatum (Darlingt. ! 1. c.) : stem mostly striate or grooved, pubescent and often glandular or viscid above, punctate with purple linear spots ; leaves (mostly ternate or quaternate) ovate, slightly tripli-nerved, petioled ; corymb dense, depressed. — E. purpureum, /3. Linn.'! I. c. ed. I. E. macu- latum, Linn. ! amosn. 4. p. 288, <^- spec. ed. 2. p. 1174 ; Willd. ! I. c. ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 99 ; Bart. fl. Amer. Sept. t. 102 ; Ell. I. c. ; DC. ! I. c. E. punctatum, Willd. ! enum. 2. p. 853 ; Ptirsh, fl. 2. p. 515. E. amcE- num, Pursh! I. c. — Varies, with the leaves strongly rugose and scabrous- pubescent both sides, or nearly smooth and glabrous ; either acute or acumi- nate at each end (E. maculatum, Ell. I. c.) ; or obtuse at the base, and pubescent and glandular beneath, as also the scales of the involucre (E. ternifolium. Ell. I. c. ; DC. I. c); or with the leaves scarcely acuminate, the involucre glabrous and about 3-flowered (E. dubium, Poir., X)C.) ; or occasionally with the lower leaves ternate, the upper opposite, lie uppermost sometimes even alternate (E. amoenum, Pursh, I. c.) ; and by other forms with a shghtly punctate stem, elongated (mostly ternate) ovate-lanceolate leaves, acuminate at both ends and coarsely serrate, (E. trifoliatum, Linn., Darlingt. I. c.) approaching the original E. purpureum, so as to be undis- tinguishable from its more slender states. y. angustifolium : stem tall, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, or pubes- cent at the summit, sparingly punctate with linear spots; leaves (commonly 5 or 6 in a whorl), petioled, evenly and rather finely serrate ; the lower ones oblong-lanceolate ; the upper linear-lanceolate ; corymb compound, panicu- late-lhyrsoid, loose. — E. Iffivigatum, Torr. ! cat. jyl. Neiv York. — Varies (in shady places,) with the heads and flowers nearly white, the leaves membra- naceous and more deeply serrate, &c. ; when it is E. falcatum, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 99. Low grounds, thickets, and swamps, Canada ! from the Saskatchawan, and throughout the United States ! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 3-7 or even 10 feet high. Involucre purplish or whitish ; the scales 12-18, obtuse; the exterior very short, closely imbricated, pubescent ; the others linear-oblong and linear, scarious, 2-3-nerved, shorter than the flowers. Corolla infundibuli- form-tubular ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, short, light purple or flesh-color. Style with a small globose pubescent bulb at the base ; the branches very nmch exserted. — This plant is sometimes employed medicinally, as a tonic. § 3. Heads 3-many-flowered : scales of the somewhat cylindrical or cam- panulate involucre 8-15, more or less iinhricatcd ; the exterior shortest: leaves opposite, sometimes verticillate or alternate. {Stem herbaceous, flowers white, and the corolla, achenia, &;c. more or less dotted with resinous globules in all the North American species.) * PanicuMe : heads o-b-fl^ovxred : leaves allcrnatc, plmiatclij Med. 3. E. fceniculaceum (Willd.) : paniculately very much branched ; stem EuPATORiuM. COMPOSITiE. 83 puberulent ; leaves alternate, linear-filiform, glabrous ; the lower pinnately or bipinnately parted ; the upper fascicled, entire ; heads very numerous, small, 3-5-flovvered, on short pedicels; scales of the involucre 8-10; the exterior very short; the inner mucronulate-acuminate, glabrous, slightly margined; achenia clabrous. — Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1750; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 512 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 294 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 176. E. fa3niculoides, Walt. Car. p. 199. Chrysocoma capillacea, Miclix. ! fl. 2. p. 101. /3. glahrum : stem and branches glabrous ; the racemose-spicate divisions of the panicle somewhat fastigiate. — E. leptophyllum, DC. ! I. c. y. lateriflorum : slightly pubescent ; branchlets of the panicle loose, with rather few and scattered heads, borne towards the base of leafy branches. — E. fcEuiculaceum /3. traganthes, DC! I. c. (at least partly.) Fields, in damp soil, mostly near the coast, Virginia ! and N. Carolina! to Florida ! /i. Georgia, Mr. Herbemont ! (in herh. Duby SfDC.) &c. Florida, Dr. Leavenworth ! y. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! Sept.-Oct. — Stem 3-10 feet high ; the branches terminated by the elongated compound panicles. Flowers yellowish-white, (sometimes sprinkled with purple, Ell.), very small. Corolla tubular-infundibuliform ; the teeth very short, minutely glan- dular externally. Anthers as long as the corolla : the stamens not very short, as described by Elliott. Branches of the style much elongated and exserted, minutely papillose. Achenia angled as in E. coronopifoliuin (not cylindri- cal). — The E. foeniculaceum [3. of De CandoUe seems a cultivated state of our var. >., which is a somewhat remarkalde form ; the heads however being only 5-flowered. — Dog-Fennel. 4. E. coronopifolium (Willd.) : paniculately branched ; stem pubescent ; leaves mostly alternate, pubescent or nearly glabrous, punctate ; the lower ones pinnately 3-7-Iobed, the lobes linear ; the others linear, mostly entire, fascicled or crowded ; heads numerous, scarcely pedicelled, 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre about 10, lanceolate, mucronulate, slightly pubescent, with scarious margins ; the exterior short and imbricated ; achenia glabrous. — Willd. ! spec. 3.^p. 1750 ,- Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 294 ,- DC! prodr. 5. p. 176. E. compositifolium, Walt. Car. p. 199. Chrysocoma coronopi- folia, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 102. Dry barren soil, N. Carolina to Florida! Alabama! and Texas! Sept.- Oct. — Stena 3-4 feet high; the branches of the panicle rather short and dense. Flowers about twice the size of those of E. fcieniculaceum, white; the corolla, achenia, papjius, &c. similar. Style with a minute bulb at the base. * ♦ Corymbose: heads 5-15- {rardij viore than 20-) flowered. t Leaves sessile or nearly so, not clasping or connate : heads 5- (rarely 7-9-) flowered. 5. E. pinnatifidum (Ell.) : pubescent ; stem fastigiately corymbose at the summit; leaves laciniate-pinnatifid, with the segments linear and entire or toothed, pubescent beneath, sprinkled with sinning resinous dots; the lower ones quaternately verticillate, the otliers opposite or mostly alternate ; heads small, very numerous, 5-9-flowered ; scales of the involucre 8-10, linear- oblong or lanceolate, mucronulate, pubescent and sprinkled with resinous dots ; achenia sparsely glandular. — Ell. sk. 2. p. 295 ; DC. prodr. 5. p>. 176, but not oi p. 149. Damp soil in the middle districts of Carolina, Elliott. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! Sandy woods of N. Carolina, Mr. Curtis! — Stem 3-4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, deeply and unequally laciniate- pinnatifid, nearly glabrous above, minutely pubescent and more conspicu- ously dotted with shining globules beneatii ; the lower segments elongated and usually toothed or laciniate. Branches of tlie fastigiate corymb loose ; 84 COMPOSITiE. Eupatorium. the heads not larger than in E. coronopifolium. Corolla infundibuliform, attenuate below, and abruptly dilated at the base; the teeth very short, ovate, glandular externally. Pappus as long as the corolla. Achenia dotted with scattered resinous globules. — Our plant appears to be that of Elliott, although we have never seen the lower verticillate leaves, and the heads are mostly 7-9-flowered. The styles also in our specimens are often all included within the corolla at every stage, and with short very obtuse lobes. Two or three flowers of each head, however, often present the branches of the style elon- gated and much exserted, as described by Elliott. The same thing occurs in several of the succeeding species, and in Kuhnia eupatorioides. where the style is usually included until a late period. 6. E. hyssopifolium (Linn.) : stem minutely pubescent, simple or branched, loosely corymbose at the summit ; leaves opposite or verticillate, and often fascicled in the axils, the uppermost alternate, linear or lanceolate, rather obtuse, tapering or acute at the base, minutely pubescent, punctate on both sides, 3-nerved, the upper ones 1-nerved, entire, the lower ones spar- ingly toothed or serrate; heads 5-flowered; scales of the involucre 10, shorter than the flowers, very pubescent, glandular; the outer ones short; the others linear-oblong, obtuse, with slightly scarious margins; achenia glabrous and usually glandular.— Z,m«. .' spec. 2. p. 836 (pi. Dill. Eltlu S^-Pluk..' t. 88, /. 2.); Willd.! spec. 3. ^.1749; Ait.! Kew. {ed. 2) 4. p. 505. E. lineari- foliuni & E. hyssopifolium (chiefly), DC! prodr. 5. p. 177. E. linearifo- lium, Walt. ! Car. p. 199 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 97 (chiefly) ; Willd. ! I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 296 ? (i. leaves mostly verticillate, very narrowly linear, elongated, entire. y. leaves seldom verticillate ; the lower ones rather broadly lanceolate, somewhat veined, coarsely serrate-toothed. — E. linearifolium, Michx. ! I. c. (partly.) E. hyssopifolium, DC. ! I. c. (partly.) 6. leaves usually ternately verticillate, lanceolate, rather large and thin, serrate-toothed. — E. Torreyanum, Short! cat. Kentucky plants, 2nd suppl. Dry mostly sterile soil, from the coast of Massachusetts ! and New Jersey ! to Florida! and Western Louisiana! /?. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! y. Southern States ! d. " Knobs among the barrens near the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky," Dr. Short! — Stem 1-3 feet high, usually very leafy. Leaves commonly 1 i-2 inches long, rather thick and rigid ; the lateral nerves somewhat anastomozing, approximate to the mid-nerve in the narrower leaves, nearly wanting in the narrowest. Com])ound corj'mb rather loose, often fastigiate. Corolla dilated at the base, as in numerous species, cyathi- form or campanulate at the summit; the lobes ovate, very short. Style usually much exserted. — The Linnfean species was founded on the narrower- leaved plant (E. linearifolium, DC), in which the lower leaves are always 3-nerved, and often toothed ; this passes insensibly into our var. y., the ex- treme forms of which appear abundantly different, but Michaux has justly united them. Our two varieties /3. & 6. taken by themselves, would never be thought the same species, but we are unable to separate them. 7. E. leucolepis: stem mostly simple, puberulent; leaves opposite, divari- cate, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, closely sessile, serrate, very scabrous on both sides, punctate, strongly 1-nerved ; the lower ones obscurely 3-nerved or somewhat veiny ; coryml) fastigiate, canescent ; heads 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre 8-10, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, very pubescent and glandular on the back, white and scarious at the summit, as long as the flowers; achenia minutely glandular. — E. glaucescens /i. leucolepis, DC! prodr. 5. p. 177. E. linearifolium, MicJtx. I. c. partly {ex herb. !) ; Pursh ! Jl. 2. p. 513 (partly) ; Nuti. ! gen. 2. p. 135. E. hvssopiiblium, Ell. sk. 2. p. 296 ? Damp sandy soil, pine barrens of New Jersey ! to Georgia! Florida! EuPATORiuM. COMPOSITE. 85 Alabama! and Western Louisiana! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaves spreading or divaricate, rather rigid, perhaps never verticillate, sel- dom fascicled in llie axils, the uppermost rarely alternate, both surfaces of a pale glaucous hue, the midrib prominent beneath ; the lower ones 2 or rarely 3 inches in length, and from one-fourth to nearly half an inch wide, serrate wuh appressed teeth; the upper narrower and more finely serrate, or sometimes entire. Corolla, &c. nearly as in E. hyssopifolium. Appendages of the anthers short, obtuse. Branches of the style exserted.— This has sometimes been confounded with P2. hyssopifolium, but is readily distin- guished as well by the leaves as by the very scarious and acute scales of the involucre. 8. E. cuneifolium (Willd.) : pubescent; stem simple or branching, loosely corymbose at the summit; leaves very short, ojiposite, or the uppermost frequently alternate, obovate-oblong, s])atulate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or attenuate at the base, slightly petioled, tripli-nerved or 3-nerved from the base, pubescent and punctate on both surfaces, mostly obtuse, and with a few obtuse serratures towards the apex; heads 5-flowered, somewhat crowd- ed on the loose tomentose branchlets of the corymb ; scales of the involucre 8-10, very pubescent, sprinkled with glands, obtuse ; achenia slightly glan- dular.— T'FzMfZ. / sjKC. 3. p. 1753, not of DC! E. glaucescens, EU.! sk. 2. p. 303. E. linearifolium, Michx. (partly, ex herb. !) E. hyssopifolium, DC..' prodr. 5. p. 177, partly. Shady places, S. Carolina ! Georgia ! Alabama ! and Florida ! Aug.- Sept. — Stem about 2 feet high, erect or ascending at the base. Leaves about an inch long, of a pale glaucous hue on both sides, very obtuse, the uppermost sometinies acute, entire and cuneiform at the base, usually with 2-4 obtuse teeth on each side towards the summit. Involucre, flowers, pappus, &c. nearly as in E. hyssopifolium. 9. E. jmrvifl or urn {E\l.) : minutely velvety-pubescent, branching ; leaves opposite, or the lower sometimes ternate, and the upper frequently alternate (sometimes verticillate, opposite, and alternate on the same specimen), lan- ceolate or oblong, minutely jmnctate, tripli-nerved, somewhat reticulate- veined, unequally and acutely serrate, usually entire below the middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled ; corymbs numerous ; heads (small) crowded, 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre 8-10, in a double series, pubescent and glandular; the exterior very short ; the interior linear, obtuse ; achenia glabrous or minutely glandular. — Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 299, (not of Sivartz, wliich is Critonia parviflora; nor of Auhlet, which is a Mikania.) E. cuneifolium, DC. .'■ jnodr. 5. p. 177, not of Willd. ! E. seniiserratum, DC! I. c. E. ambiguum, Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 96. Cri- tonia elliptica, Raf. ! in herb. DC, S^'herb. Durand. /?. lancifolium : stem or branches strict, glabrous below, corymbose at the summit; leaves opposite (sometimes ternate), lanceolate, rather rigid, almost glabrous, acute, serrulate above the middle, tripli-nerved or 3-nerved ; the nerves sparingly anastomozing. Damp soil, Virginia! to Georgia! Florida! Alabama! and Western Lou- isiana! /). Ijoimmna, Dr. Leavenwor ill ! Louisiana and Texas, Dnimmond ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-3 feet high, usually diffusely branched above. Leaves pale, minutely velvety-pubescent beneath, 2-3 inches long, often an inch wide, varying from scarcely acute to acuminate, sometimes serrate nearly to the base ; the texture rather firm. Heads about as large as in E. coronopi- folium, crowded. Involucre shorter than the flowers.— In our var. jS. the leaves arc smaller, nearly glabrous, and rather narrowly lanceolate, resem- bling the upper leaves of E. parviflorum, witli which it agrees in other re- spects. We had considered it a new species, but having observed various intermediate states, we are satisfied that it is a mere variety of E. parvi- florum. The E. ambiguum of Hooker is said to have 8-10-flowered involu- 86 COMPOSITE. EuPATORiuM. cres ; we find only 5 in specimens distributed from Drummond's collection ; but two heads may occasionally become confluent, as happens in some other species. 10. E. altissimum (Linn.) : stem stout, tomentose-pubescent, corymbosely branched at the summit ; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, lanceolate, some- what tapering to each end, conspicuously 3-nerved, pubescent, acutely and rather remotely serrate above the middle ; the uppermost often entire, and sometimes alternate ; corymbs numerous ; heads glomerate, 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre about 10, linear-oblong, obtuse, pubescent or tomentose and glandular, imbricated, shorter than the flowers; achenia obscurely angled, somewhat glandular. — Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 837 ; Jacq. hort. Vinclob. t. i'64 ,• Ait. ! Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 159 ; Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1754 ; Michx.! fl. 2. p. 97 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 514 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 177. E. rupestre & E. Floridanum, Raf.! Kuhnia glutinosa, DC! prodr. 5. p. 127 (spec. Ell.!), not o^ Ell. ! sk. Woods and barren soil, Pennsylvania, Ohio ! and throughout the Western Slates! and the western portion of the Southern States! " Florida," Rafines- que ! Sept.-Ocl. — Stem 3-7 feet high. Leaves 3-4 inches long, resem- blinf some species of Solidago, minutely dotted, pubescent or sometimes al- most tomentose. Heads rather large. Lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate. Style slightly enlarged and pubescent at the base ; the branches elongated and thickened. Pappus somewhat remotely scabrous-serrulate. 11. E. album (Linn.): stem pubescent, corymbose at the summit; leaves opposite, sessile, broadly lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed, veiny, punctate, more or less pubescent and scabrous ; branches of the corymb fastigiate, erect; heads 5-flowered, glomerate; scales of the involucre 10-14, closely imbricated, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, white and scarious above, niostly longer than the flowers ; the exterior usually pubescent and at length dotted with dark resinous globules ; achenia glandular. — Linn. ! mant. p. Ill; Walt. Car. p. 199; "Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1752; Ell. sk. 2. p. 296; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 178. E. glandulosum, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 98. Sandy and barren fields, Pennsylvania and New Jersey ! to Florida ! and Louisiana! Aug.-Oct. — Stem about 2 feet high, varying, as also the leaves, from minutely pubescent to hirsute-vilious. Leaves either narrowly or very broadly lanceolate, often very deeply serrate; the veins reticulated beneath. Involucre, corolla, and achenia, when old, copiously sprinkled with resinous globules; in which state it is the E. glandulosum, iVf?'c/i.T. Lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate. Style more commonly included, but sometimes manifestly exserted. Pappus densely barbellale-serrulate. 12. E. feucrifolium (Willd.) : stem roughish-pubescent, corymbose at the summit; leaves opposite (the uppermost very frequently alternate), sessile, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base, slightly iripli-nerved, veiny, somewhat pubescent and scabrous, obscurely punctate, coarsely serrate-toothed particularly towards the base ; the uppermost nearly entire ; branches of the corymb few, often alternate ; heads glomerate, 5- flowered ; scales of the involucre 10, pubescent, oblong-lanceolate, scarcely acute ; the interior at length shorter than the flowers ; achenia glandular. — Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1753, cV hort. Berol. t. 32 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 513 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 178. E. piloium, Walt. Car. p. 199.^ E. verbenasfolium, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 98 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 301 ; Eiffel, fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 296 ; Darlingt.! fl. Cest. p. 450. E. lanceolatura, Muhl. ! in Willd. I. c. {herb. Willd. fol. 2! not fol. 1.) S^-in herb. Ell.! E. pubescens, Bigel.! I. c, not of Muhl. S^' Willd. Borders of swamps and thickets, Massachusetts ! New Jersey ! and Penn- sylvania ! to Alabama! and Louisiana! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 2-3 feet high, rather slender. Leaves 2-4 inches long, variable as to the serratures, which EuPATORiuM. COMPOSITiE. 87 are often very coarse and irregular, sometimes even and more numerous ; the upper leaves small, usually lanceolate or deltoid-lanceolate, tapering from the base to the apex, but usually rather obtuse, often entire, except a few coarse teeth near the base, occasionally deeply incised. Corymbs small and dense, often somewhat paniculate. Scales of the involucre with scarious margins, little longer than the mature achenia. — The specific name of Will- denow and that of Michaux were published during the same year (1803). 13. E. rotundifoUum (Linn.) : stem densely pubescent, corymbose at the summit ; leaves opposite, roundish-ovate, mostly obtuse, truncate or some- what cordate at the base, sessile, tripli-nerved, veiny, scabrous and pubes- cent, pale or somewhat hoary and glandular beneath, deejily crenate-toothed; corymb fastigiate; heads 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre 8-10, very pu- bescent, glandular ; the exterior very short; the interior linear-lanceolate, ab- ruptly acute or acuminate, scarcely shorter than the flowers; achenia glan- dular.— !.;■??«. .' sjjec. 2. p. 837 ; Wilid. ! spec. 3. p. 1754 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 98 (partly) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 300 ; Hook. ji. Bar. -Am. 1. ;;. 304 ; DC. ! ■prodr. 5. p. 178. E. Marubium, Walt. Car. p. 199, ex Ell. Eupatoria valerianoides Virginiensis, &c. Pluk. ! aim. p>. 141, t. 88, f. 4. Dry sterile soil, particularly in pine barrens, (Canada, Pursh, Mr. Goldie,) New Jersey ! to Florida ! Louisiana ! and Texas ! July-Sept. — Stem 2-3 feet high, slender. Leaves 1-2 inches long. Pappus a little longer than the corolla. — Wild Hore-hound. 14. E. puhescens (Muhl.) : stem very pubescent or somewhat hirsute, corymbosely branched at the summit ; leaves opposite, ovate, mostly acute, slightly truncate at the base, sessile, somewhat tripli-nerved, veiny, more or less pubescent, slightly scabrous, obscurely glandular-punctate, dentate- serrate ; corymb fastigiate ; heads 7-8-flowered ; scales of the involucre 10-14, pubescent and glandular; the exterior very sliort; the interior lanceo- late, acute, rather shorter than the flowers; achenia glandular. — Muhl. in Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1755 ; Willd. ! enum.. 2. p. 852 ; Pursh, Ji. 2. jj. 514 (excl. syn. Michx.) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 301 ; DC. prodr. 5. f. 178/ E. scabri- dum. Ell. I. c. p. 299.? E. ovatum, Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 296. E. ro- tundifoUum ft.1 ovatum, Torr.! in DC. I. c. E. obovatum, Raf. in med. repos. [hex. 2) 5. p. 359. Massachusetts ! New Jersey ! Pennsylvania, and probably in the Southern States, in similar situations with the preceding. Aug.-Sept. — Stem 2-4 feet high, usually a stouter and more branching plant than E. rotundifolium. Leaves broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, 2-3 inches long and about 1^ wide near the base, rather obtusely and coarsely serrate ; the teeth (as in the pre- ceding) either simple and equal, or occasionally unequal, thus becoming somewhat doubly serrate. Scales of the involucre with scarious summits. Corolla, pappus, &c. as in E. rotundifolium, which it sometimes approaches perhaps too closely ; but the heads appear to be uniformly more than 5- flowered. — The specimens in Willdenow's herbarium (particularly fol. 2.) certainly belong to this species ; but that author states the heads to be 5- flowered. t t Leaves closely sessile or partly clasping at the base, or sometimes connate : heads 10-20- (rarely 5-) flowered. 15. E. sessilifolium (Linn.) : glabrous; stem corymbosely branched above; leaves opposite, closely sessile or partly clasping, distinct, rounded at the base, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the base to the acu- minate apex, sharply serrate, veiny, obscurely punctate and paler beneath ; corymb compound, pubescent ; heads 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre 10, imbricated somewhat in a triple series, oval or oblong, obtuse, cunescently 88 COMPOSITE. EuPATORiuM. pubescent, glandular ; achenia minutely glandular. — Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 837 ; Willd.! spec. 2. p. 1751 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 98 ,• Pursh I fl. 2. p. 613 ; Ell. I. c. ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 295; Darlin,s;t. fl. Cest. p. 451 ; DC! prodr. 5. p. 151. E. tnincatum, Ell. sk. 2. p. 298. Borders of thickets, Massachusetts ! New York ! Pennsylvania ! and along the Alleghany Mountains to Georgia ! and Alabama ! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 2-4 feet high, much branched above. Leaves often 6 inches long, variable in breadth, and in the teeth (Avhich are either fine or coarse), gla- brous. Heads, according to DeCandoUe, 5-12-flo\vered, but we have only observed the smaller number. Lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate. Style moderately exserted ; the base minutely bulbous and villous. 16. E. ]7erfoUafM7n (Linn.) : stem stout, very pubescent or villous-hirsute, corymbosely branched above ; leaves opposite, connate-perfoliate, divaricate, lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually from the base to the acuminate apex, obtusely serrate, veiny, the veinlets reticulated beneath, rugose, pu- bescent, the lower surface usually almost tomentose-pubescent and sprinkled with resinous dots; corymb fastigiate, compound ; the heads commonly 10- flowered ; scales of the involucre 12-15, very pubescent, glandular, imbri- cated ; the inner ones linear-lanceolate, with scarious tips ; achenia glabrous or minutely glandular. — Linn. ! spce. 2. p. 838 ; Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1761 ; Pursh! I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 302; Bigel.! mcd. hot. 1. p. 38, t. 2, S^- fl. Bost. cd. 2. p. 297 ; Raf. mcd. hot. t. 36 ; Darlinst. ! fl. Cest. p. 451 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 305 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. ;;». 15]". /?. leaves glabrous above, pubescent only on the midrib and veins of the lower surface ; heads 25-40-flowered ! y. leaves glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath ; the upper dis- tinct and truncate at the base ; the uppemiost frequently alternate. — E. truncatum, Muhl. in Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1751 ; not of Ell., scarcely of DC. E. salviajfolium. Bat. mag. t. 2010. 6. smaller ; leaves mostly narrowed at the base, distinct or slightly con- nate. — E. cuneatum, Engelmann! ?nss. Swampy grounds, Canada ! Upper Missouri ! and throughout the United States ! abundant. 6. Arkansas, near Little Rock, Dr. Engelmann ! July- Sept. — Stem 2-4 feet high. Leaves often 6-8 inches long, usually perfectly connate at the base, where they are widest, decussate, rarely ternate and connate in the same manner. Lobes of the corolla ovate, short. — This is the well-known Boncsct or Thoroitgh-tcort, so universall)' employed in popular medicine. Our var. /3. may be considered as an accidental state, produced by the confluence of several heads into one, and the scales of the involucre are likewise increased in number. The same thing we suspect sometimes occurs in E. sessihfolium, and perhaps in other species. The E. truncatum of Muhlenberg and Willdenow, according to herbarium of the latter, is noth- ing more than a form of tins species with the u])per leaves disjoined and smoother. 18. E. resinosum (Torr.) : stem velvety-puberulent, simple, or corymbosely branched at the summit ; leaves opposite, closely sessile or parti}' clasping at the base, linear-lanceolate, elongated, spreading or divaricate, attenuate- acuminate, evenly serrate, 1-nerved, pinnately veined, nearly glabrous above, minutely velvety-canescent beneath, both surfaces glandular and somewhat viscid with resinous globules ; corymb fastigiate, compound ; heads glomerate, 10-15-flowered ; scales of the involucre oval, obtuse, im- bricated, tomentose-canescent and glandular ; achenia minutely roughened with dark resinous globules. — Torr.! in DC. 2>^odr 5. p. 176. Swamps and wet soil in the pine barrens of New Jersey, near Quaker Bridge and Wading River! Also "Pennsylvania," Bartram ! (in herb. Banks, under the name of E. canescens.) Aug.-Sept. — Stems terete, grow- EuPATORiuM. COMPOSITiE. 89 ino; in tufts, 2-3 feet hia;h. Leaves 4-6 inches long, or often shorter, 4 to 5 lines wide, pale, rather membranaceous, cohering to the paper in the pro- cess of drying, on account of the numerous resinous globules intermixed with the close pubescence. Heads rather small, very numerous. Involucre short. Style moderately exserted. — This very distinct and apparently very local species was discovered in the year 1833, by one of the authors of this ■work, in the pine barrens of New jersey, where it occurred abundanth', but we have never received it from any otlier quarter. In the Banksian herbarium, however, there is a specimen from Bartram, said to have been collected in Pennsylvania. In habit it resembles E. leucolepis; but the leaves are rather flaccid, and clothed with a very soft pubescence, and the involucre is ditferent. t t t Leaves on slender petioles : heads 12-15-flowered. 19. E. serolinum (Mirhx.) : stem pulverulent-pubescent, much branched above; leaves opposite, the upper frequently alternate, on slender petioles, ovate-lanceolate, tapering above, acute, tripli-nerved and veinv, pubescent or nearly glabrous, coarsely and sharply serrate ; corymbs numerous, com- pound; heads 1-2-15-flowered ; scales of the involucre 10-12, linear-oblong, with scarious margins, very pubescent, imbricated ; achenia glabrous, sel- dom glandular.— iH/c/zx. .' ji. 2. p. 100 ; EIL! sk. 2. p. 304 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 175. Damp soil, N. Carolina! to Georgia! and Illinois! to Arkansas! and Louisiana ! Sept.-Oct. — Stem 5-6 feet high, usually diffusely and some- what paniculately branched above; the branches either opposite or alternate. Leaves 5-6 inches long ; the lower ones narrowly ovate, with numerous coarse often irregular teeth ; those of the brandies often with few unequal teeth towards the base. Heads very numerous, rather small. Pappus about the length of the corolla. §4. Heads 8-30-JJoivered: scales of the campanulate involucre S-20, nearly equal and in a single series: herbaceous : leaves opposite or rarely alternate, ovate, petioled, not punctate or sprinkled with resinous globules: achenia not glandular : flowers white or purj^le. 20. E. ageratoides {h'wn. f.) : glabrous ; stem branching; leaves opposite, on long petioles, broadly ovate, sometimes slightly cordate, acuminate, tripli- nerved, membranaceous, coarsely and sharply serrate ; corymbs compound ; heads 12-20-flowered ; scales of the involucre 12-14, equal, in a single series, narrowly lanceolate, scarious and rather obtuse at the tips, slightly pubescent and ciliate ; corolla narrowed below, campanulate at the summit, lonser 'han the pappus; achenia glabrous. — Linn. f. ! suj)pl. p. 355; Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1765 ; Pursh ! jl. 2. p. 516 ; Ell. 'sk. 2. ;;. 303 : Bigd. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 298 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 305; Darlingl. fl. Cest. p. 451 ; DC! prodr. 5. p. 175. E. urticEefolium, Reich, syst. 3. p. 719 ; Michx.! fl. 2. p. 100; not of Linn. f. Sf Smith. E. ceanothifolium, DC. I. c. ? E. caule erecto, &c. Linn. ! hort. Cliff, p. 396. Ageratum altissi- mum, Linn..' spec. 2. p. 839. Moist rich woodlands and thickets, Canada ! & Upper Missouri ! to Georgia! and Louisiana! common, particularly in the Northern States. Aug.-Sept. — Stem 2-3 feet high ; the summit and brandies a little pubescent. Leaves usually large, 4-6 inches long, glabrous or with a few minute scattered hairs, mostly dilated and obtuse or truncate at the base, sometimes abruptly taper- ing into the petiole ; the latter 1 to 2 inches in length. Flowers pure white, very numerous, exhaling a somewhat unpleasant odor. Lobes of the corolla ovate, glabrous. Style much exserted. VOL. II.-12 90 COMPOSITiE. EuPATORiuM. 21. E. aromaticum (Linn.) : pulverulent-pubescent or somewhat glabrous; stem simple or loosely corymbose at the summit ; leaves ojjposite, on short petioles, or sometimes almost sessile, ovate, subcordaie, or ovate-oblong, rather acute or obtuse, rarely acuminate, 3-nerved or tri|)li-nervefl, of a ihickish and firm texture, mostly scahrous-pubesceni, rather obtusely dentate- serrate; corvmbs loose, somewhat panicled ; heads 8-'20- (commonly 12-15-) flowered; scalesof the involucre 10-14, linear-lanceolate, nearly e(|ual, pubes- cent, with slightly scarious and obtuse tips ; corolla narrowed below, cam- panulate at the summit, rather exceeding the pappus; achenia glabrous. — Linn.! sj^ec. 2. jp. 839 (fide herb.! & syn. PLuk. ! Sf Gronov.!) ; Willd. ! spec. 3. J}. 1765 ; Michx.! ft. 2. p. 100 ; Pursh! fl. 2. 7;. 516 ; Ait.! Kew. (ed. 2.) 4. p. 508 ; EU. ! sk. 2. p. 304 ,• Bigel. fl. Bost. cd. 2. p. 298 ; Darlinfft. ! fl. Cest. p. 452 ,- DC! prodr. 5. p. 175. E. cordatum, Walt. Car. p. 199; DC. ! I. c. (the smaller-leaved forms.) E. raelissoides, Willd.! I. c. p. 1754. (a dwarf form ; heads about 8-flowered !) E. ceanothifnlium, Muhl. in Willd. ! spec. I. c. (fide herb. Willd. ; but the heads at least 12- flowered, instead of 5-flovvered) ; Ell.! I.e. (leaves sniall, peiioled ; heads 8-10-flowered I) ; DC! I.e. (leaves larger, acuminate, nearly glabrous!) E. cordiforme & E. Fraseri, Poir. suppl. fide DC (Eupatorium, Lam. ill. t. 672.) Dry woods and usually in barren soil, from Massachusetts near the coast ! to Florida ! Alabama! and Louisiana! Aug.-Sept. — This species exhibits considerable variety in the form of the leaves, the length of the i)etioles, &:c. It bears much resemblance to the preceding, and occasionally approaches it perhaps too closely ; but it is a lower and more slender plant, with smaller and much firmer leaves on shorter petioles, fewer heads, but usuall}' larger flowers. The root is perennial. 22. E. ageratifolium (DC): shrubby, glabrous; the branches terete; leaves opposite, petioled, broadly ovate, somewhat truncate at the base, at- tenuate at the apex, obtuse, coarsely toothed, 3-nerved, not glandular; co- rymbs terminal, trichotomous; pedicels somewhat viscous, scarcely pubes- cent; heads about 10-flowered ; scales of the involucre in a double series, linear, rather acute, slightly ciliate at the apex, at length spreading ; pappus as long as the corolla ; achenia puberulent, the angles somewhat scabrous. DC. !^ prodr. 5. p. 173. (3. Texense : branches, pedicels, petioles, and usually the veins of the leaves minutely puberulent; heads about 12-flowered. Limestone rocks, Sabina's Creek (Camancheries) Texas, Dr. Riddell! {(i.) — Shrub 6 feet high; the branches terete; the branchleis slightly angled. Leaves in shape and texture wholly resembling many forms of E. aromali- cum ; the corymbs also similar. Involucre about half the length of the flowers, glabrous or nearly so ; the exterior scales 4-6, linear, rather acute, one of them shorter and bracteolate ; the inner about the same number, rather broader, with nanow scarious margins, somewhat obtuse, scarcely ciliate at the apex. Corolla "white, slightly tinged with rose-color" {Rid- dell), dilated upwards, scarcely longer than the pappus ; the teeth short, glabrous. Achenia puberulent, and appearing somewhat viscous. — The Texan plant accords almost exactly with De la Sagra's specimens from Cuba, except that the scales of the involucre are less ciliate and more obtuse. 23. E. incarnatinn (Walt.) : stem pulverulent-pubescent, branching; leaves opposite, on slender petioles, membranaceous, deltoid, truncate or subcor- date (rarelv only obtuse) at the base, tapering at the siimnjii or acuminate, obtusely and coarsely toothed, 3-nerved at the base, slightly pubescent ; co- rymb small, often panicled ; heads 20-flowered ; scales of "the involucre 15- 20, nearly equal, (a few of the outermost shorter,) in a somewhat double EtJPATORiuM. COMPOSITE. 91 series, subulate-linear, acute, 2-nerved, slightly pubescent; pappus about tlie length of the infundibulitbrm-tubular corolla; achenia glabrous. — Walt. Car. p. 200 ; EU. ! sic. 2. p. 306 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. ;;. 175. Rich soil, S. Carolina! to Florida! Louisiana I and Texas! Sept.-Nov. — Stem 2-3 feet high, at length decumbent and producing nunaerous branch- es. Leaves 1-2 inches long, ihe lateral nerves pedately branched from the base ; ])etioles rather shorter than the lamina. Heads nearly as large as in E. ageratoides. Lobes of the corolla light purple, very short, ovate, obtuse, glabrous. Branches of the slightly exserted style very obtuse. — Considera- bly resembles Conoclinium cislestinum. 24. E. occidentale (Hook.): nearly glabrous; stem (or branches) slender; leaves alternate (rarely opposite), on short petioles, ovate, acute or acumi- nate, tripU-nerved, coarsely and sparingly serrate ; the uppermost narrow, entire; corymbs small and mostly simple, panicled ; heads 15-25-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, nearly ecjual, in a single series; corolla infundlbulifonn ; achenia slender, glabrous. — Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. J05 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 176. E. Oreganum, NuU. in trans. Amcr. p)hil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 286. Interior of Oregon, in stony places, Douglas! Nuttall /—Plant 6-12 inches high. Flowers white or pale rose-color. Styles much exserted. Leaves about an inch long. Eupalorium hdeum of Rafinesque doubdess belongs to some other genus ; but it ■will never be identified by the following character : " E. luteum (yellow Eupatory) ; leaves linear, cunsiform, acute, entire, smooth ; flowers paniculated ; calyx 4-flow- ered.— In New Jersey." Rif. in meJ. repos. (/lex. 2.) 5. p. 361.— E. crass ijo'ium and E. viola:eum are Rafinesquian species of the Florula Ludoviciana: the latter may be E. incarnatum, Walt. E'lpa'oriwm P'rrinn^nnum. of Sprengel, and of Schlechtendal (in Linnan, 11. p. 5), which came from the West Indies, and not from South America as Sprengel states, is a genuine species of Vernonia, (fide. sp. authen. in herb. Torr.] : Prof. Schlechtendal must have overlooked the double pappus. 17. MHCANIA. Willd. sjkc. 3. p. 1452 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 187. Heads mostly 4-flowered. Receptacle naked, narrow. Scales of the in- volucre 4 or 5. Corolla dilated or campanulate at the summit, 5-toothed. Anthers partly exserted. (Style with a cylindrical glabrous bulb at the base ; the branches exserted, filiform, scarcely obtuse.) Achenia angled. Pappus in a single series, capillary, scabrous. — Shrubby or herbaceous mostly climbing plants (chiefly tropical and American), with opposite com- monly cordate leaves. Heads corymbose, panicled, or spicate. Flowers whitish. 1. M. scandens (Willd.) : stem glabrous, twining; leaves on slender peti- oles, cordate, acuminate, repandly crenale or angularly toothed towards the base, membranaceous, slightly scabrous or [)ubesceni, or glabrous; corymbs paniculate, clu'^tered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate; achenia minutely glandular— [F«//rZ. spec. 3. p. 1743 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 517 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 292; Bigcl. fl. Bost. ed. 3. p. 314; DarUngt. fl. Cest. p. 454. Eupato- rium scandens, Linn. ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 97 ; Jacq. ic. rar. t. 169. /3. pubtscens : stem and leaves more or less pubescent. — M. pube.scens, M'M. cat. p. 71 ; NiM. gen. 2. p. 136 ; Ell. I. c. ; DC. ! I. c, cV 7. {manl.) p. 271. Eupatorium scaudens, Linn. ! (as to specimen in his herb.) ; Walt. Car. p. 198. 92 COMPOSITE. MiKANiA. Moist shady places, and along streams, Massachuselts! to Louisiana! common ; the more pubescent forms occurring in the Southern States. July-Sept. — Flowers purplish-white or flesh-color. Anthers appendiculate at the apex. 18. CONOCLINIUM. DC. prodr. 5. p. 134. Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulale ; the scales linear or sub- ulate, somewhat imbricated in 2-3 series, nearly equal. Receptacle naked, conical ! Corolla tubular-infundibuliform, 5-toolhed at the summit. Anihers included. Branches of the style somewhat cylindrical, obtuse. Achenia angled, glabrous. Pappus capillary, scabrous, in a single series. — Perennial herbs or suffruticose (American) plants, with opposite petioled toothed leaves. Corymbs terminal, crowded. Flowers blue or purple. 1. C. ccelesdnnm (DC. ! 1. c.) : herbaceous, pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves deltoid-ovate, often slightly cordate, tapering to the apex, coarsely crenate-serrate, tripli-nerved, on slender petioles; scales of the (3()-60-flow- ered) involucre about 30, nearly subulate. — Eupatorium cnRlesliiium, Linn, spec. 2. p. 838 ; Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1764 ,• iV//c/(.r. / ji. 2. p. 100 ,• Eli. sk. 2. p. 306; Darlingt.! Jl. Cest. /?. 462. Coelestina cTerulea, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 446; Beck! bot. p. 198 ; Hook.! compan. to bot. mag. p. 96; not of Crtss., Less. Sfc. Thickets &c. Pennsylvania, and throughout the Western and Southern States! Sept. — Stem 2-3 feet high, sometimes hairy. Flowers light bluish- purple, fragrant. Achenia dotted with resinous globules. — The genus is dis- tinguished from Eupatorium merely by the conical receptacle. Subtrlbe 2. Tussilaginej-, Less. — Heads with the flowers dissimilar or somewhat diojcious (white, purplish, or sometimes yellow) ; the pistillate either ligulate or tubular. 19. NARDOSMIA. Cass. diet. 35. p. 186 ; Less. syn. p. 139. Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious. Stj:rile Pl. Flowers of the ray in a single series, pistillate, ligulate ; of the disk numerous, perfect but infertile, with the corolla tubular and 5-toothed. Fertile Pl. Flow- ers of the ray in several series, pistillate, minutely ligulate ; those of the disk few, tubular. Scales of the involucre in a single series, e(]ual to or shorter than the flowers. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia somewhat terete, glabrous. Pappus capillary, that of the sterile plant shorter and less copious than of the fertile. — Perennial herbs (in N. America nearly confined to the northern regions). Leaves radical, cordate, toothed or lobed, petioled, ap- pearing with or rather later than the flowers. Scape with scaly bracts; the heads in a fasligiate thyrsus or corymb. Flowers purplish or nearly white, fragrant. 1. N.frigida (Hook.) : leaves cordate, unequally coarsely and obtusely toothed, and somewhat lobed, glabrous above, the lower surface white and Nardosmia. COMPOSITiE. 93 tomentose ; the lobes at the base dlverginn;. DC. — Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 307 (excl. 13. ?); DC. prodr. 5. p. 205. N. aiigulosa, Cass. did. l. c. ; Less, in Linnaa, 6. j}. 107. Tussihigo frigida, Linn.; Ft. Dan. t, 61 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 531. T. scapo imbricato, &c. Gmel. fl. Sibir. 2. p. 150, t. 70. Arctic America, from lat. 66°, Richardson! Kotzebue's Sound! and Una- laschka ! to Lake Wiiiipeg, lat. 52°, the mountains of Canada, and the highest mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire, according to Pursh. 2. N. rorymhosa (Hook.) : leaves cordate, siniiate and acutely denticulate, oblong, acute, glabrous above, tomentose beneath ; the lobes at the base di- verging. DC. — Hook. ! I. c. ; DC. jjrodr. 5. p. 206. Tussilago corym- bosa, Jl. Br.! in Parry's 1st voy. sujtpl. p. 269; Hook, t^' Am !'bot. Beechey, p. 126. Arctic America, from Melville Island ! to Kotzebue's Sound ! and south to Fort Norman, in about lat. 65°. — Corymb with few heads. 3. N. sagiltata (Hook.) : leaves oblong, acute, sagittate, entire ; the lobes obtuse, DC. (leaves cordate or reniform-sagittate, sinuate-toothed, tomentose beneatli. Hook. ! I. c. — Tussilago sagittata, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 332. Hudson's Bay (Hulchinsoj\), Pursh. Svvamp.s in the Rocky Mountains {Drummond .') and from Lake Superior in lat. 48°, to Fort Franklin in lat. 66°, Richardson. — With numerous specimens bef()re us, we strongly suspect (as Hooker also does) that this and the two preceding are in reality one species. Hooker's N. sagittata has deeply toothed leaves, which are some- times reniform. Can it be the same as Pursh's plant with "foliis in- tegerrimis" ? 4. N. pahnata (Hook.) : leaves reniform or roundish-cordate, tomentose beneath, palmately 5-7-lobed ; the segments coarsely toothed, often incised or somewhat lobed. — Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-Am. \. p. 308; DC. I. c. N. pal- mata, Hookeriana, & speciosa, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 288. Tussilago palmata, Ait. Kew. (ed. I) 3. p. 188, t. 2 ; Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1972 ; Pursh! jl. 2. p. 531 ; Beck, hot. p. 199. Swamps and shady banks of streams, Newfoundland & Labrador! and from Bear Lake, lat. 67°, to the Rocky Mountains ! and to the Pacific at the mouth of the Oregon ! Also Lake Huron and Maine, Nuttall. Fairhaven, Vermont, Mr. Robhins ! Prof. Beck. Sunderland, Massachusetts, ProJ. Hitchcock! Saratoga, New York, Dr. Steele! April-May. — Leaves some- times 10 to 12 inches in diameter, when fully developed. Scape stout, 6-20 inches high, with numerous leaf-sheaths. Heads numerous, in a corymbose thyrsus. — Some specimens from the Rocky Mountains are noticed by Hooker, which, if they really belong to this species, approach the preceding perhaps too closely. Mr. Nuitall's N. Hookeriana is said to be founded upon the N. palmata of Hooker, as well as of Wilklenow, Pursh in part, and De CandoUe. His N. speciosa is the N. palmata of Hooker from Oregon : the specimens accord so well with the figure of Alton, and with the plant of the Northern United States, &c. (which presents very considerable diversities in size and foliage) that we see not how it is to be distinguished. Although the species of this genus are by no means well settled, it is evident that little dependence can be placed on the degree of division or toothing of the leaves. The sub- masculine and subj'eminine plants are difFerent in appearance. 20. TUSSILAGO. Tour?i. ; Gcertn.fr. t. 170; Less. syn. p. 159. Heads many-flowered, heterogamous. Flowers of the ray very narrowly ligulate, in several series, pistillate ; those of the disk few, tubular (the limb 94- COMPOSITiE. Tushilago. of the corolla campanulate, 5-toothed), staminate. Scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, somewhat, in a single series. Receptacle naked. Anthers scarcely caudate. Style abortive in the flowers of the disk ; in those of the ray 2-cleft, the branches somewhat terete. Achenia of the ray somewhat cylindrical-oblong, glabrous; in the disk abortive. Pappus of the ray- flowers in many series, of the disk in a single series, capillary. — A perennial herb, common throughout Europe and Asia, and sparingly naturalized in the nortliern portions of the United States. Rhizoma rather thick, horizontal. Leaves radical, appearing later than the flowers, cordate, angled or toothed, petioled. Scape clothed with scaly bracts, tomentose, bearing a single head- Flowers yellow. — ColC s-foot. T. Farfara (Linn.)— FZ. Dan. t. 595 ; Engl. hot. t. 429 ; WilUl.! spec. 3. p. 1967 ,- DC. ! prodr. 5. /;. 208 ; Beck, hot. p. 200. Wet places and low meadows in cultivated grounds ; introduced from Europe. March-April.— The ColVs-foot, a well known article of the popu- lar materia medica, although not enumerated by any American writer, ex- cept Prof. Beck, is perfectly naturalized in many parts of the Northern States, in moist grounds ; where it sometimes becomes a troublesome weed. 21. ADENOCAULON. HooTc. hot. misc. 1. p. 19, t. 15, &; jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 308 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 207. Heads 5-10-flowered, heterogamous ; the flowers all tubular and equal : those of the ray 5, in a single series, pistillate ; of the disk 4-5, staminate. Corolla 4-5-lobed. Scales of the involucre several, in a single series, re- flexed in fruit. Receptacle naked. Achenia obovate-oblong or clavate, bearing towards the summit numerous large stipitate glands. Pappus none. Perennial (N. American & Chilian) herbs. Stem leafy towards the base, naked and paniculate above, clothed with a somewhat deciduous tomentose pubescence, glandular towards the summit. Leaves alternate, pinnately or palmately veined, membranaceous, petioled, glabrous above, tomentose and canescent beneath. Heads few, small, loosely paniculate. Flowers ap- parently white. 1. A. hicolor (Hook. ! 1. c.) : leaves deltoid, mostly cordate, angularly toothed or sinuate, somewhat decurrent on the petiole. — DC prodr. 5. 2^- 207. (3. integrifolium : leaves smaller, deltoid-ovate or slightly cordate, ob- scurely angulate-toothed or entire. — A. integrifolium, Nult. ! in trans. Amer. phii. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 289. Dense woods, Oregon, from Fort Vancouver, &c. Dr. Scouler ! Nuttall ! to the Rocky Mountains in lat. 52°, Drummond ! Near the outlet of Lake Superior, Dr. Pitcher! June. — Stem 10-30 inches high, slender. Leaves 2-4 inches long, and usually about the same breadth at the base, densely tomentose beneath with a close white arachnoid pubescence. Anthers sagit- tate, acuminate, sterile and nearly unconnected in the fertile flowers. Style entire in the sterile flowers, in the fertile with two short obtuse lobes. — The var. /3. appears to pass insensibly into the ordinary larger form ; the toothing of the leaves is very inconstant. AsTERoiDE-E. COMPOSITiE. 95 Tribe III. ASTEROIDE^. Less. Heads heterogamous or sometimes homogamous, rarely dioecious. Style (in the perfect flowers) cylindraceous above ; the branches flat or flattish, mostly linear or lanceolate, above equally pubescent exter- nal'y ; the conspicuous stigmatic lines terminating where the exterior pubescence commences, not confluent. — Leaves alternate, or rarely opposite. CONSPECTUS OF THE SUBTRIBES. Subtribe 1. Asterine^. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous.. Re- ceptacle seldom chaffy. Anthers not caudate. Leaves alternate. Div. 1. AsTERE.ffi;. Heads radiate, heterochromous (rays never yellow). Div. 2. Chrysocome./e. Heads radiate, or homogamous, homochromous (both the ray and disk yellow). Subtribe 2. Baccharide.s;. Heads dioecious or heterogamous, but never radiate; the pistillate flowers tubular, slender or filiform, in several series. Receptacle not chaffy. Anthers not caudate. Subtribe 3. Tarchonanthe.e. Heads dioecious or heterogamous, but never ra- diate ; the pistillate flowers tubular and very slender, mostly in several series. Anthers caudate. Subtribe 4. Inule^e. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous and dis- coid, never dioecious. Receptacle not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Leaves alternate. Subtribe 5. Eclypte.e. Heads heterogamous, radiate. Receptacle chaffy. An- thers not caudate. Pappus toothed or awned, or none. Leaves opposite. Subtribe 1. Asterine^, DC. — Heads heterogamous and radiate, or ho- mogamous, never dioecious. Receptacle seldom chaff}^ Anthers not cau- date. Leaves almost always alternate. Div. 1. AsTERE^E, DC. — Heads heterogamous, radiate; the rays of the cyanic .series (viz : white, purple, or blue, &c.) ; the disk-flowers yellow, but frequently changing to purple in fading. Receptacle not chaffy, except in a species of Corelhrogyne. CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA. Subdiv. 1. EuasterejE. — Pappus of capillary or rarely subulate bristles. * Rays Tieutral or sterile. Pappus simple, capillary. 22. Galateli.a. Appendages of the style triangular or deltoid-spatulate. Pap- pus of the ray and disk similar. 23. CoRETHROGVNE. Appendages of the style densely penicillate. Pappus of the ray nearly or entirely wanting. ♦ ♦ Rays fertile. Pappus of the ray and disk similar {except in Erigeron § Phalacro- loma), simple or double ; the imier capillary. 24. DiETERiA. Pappus simple, veiy unequal. Rays several or numerous, in a single series, hivolucre obovate, much imbricated. Root mostly bi- ennial. Leaves usually pinnately toothed or pinnatifid. 96 COMPOSlTiE. Asteroidej:. 25. Sericocarpus. Pappus simple, unequal. Flowers of the ray and disk few. Involucre oblong, imbricated, cartilaginous. 2G. Aster. Pappus simple, copious. Rays numerous, in a single series. Invo- lucre more or less imbricated. Keceptacle alveolate. 27. Erigeron. Pappus either simple (not copious), or double; the exterior seta- ceous-subulate or squamellaie. Kays very numerous, and often in two or more series, fccales of the involucre nearly equal, almost in a single series. Keceptacle naked. 28. DiPLOPAPPUs. Pappus double ; the exterior short and setaceous or squamel- late-subulate. Kays in a single series. Involucre imbricated. * * * Pappus of the ray and disk dissimilar. 29. TowNSENDiA. Pappus simple ; that of the disk composed of subulate-capil- lary bristles; of the ray short and subulate. Achenia compressed. 30. Ch.etopappa. Pappus double; the inner of 5 rigid bristles; the exterior oC 1 to 5 hyaline scales. Achenia nearly terete. 31. BoLTONiA. Pappus of several very small, and 2 or more rigid and subulate larger bristles. Achenia flat, margined. Siibdiv. 2. Bellide^;. — Pappus none, or minute and coroniform. 32. Bellis. Achenia obovate, compressed. Pappus none. 33. Aphanostephus. Achenia terete. Pappus a very minute crown. Subdiv. 1. EUASTERE.E. — Pappus, at least the inner, composed of capillary or rarely subulate bristles. (Euastereee, Diplopappefe, Erigereae, & Heteropap- peee, DC.) 22. GALATELLA. Cass. diet. 37.;?. 4G3 ; Nees, Ast. p. 158. (excl. spec.) Galatea, Cass. {(lid. 18, tf-c.) ; Less. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers ievr (3-12), sterile, but u.sually furnished with a rudimentary style, and sometimes with one or two abortive filaments ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre shorter than the disk ; the scales closely imbricated in 3 or 4 series, sometimes obscurely 1-3- nerved or slightly carinate, destitute of herbaceous tips; the outermost bracteolate. Receptacle alveolate, the alveoli toothed. Corolla of the disk with a cylindrical tube, and an expanded deeply 6-cleft limb ; the lobes lan- ceolate-linear, spreading. Anthers ex.serted. Branches of the style (in the disk-flowers) linear, terminated by a short and broad deltoid-spatulate or tri- angular appendage. Achenia oblong or slightly cuneiform, somewhat com- pressed, silky-villous. Pappus composed of copious rather rigid unequal serrulate-scabrous capillary bristles ; that of the ray similar but rather shorter. — Perennial herbs (natives of Europe, Northern Asia, and the United States); the stems simple below, corymbose at the .summit. Leaves alter- nate, lanceolate or linear, entire, rather rigid, 1-3 nerved, veinless, often impressed-punctate. Heads terminating the fastigiate branches. Rays blue, purple, or nearly white ; the disk-flowers yellow, sometimes changing to purplish. Galatella scarcely differs from Linosyris except by the presence of (white or blue) rays ; and these, according to Ledebour, are sometimes wanting in G. dracunculoi- Galatella. composite. 97 des : the two genera have also nearly the same geographical range. The sterile rays chiefly distinguish it from Aster §1 Orthomeris (species of Calimeris of authors) ; to which Aster nemoralis, Ait. belongs. 1. G. hyssopifolia (Nee.s) : nearly glabrous, minutely scabrous ; the co- rymbose branches numerous and crowded; leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, narrowed at the base, punctate, 3-nerved ; tliose of the branches small, sub- ulate-linenr ; involucre about half the length of the disk ; the scales acutish ; the exterior ovate-lanceolate, rather fleshy ; the interior larger, linear-ohlong, with membranaceous margins ; rays 5-10, longer than the disk. — Nees, AsL p. IGO ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 255. "'G. albiflora," Cass. diet. 18. p. 58. (under Galatea.) Aster hvssopifi)lia, Linn, f mant. p. 114; WilLd. ! spec. 3. p. 2022 ; Pursh ! Jl. 2. p. 543 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 342- p. ? leaves mostly 1-nerved ; rays 3-7, not exceeding the disk. — G. lini- folia, Nees, I. c. ; DC! I. c. (excl. syn. Linn.) G. albiflora, Cass, in diet, sci. nat. 18. p. 58, fide Necs. Chrysopsis linifolia, Nutt. sen. 2. p. 152. " Sandy fields and woods. New .ler.sey to Carolina," Pursh! Aug.-Oct. —Stem 1-2 feet high, strict. Leaves 1—3 inches long, s[)reading, 1 -nerved, and often with two less distinct lateral nerves. Rays while, tinged wiih pur- ple. — This is a very uncommon plant, if indeed it be a native of the United States. We have never met with an indigenous specimen, unless that in Elliott's herbarium, communicated by Muhlenberg, should prove to be so. Nees, however, professes to have seen not only spontaneous specimens of his G. linifolia (which appears to differ from G. hyssopifolia merely in its short rays), but even to have met with New Jersey specimens of G. dracuncu- loides. His G. leptophylla, an impunctaie species of unknown origin, is also conjectured to be a native of North America. The species of Galatella are still in much confusion. 23. CORETHROGYNE. DC. prodr. 5. p. 215. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral, numerous, in a single se- ries; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the hemispherical invo- lucre imbricated in several series, lanceolate or linear, with somewhat spread- ing tips ; the exterior shorter. Receptacle flat, obscurely alveolate, some- times with linear chaflT scattered among the flowers. Rays linear, elongated ; the corolla of the disk cylindraceous, with 5 short (somewhat hairy) teeth. Anthers tipped with a filiform-cuspidate appendage. Branches of the .style linear, bordered with conspicuous sligmatic lines, tipped with a dense peni- cillate tuft of rather rigid bristles. Achenia of the ray none, or a mere rudi- ment; of the disk cuneiform or turbinate, silky or villous. Pappus simple, of numerous rather rigid scabrous unequal bristles ; thatof the ray obsolete, or of few short and unequal bristles. — Perennial herbs or sufTrutescent plants (na- tives of California), clothed with a soft and white, at length somewhat decidu- ous wool ; the branches terminated by rather large solitary heads. Leaves numerous, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, mucronulate, closely scs.sile ; the radical and lowermost tapering into a petiole, serrate or toothed towards the apex. Rays violet-purple; the disk yellow. Pappus turning reddish-brown or purplish. To this interesting genus (founded upon a Califomian plant collected by Douglas) we had refeiTcd, from their description, the Aster? filaginifolius and A."? tomen- tellus of Hooker &c A rnott in Beechey's Voyage. Some time afterwards, findin" two species in the collection of Mr. ]Suttall, upon which he had established a new VOL. U.-13 98 COMPOSITE. CORETHROGTNE. genus {Heterostephiiim) in a memoir read before the American Philosophical Society, we infonned him that they belonged in our opinion to L orethrogyne, notwithstand- ing the want of chaiT upon the receptacle, and that they were the two doubtful Asters of Hooker and Arnott, mentioned above, and one of them probably the C. Califomica of DeCandoUe. Mr. Nuttall pubUshed them accordingly as species of Corethrogyne, one under the name of C.incana (supposing it to be the Diplopappus incanus, LinoL), the other as C. filaginifolia. Having since had the opportunity of comparing original specimens of all these plants, our opinion, as regards the geiuis, is fully confirmed: so perfect, indeed, is the resemblance between the C. incana, Nutt. and C. Californica (excepting the chaff of the latter), that we still strongly suspect they will prove to be the same species. The A . '? tomentellus, Houk. 4' Ar7i,. is however a different species, perhaps too near C. filaginifolia. § 1. Receptacle with linear memhranaceoxis chaffy scales intermixed among the flowers, usually, if not always, wuittirig in the centre of the head. 1. C. Califomica (DC): stems and simple branches very woolly, leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, suberect ; the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, taper- ing to the base, sparingly toothed ; scales of the hemispherical involucre glandular-viscid, with somewhat spreading tips; achenia densely silky- villous. — DC. ! I. c. ; Hook. S^- Am. ! hot. Beechey, svppl. p. 350. California, Douglas! — Leaves an inch or more in lengih, acute, woolly like the stem, resetnbling a Gnaphalium. Heads broad, tliree-fourihs of an inch in diameter. Scales of ihe involucre rigid; the innermost linear, as long as the disk, scarious below ; the exterior shorter, entirely herbaceous and glandular-viscid externally, and also slightly woolly : the summit of the branches likewise slightly glandular. Chali" of the receptacle narrow, sca- rious, sometimes as long as the flowers and with herbaceous tips, but some of them reduced to hyaline scales not more than twice the length of the achenia. The achenia are densel}' clothed with very white and silky villous hairs, which project beyond the summit, so as to appear like a short exterior pap- pus: bristles of the jjappus unequal in size and length : the achenia of the ray an abortive rudiment, with a pappus few or several, short, and very unequal bristles, some of the stronger almost subulate. § 2. Rccepitacle destitute of chaff. 2. C. incana (Nutt.) : very woolly ; stem very leafy, branching above ; the branches bearing 1 to 3 heads; leaves linear-lanceolate, suberect; ihe lowermost oblong-lanceolate, tapering to the base, sparingly toothed ; scales of the hemispherical involucre glandular-viscid, with somewhat spreading tips ; the exterior lomentose ; achenia silky-canescent. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 290, excl. syn. St. Diego, California, Nuttall! May.— The ray-flowers (light bluish- purple, Nutt.) present scarcely a trace of an ovary, and a rudimentary pap- pus of only 3 or 4 very short bristles; the fertile achenia are clothed with a rather shorter pubescence ; the tuft of bristly hairs which crowns the branches of the style is not so strong as in the preceding species ; and there are no chaffy scales on the receptacle : otherwise the two plants appear ex- actly alike. It is said to exhale the heavy aromatic odor of some species of Gnaphalium. — The Dij)lopappus incanus, Lindl., referred here by Nuttall, is a species of Dieteria. 3. C. filaginifolia (Nutt.) : clothed with a loose somewhat floccose and deciduous wool; branches slender, rather naked above; lower leaves oblong- spatulate or oblanceolate, very sharply or incisely serrate towards the afiex, tapering into a short petiole; those of the branchlets lanceolate, sessile, often entire, scattered ; scales of the somewhat obovoid involucre intbricated in 3 or 4 series, acute, somewhat appressed. membranaceous, not glandular, at CORETHROGYNE. COMPOSITiE. 99 first woolly-canescent, at length nearly glabrous ; achenia cuneiform-oblong, compressed; silky-pubescenl. — Nutt. ! I.e. Aster? filaginifolius, Hook.Sf Am.! bat. Beechey, p. 146. Diplopappus leucophyllus, Lindl. in DC. prodr. 5. p. 278? iMonterey, California, Capt. Beechey! St. Barbara, Nuttall! — Plant more slender and branched than the preceding, a]jparenily slightly suffruticose at the base ; the pubescence similar, but looser and more deciduous. Heads smaller; the scales of the involucre fewer, and not glandular or viscid. Pap- pus of the ray almost none. Young achenia turbinate and silky-canescent ; when mature coinpressed and minutely silky-pubescent. The style resem- bles that of the preceding species. 4. C. tomentella: stein shrubby at the base; the branches slender, woolly, leafy to the summit; leaves (of the branches) appressed, linear or linear- oblong, closely sessile ; those of the short branchlets or peduncles crowded, very small and bract-hke. passing info the ohlong obtuse tomentose scales of the somewhat turbinate involucre; achenia silky-canescent. — Aster? tomeu- telliis. Hook. ^' Am. ! hot. Beechey, p. 146. Monterey, California, Capt. Beechey! (v. sp. in herb. Hook.) — We have seen but a single and imperfect specimen, vvhich has still smaller heads than C. filaginifolia : the oblong or slightly spatulate scales of the involucre are pretty closely imbricated in 4 or 5 series, and gradually pass into the very short bract-like leaves of the branchlets; they are somewhat mem- branaceous, obtuse, but often slightly mucronulate ; the tips somewhat spreading. The leaves of the branches are small, densely v.'ooUy ; the upper oblong ; the lowest linear ; those of the proper stem unknown. 24. DIETERIA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. sac. 7. p. 300. (excl. spec<) Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers numerous (10-30), in a single se- ries, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the obovoid or turbinate involucre closely imbricated for the most part in several series, linear, rigid, somewhat carinate, unequal, with herbaceous squarrose-spread- ing or recurved tips. Receptacle flat, somewhat alveolate ; the alveoli toothed or lacerate. Rays linear; the corolla of the disk cylindraceous, often narrow, 5-toothed. Appendages of the style filiform-subulate or linear-lan- ceolate, minutely hirstUe. Achenia turbinate or cuneiform, often compressed, pubescent or silky. Pappus of numerous scabrous and rather rigid capillary bristles, very unequal (in 2 or 3 series) ; that of the ray similar but frequently shorter and less copious. — Annual, biennial, or triennial herbs (natives of arid or naked plains between the Mississippi and the Pacific), divaricately branched, canescent or pulverulent-pubescent, or sometimes viscid. Leaves rarely entire, usually jiinnalely toothed or pinnatifid, narrow; the cauline sessile. Heads (often large) solitary or several on the corj^mbose or race- mose branches. Rays purple or violet, rarely ochroleucous ; the disk-flow- ers yellow. Pappus tawny or brownish. § 1. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several series, with short herbaceous tips : leaves usually rigid, spinulose-loothed or jnnnatijid, sometimes entire ; the cauline Linear, the radical lanceolate or spatulate {rays pistillate, but sometimes infertile ?). — Dietkria proper. 100 COMPOSITE. DiETERIA. * Corolla of the disk very narroiv, not dilated at the summit : appendages of the style subidate-filiform. 1. D. sessilijiora (Nutt.) : viscidly pubescent; stems simple; heads spi- cate-racemose, often crowded ; leaves linear or somewhat lanceolate, incisely spinulose-toothed ; rays (12-15) ochroleucous. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 301. Denudated j)]ains of the Rocky Mountains and Oregon, Nvtiall! — Stems about a foot high, mostly simi)le, the base and lower leaves n)inuiely canes- cent ; the u])per ])ortion, involucre, &c. viscid. Heads rather smaller than the following, scarcely a third of an inch in diameter, obovate or lurbinaie, disposed in a close or crowded raceme or spike. Achenia, as in the oiher species of this division, narrow, canesceutly pubescent. — Very nearly allied to the following species. 2. D. viscosa (Nutt.) : pulverulently pubescent and viscid ; stems simple, racemosely branched or soiuewhat corymbose; leaves linear, acute or acumi- nate, incisely spinulose-toothed : rays (18-20) purple. — Nvtt. ! I. c. With the preceding, particularly near Scoit's Bluff" on the Platte, Nut- talL! — " Stem simple, oiten very viscid, and exhaling the strong heavy scent of Aster graveolens or Gnaphalium Americanum. Leaves sometimes near- ly pinnatitid or runcinate." Nutt. — Scales of the turbinate involucre very numerous, linear, rigid, with short squarrose-recurved tips. 3. I), divaricata (Nutt.): minutely canescent, not glandular or viscid; stem racemose or racemose-comj)ound; the branches divaricate; radical and lower leaves lanceolate or somewhat spatulate, strongly sjnnulose-looihed ; the upper linear, small, often nearly entire ; rays (12-16) short, pale blue or purple. — ISutt. ! i. c. Denudated plains of the Rocky Mountains and Oregon, common, Nuttall! — About a foot higli; branches rather naked, with small leaves, spreading out into a compound corymb. Papjjus fulvous or white. Nutt. — The heads are about the size of the preceding, apparently more broadly obo\()id or al- most hemis|)herical ; with rather broader, I'ewer, and less acute, perbaps less rigid, canescently puberulent (but not glaixlular or viscid) scales. The rays, as in the preceding, are not much longer than the disk. — These species are so nearly related that they may berealter be found to pass into each other. 4. D. incana: perennial? minutely canescent throughout with a very short soft pubescence; stem stout, racemosely branched ; the branches often elongated and corymbose, terminated by single large heads ; leaves linear, mucronulaie, entire, or frequently with a few laciniale mucronate teeih near the base; involucre obovoid-hemispherical ; the linear slightly glandular scales imbricated in numerous series, with very acute S(]uarro.se tips; rays (about 30) large, bright violet; achenia narrow, canescent. — Diploj)a|)pus incanus, Lindi. ! hut. rcg. t. 1693 ; Hook. ! hot. mag. t. 3382 ; DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 278. California, Douglas! (probably from the interior.) — Stem stout, 1-2 feet high, apparently a little woody at the base : the branches simple or some- what branclied, ascending, racemose, becoming corymbose at the summit. Leaves 1—2 inches long, closely sessile or slightly clasping, about 2 lines ■wide ; the lower obtuse, but mucronulate, ofien presenting 1 to 3 or 4 slender divaricate and mucronate teeth on each side near the base. Heads in the wild plant about two-thirds of an inch, in the cultivated nearly an inch, in diameter, without including the numerous and large broadly linear rays. — This is a genuine species of Mr. Nuttall's Dieteria, and the most showy of the genus. The late Mr. Douglas alone seems to have met with it. The cultivated specimens are less canescent, the branches more elonga- DiETERiA. COMPOSITuE. 101 ted, the heads larger, the involucre more hemispherical, with narrower and more squarrose scales. * * Appendages of the style subulate or somewhat lanceolate : pap p\LS more slender . 5. D. canescevs (Nutt.) : minutely canescent with a soft pubescence; stem low, much branched, corymbose ; leaves linear, entire ; the radical spatu- late ; scales of ilie obovoid involucre lanceolate, acute, imbricated in about 4 series, with slightly squarrose lips; rays (18-20) rather large, purplish-blue. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 300. Aster canescens, Pursh ! Ji. 2. p. 547. A. biennis, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 155. Upper Missouri, in denudated argillaceous soils, from the Arikarees to Fort Mandan. Nuttall ! (who alone has collected it.) Aug.-Oct. — Stem about a foot high, divaricately branched, fasligiate at the summit, bearing numerous heads about as large as a Daisy. Scales of the involucre rigiil, canescent, with short greenish tips. Cauline leaves closely sessile, 1 to 2 inches long, 1 to 2 lines wide. Appendages of llie style subulate-lanceolate. 6. D. pulverulenta (Nutt.) : somewhat cane.?cently puberulent; stem low, much branched from the base, the branches fastigiaie, bearing few heads on rather naked branchlets ; leaves linear or lanceolate ; the lower sparingly toothed or spinulose-serrulate ; the uppermost entire ; scales of the hemi- spherical involucre lanceolate, acute, imbricated in about 3 series; rays (6-12) short, pale purple. — Nutt.! I. c. Arid plains towards the sources of the Platte, Nuttall! — About 6 inches high. Nearly allied to the preceding; the heads smaller, the scales of the involucre less imbricated, somewhat viscid ? Appendages of the style subulate. § 2. Scales of the hemispherical involucre nearly equal, imbricated in about 3 series, linear, with a short oppressed somewhat cartilaginous base, and elongated acute spreading herbaceous tips : receptacle obscurely alveolate : achenia obovate, many-striate : pappus of the ray and disk nearly equal: leaves not rigid, pinnatifid and bipinnatifid. — Pappochkoma, Nutt. 7. D. coronopifolia (Nutt.) : pubescent and somewhat viscid, diffusely branched from the base ; the branches mostly terminated by single (showy) heads; radical and lower leaves bipinnatifid, petioled ; the upper pinnatifid, with the segments toothed or incised; rays (about 20) large, reddish-purjjle ; achenia villous. — Nutt..' I. c. Chrysop.sis (Pappochronia) coronopifolia, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 34. Dry naked places along streams, from the Upper Missouri and Platte to the Rocky Moumalns, Mr. Wyeth .' Nuttall! Jiily-Aug. — Root annual or biennial ? Stems 6-10 inches high. " Heads nearly as" large as the garden Marigold." Scales of the involucre with long and loose herbaceous very acute summits. Appendages of the style subulate. Achenia large, com- pressed, but turgid, nearly as long as the pappus when mature. Pappus reddish-brown, copious, rather rigid ; the bristles in 3 or more unequal series. 25. SERICOCARPUS. Nees, Ast. p. 148 ; DC. j>rodr. 5. p. 261. Aster § Leucocoma, Nutt. (1834.) Heads 12-15-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 5, distant, pistillate; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the obovate-oblong or turbinate-cylin- drical involucre clo.sely imbricated in several series, nerveless or obscurely 1-nerved ; the lower portion cartilaginous (whitish), appressed ; the apex 102 COMPOSITjE. Sericocarpus. herbaceous, often spreading or squarrose. Receptacle small, alveolate; the alveoli toothed or lacerate-ciiiate. Rays oblong-linear ; the corolla of the disk slightly expanded at the summit, 5-lobed; the lobes revolute, lanceolate, acute. Appendages of the style (in the disk flowers) lanceolate-subulate, minutely hispid, longer than the stigmatic portion. Achenia obpyramidal, short, densely silky. Pappus simple, composed of rather numerous and rigid unequal scabrous bristles, some of them thickened upwards. — Perennial (North American) herbs, corymbose at the summit ; with alternate entire or serrate sessile leaves. Heads in crowded corymbs, sometimes fascicled or glomerate. Flowers of the ray white ; those of the disk pale yellow, rarely changing to purplish. § 1. Involucre about the length of the disk ; the exterior scales oblong or oval, closely oppressed, with rigid herbaceous squarrose tips. 1. S- conyzoides (Nees) : stem somewhat pubescent, slightly angled ; leaves ciliate, glabrous beneath, veiny, obscurely 3-nerved ; the upper ones oblong or lanceolate, often entire ; the lowermost spatulale-oval, coarsely serrate towards the apex, tapering into a slender margined petiole; involucre some- what turbinate; rays rather short; pappus ferruginous. — Nees, Ast. p. 150; Darlingt..' fl. Cest. p. 470; DC.! prodr. 5. p. 161. Conyza asteroides, Linn.! spec. 2, p. 8fil ; Walt.! Car. p. 204. Aster conyzoides, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2043 ; Pursh ! Jl. 2. p. bbb ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 34^1 ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 158 (& 13. plantaginifolius) ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 311. A. Mari- landicus (^-c. Pluk. mant.), Michx. ! jl. 2. p. 108. Solidago calycibus squar- rosis, flosculis, &c., Gronov. ! fl. Virg. {ed. 1) p. 97. Dry woodlands, Massachusetts! to Florida! common. June-Aug. — Plant 1-2 feet high. Leaves rather firm, 1-3 inches long. Heads some- times solitary and pedicellate, but usually sessile in small clusters. Rays much shorter than in the S. solidagineus, but always longer than the disk. 2. S. solidagineus (Nees): glabrous; stem angled with decurrent lines: leaves linear-oblanceolate, or linear, obtuse, tapering to the base, entire, with serrulate-scabrous margins, indistinctly 3-nerved or slightly veiny, obscurely punctate; heads (small) glomerate at the extremity of the fastigiate pedun- cles ; involucre cvlindraceous, few-flowered ; rays elongated ; pappus white. —Nees, Ast. p. 149 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 14 •' Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 470 ,- DC. ! I. c. Conyza linifolia, Linn. ! I. c. ; Walt. ! Car. p. 204. Aster solidaginoides, Michx. in Witld. ! spec. 3. p. 2024 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 543 ; Nutt. ! I. c. ; Ell. I. c. A. solidagineus, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 108. A. Americanus albns, &c., Pluk. aim. t. 79, /. 2. Galatella obtusifolia, Lehm. ! ind. sem. horl. Hamb. 1837. Moist woodlands, Canada! and Northern States ! to Alabama! and Louis- iana ! not very common. July-Sept. — Plant pale yellowish-green, about 2 feet high ; the stems slender, often several from the same root or woody caudex. " Heads in small close clusters, few-flowered ; the scales of the in- volucre glabrous, broad, white, with abrupt green tips. Rays much longer than the disk. § 2. Involucre mostly shorter than the disk ; the scales linear or narrowly- oblong, less rigid and oppressed ; the tips greenish but scarcely squarrose. 3. 5. torfifolius (Nees) : slightly canescent with a minute dense pubescence; leaves short, spatulate-oblong or obovate, entire, mucronulate, 1-nerved, ob- scurely punctate, spreading and usually vertical, both surfaces similar, heads Sericocarpus. COMPOSITiE. 103 in loose compound corymbs, mostly pedicellate and bibracteafe ; scales of the obovoid involucre narrowly oblong, with aciuish slightly spreading tips ; rays longer than the copious white pap|)us. — Nees, Ast. p. 151 ; DC. I I. c. Conyza bifoliata, IVait. Car. p. :204. Aster tortifolius, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 109 ; Ell. ! si: 2. p. 341. ji. Cullinsii : leaves sparingly crenate-serrate. — Aster (Leucocoma) Col- linsii, Nutt. ! in jour. arad. Philad. 7. p. 82. Barrens and dry pine woods, Vircinia ! and North Carolina ! to Florida ! and Louisiana! p. Florida, Mr. Ware! Aug.-Se|)t. — Plant about 2 feet high, branched above. Leaves 6-12 Hnes long, rigid. — Heads as large as in S. conyzoides, seldom clustered. Flowers of the disk 10 or more. Achenia short. — In a specimen collected in Virginia by Mr. Durand, the lower leaves are sparingly crenate-serraie, and the others entire. 4. S. Oregoncnsis (Nutt.): nearly glabrotis : leaves broadly lanceolate, rather acute, entire, 1-nerved, veiny, both sides and esjieciallv the margins scabrous : heads clustered in small compact corymbs ; scales of the turbinate involucre oblong-linear, 1-nerved; rays longer than the (white) pappus; achenia slender. — Nutt.! in trans. Anier. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 302. Oregon, Nuttali ! — Plant apparently rather large and slout, somewhat branched. Leaves 2-3 inches long, nearly half an incli wide, thickish, nar- rowed at the base ; those of the branchlets small. Heads rather larger than in the following species, about 15-flowered. Achenia not very densely silky, nearly linear, fully half the length of the pappus. — We have reason to think that this will prove a mere variety of the succeeding; yet the exscrted rays may atTord a constant character. 5. S. rigidus (Lindl.) : nearly glabrous; leaves oblong-spatulafe, or ob- lanceolafe, obtuse, often mucronulate, entire, somewhat 3-nerved, veiny, both surfaces very scabrous, the margins ciliate-scabrous; heads clustered in small compact corymbs; scales of the turbinate involucre narrowly ob- long or linear, 1-nerved ; rays shorter than the (white) papjius ; achenia rather slender. — Lindl.! in Hook. fl. Bar.- Am. 2. p. 14, c^ in DC. I. c. ; Nutt. ! I. c. {fi. Isevicaulis.) Galatella platylepis, Nees, in herb Am. Low hills and gravelly soil, Oregon, around Fort Vancouver, &c. Doug- las ! Dr. Scouler! Nuttali! July-Aug. — Plant 1 to 2 feet high; the sim- ple stems, or the few corymbose branches, terminated by small compact corymbs. Leaves an inch in length, rigid. Heads about 15-flovvered, near- ly as large as in S. conyzoides. Inner scales of the involucre about the length of the disk, scarious; the exterior with somewhat squarrose greenish tips. Rays inconspicuous, but perhaps always present, and fertile. Ache- nia when mature about half the length of the papj)us, not very densely silky. 26. ASTER. Tourn. inst. t. 174 ; Linn. gen. no. 954. (excl. spec.) Aster, Biotia, Tripolium, Heleastrum, & species of Calimeris, DC. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers in a single series, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or foliaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate, or rarely naked. Appendages of the style (in the disk-flowers) lanceolate or subulate, acute, rarely triangular or obtuse. Achenia usually compressed. Pappus simple, of numerous, often unequal, scabrous capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, or rarely annual (Tripolium), chiefly natives of North America. Leaves alternate, entire or serrate. Heads corymbose, panicu- late, or racemose. Rays white, purple, or blue ; the corolla of the disk yel- low, often changing to purple. 104 COMPOSITiE. AsTKR. We are greatly indebted to several botanists and public institutions of this coun- try for the use of their entire collections of ^^i merican A sters ; and we would especi- ally render our acknowledgments to fcir Wm. Hooker, who, by most liberally en- trusting to our care his vast materials in this and other allied genera, has aftbrded the most important assistance. Notwithstanding the very favourable opportunities we have enjoyed, our arrangement of this, probably the most difficult genus in North American botany, although the result of much labor, is by no means so satis- factory as could be desired. -A Ithough much remains to be done before our species can be considered as well settled, still we trust that our attempt will be found to have contributed to this result, and that most of our indigenous A sters may be satisfactorily identified by the student. The chief remaining difficulties relate to the species of the sections Dumosi and SaUcifnlii of A ster proper, which may probably be hereafter much better defined, and also somewhat increased in number, in some instances perhaps by the separation of species which we have ventured to unite, as well as by the identification of various cultivated plants with their native originals. It is well known that many of the enumerated species, both of earlier and later authors, have been described from plants long cultivated in European gardens, where they have doubtless undergone great alterations in appearance ; to say nothing of the strong probability of occasional hybridization. A large, and indeed increasing number of these are only known as garden plants ; and it is probable that many will never be identified with their original types; even supposing them to have been derived in all cases from this country, which is by no means certain. As we have chiefly directed our attention to the indigenous plants, and have drawn our descriptions from these alone, we have thought it advisable to bring together, at the close of our account of the proper A sters known to us, those species of garden ori- gin which we have not identified with native specimens. A fuller comparison than we have been able to institute will doubtless considerably reduce their number. Those botanists who are most familiar with our A sters in their native situations, and with the changes produced by difference of soil, exposure, season, &:c. will not be greatly surjDrised at numerous reductions of species which others may think un- wairanted. We have only to say, that we have seldom ventured upon such reduc- tions, except on the authority of a full suite of specimens which appeared to present absolute transitions. A n obvious difference between two or three specimens is often entirely inappreciable in a fuller series, and thus loses its value as a means of distinction : but the claims of a genuine species are generally confirmed by a large number of specimens. It must, however, be admitted that, in this as in all large and natural genera, several species which we cannot but consider as distinct (such for instance as A. cordifolius and A. sagittifolius) do frequently present very puz- zlino" intermediate fonns; and that an apparent transition is not always real. 'Vet it is better, perhaps, to hazard the occasional reduction of even true species to varieties, than to multiply species which we are confessedly unable to define. We may remark, in conclusion, that we are the more inclined to act upon our own con- victions, on account of the very frequent and wide disagreement even of the highest authorities upon this genus. § 1. Involucre ohovate-campanulale ; the scales regularly imbricaled in several series, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips; the exterior successively shorter: receptacle alveolate : raysQ-\b: appendages of the style subulate- lanceolate, recurved or diverging, minutely hispid : bristles of the pappus unequal, rather rigid; the inner series mostly slightly thickened toicards the apex: achenia linear, slender, scarcely compressed, somewhat ^-angled or striate: stem corymbose at the summit: leaves {ample) mostly petiolcd, coarsely serrate ; the radical and lower cauline on long petioles, cordate. — BlOTIA, DC. 1. A. corymbosus (Ait.): stem slender, often flexyous, terete; leaves membranaceous, coarsely or incisely and unequally serrate wiih sharp spreading teeth, conspicuously acuminaie, all but ilie uppermost cordate and on slender naked petioles, ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; heads loosely corym- bose; involucre shorter than the disk; the exterior scales roundish-ovaie; rays (white) 6-9.— Ait. Kew. (ed. 1) 3. p. 207; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2036; Aster. COMPOSIT.^. 105 Pvrsh! fl. 1. p. 552; Ell. sk. 2. p. 365. A. dlvaricafus, Livn. spec. 2. p. 873/ (fide herb..') excl. syn. Gronov. df Pluk. Kurybia corymbos-a, Cass, in did. sci. Jiat. 27. p. 487; Necs, Asl. p. 143; Lindl. ! bot. rei . t. 1532; Hook.! fl. Bar.- Am. 2. p. 14 ; Darlingl.! fl. Cest. p. 469. Biotia corym- bosa, DC' prndr. 5. p. 265. Dry woodlands, Canada and Northern Slates! to the middle country or mountains of the Southern States! July-Auc- — Stem 1-2 feet high, fjla- brous, or pubescent towards the summit, wliere it brandies into a loose (often somewhat leafy) corymb. Leaves very thin and membranaceous, 2-4 or 5 inches long, sfrongly serrate with sharj) and sfireading rather distant and irregular teeth, which are tipped with conspicuous mucronate-acuminate points, glabrous or sparsely hairy above, and often hairy on the midrib and veins beneath, as also the slender petioles, varying from broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, but all except the uiipermost cordate: the upper rarely with margined petioles; the uppermost sessile and sparingly serrate. Heads smaller than in the following species, the outer scales of the involucre (smootb, except the clliate-pubescent margin) rounder and less rigid. Pap- pus tawny. Achenia nearly glabrous when mature. — Lindley cites the As- ter cordifolius of Michaux as a synonym of this species, on the authority of a specimen communicated by A. Richard : but, if we mistake not, tiie chief specimens of his ])roper herbarium accord with the Linncean A. cordifoUus. 2. A. macrophylliis (Linn.) : stem stout, somewhat striate-angled, roughish- pubescent above, the corymbose branches also rigid; leaves thickish, sca- brous, closely serrate, somewhat acuminate; the radical and lower ones (large) cordate, on slender petioles; the upper sessile or on margined peti- oles; heads in ample corymbs; involucre nearly the length of the disk; the exterior scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblone; rays (white or purplish) 12-15. — Li7m..' spec. (ed. 2) 2. p.' 1232; Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 207; Michx.! fl. 1. p. 114; Wllld. spec. 3. p. 2037; Pvrsh! fl. 2. p. 552. Eurybia macro- phylla, Cass, in did. sci. nat. 27. p. 467 ; JSees, Ast. f. 140 (excl. syn. Ast. divaric. &c.) ; Darlivgt.! fl. Cest. p. 465; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Avi. 2. p. 14. Biotia macrophylla, DC! prodr. 5. p. 265. (3. stem and leaves nearly smooth and glabrous; heads usually smaller. — Aster Schreberi, Aees, synojjs. p. 16; Sprevs;- syst. 3. p. 535. Eurybia Schreberi, Nees ! Ast. p. 138. Biotia Schreberi, DC! I. c. (Varies, with the beads somewhat gloinerate on short pedicels, and the rays shorter; appa- rently an accidental state. Eurybia glomerata, Bernh. in Nees, Ast. I. c. Biotia glomerata, DC! I. c.) y. exterior scales of the involucre broadly ovate or roundish-oval; other- wise as in a. Woodlands, Canada! (from the Saskatchawan !) and Northern States! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1^-3 feet high, usually broadly corymbose; the upper portion, as well as the pedicels and involucre, clothed with a close puberu- lence which appears glandular or viscid under a lens, often with roughish hairs intermixed; below, as also the petioles, either smooth or Avith a rough pubescence. Radical leaves 4-10 inches long and 3-6 in widili, varying from roundish-cordate to cordate-oblong, serrate with broad and short mucro- nate teeth, often sparsely hirsute, and usually hairy on the midrib and strong veins beneath; the petioles 4-12 inches long : cauline leaves smaller, ovate or oblong; the upper closely sessile; the lower abruptly narrowed into a margined or winged petiole. Heads mostly large : the involucre about half an inch in diameter; the exterior rigid scales pubescent-ciliate, acutish or obtuse; the innermost much larger and membranaceous. Pajipus tawny, or reddish. Achenia linear, obscurely striate, almost glabrous when mature. — There are certainly but two species of Biotia indigenous to the United Slates. B. (Eurybia, Nees) commixta, DC. is of doubtful origin; but perhaps it is only a form of this species. VOL. II.-14 106 COMPOSITiE. AsTKR. § 2. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several series, coriaceous, with her- baceous spreading or squarrose tips : receptacle alveolate : rays numerous (12-30)." appendages of the style lanceolate : bristles of the fappus rigid, unequal, a ])ortion of the inner more or less thickened towards the summit: achenia narroiv, angled or striate, slightly or scarcely compressed : cauline ■ leaves sessile, rigid; the radical never cordate: heads large and showy. — Calliastrum. This section closely approaches Biotia tlu-oiigh Aster Radula, and Sericocai'pus by A. gracilis: it appears to fonn a very natural group. The inner bristles of the pappus become more rigid and more evidently thickened above as they grow old. 3. A. Radvla (Ait.) : stem strict, glabrous, angled with decurrent lines, somewhat corymbose at the summit; the branches few, nearly simple and" naked, slightly pubescent; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly narrowed towards the base, closely sessile, scabrous both sides and somewhat rugose, sharply serrate, at least in the middle; involucre cam- panulate-hemispherical, shorter than the disk ; the scales oblong, rather ob- tuse, pubescent-ciliate, appressed, with slightly spreading herbaceous tips ; achenia glabrous, linear-oblong, many striate. — Ait. Keio. {ed. 1) 3. p. 210 ; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 6.56 ; Nees, A^. p. 43 ; Hook. ! jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 7 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 230. 8. leaves ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ones somewhat obovate-oblong, acute or slightly acuminate. — A. nudiflorus, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 157; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 462; DC. l. c. Moist copses and low grounds. Nova Scotia {Aito7i) and Newfoundland ! Lubeck, Maine, Mr. Oakes ! Near Boston and Salem, Massachusetts, Nuttall ! Dr. Greene ! Dr. Pickering ! New London, Connecticut, Mr. Roland ! Swamps of New Jersey, Dr. Sttivc, ex Nutt. " On the high mountains of New York and Pennsylvania," Pursh. Bethlehem, Pennsyl- vania, Schweinitz ! and near Westchester, Mr. D. Toivnsend! (the southern forins more luxuriant and corresponding with A. nudiflorus, Nutt.) Aug.— Sept. — Plant 1-3 feet high. Leaves numerous, 2-3 inches long, nearly equal in size to the summit of the stem, varying from half an inch to more than an inch in width, pinnately veined, rough, hairy on the veins beneath, often entire towards the base ; the teeth sharp and salient, or sometimes rather obtuse, mucronate. Heads few, large (smaller than in A. spectabilis), 1-3 upon each branch of the simple corymb; the oval-oblong or linear ob- long (often acutish) scales of the involucre with bright green, sometimes slightly spatulate tips, nearly glabrous except the margins. Rays numerous, elongated, pale violet ; the disk yellow, turning brownish. Achenia nar- rowly oblong or fusiform, turgid, slightly compressed when mature. Pappus rather rigid ; the longer bristles somewhat thickened near the apex. — The Pennsylvauian is larger than the Newfoundland plant, but otherwise they perfectly accord. We have gathered this species in the Berlin Botanic garden, under the name of Biotia commixta, var. stricta. 4. A, biflorus (Michx.) : low ; stems very simple, slender, bearing two (rarely a single) pedunculate heads at the summit; leaves broadly lanceolate, very acute, remotely [and sharply] serrate ; scales of the appressed-imbri- cate involucre lanceolate [heads large]. Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 1\5 ; Nees, Ast. p. 39. A. strictus, Pursl^ fl. 2. p. .5-56, not of Poir. Around lakes and rivers which flow into Hudson's Bay, Michaua: La- Ijrador, and on high mountains of Pennsylvania, Pursh. Labrador, Herb. Schweinitz ! — The following particulars are added by Pursh, whose Labra- dor plant {Herb. Banks.) is probably the same as Michaux's A. biflorus : Plant from 4 inches to a span high : leaves scabrous : flowers middle-sized ; Aster. COMPOSlTiE. 107 the rays pale violet, disk brownish-yellow : scales of the involucre oblong, acute, nearly equalling the disk. — According to Nees, who examined a spe- cimen in the Willdenovian herbarium, the stem is glabrous, and the closely imbricated scales of the involucre ovate-oblong, rather acute. — The specimen in the Schweinitzian herbarium resembles a very dwarf state of A. Radula, with which it accords in its pappus and narrow glabrous achenia ; but the more membranaceous scales of the involucre are much fewer in number, acute, and nearly equal in length. 5. A. montanus (Richards.) : rhizoma creeping ; stems pubescent or vil- lous below, tomentose and mostly corymbose at the summit, leafy ; leaves oblong, serrate, veiny, soinewhat hairy beneath, sessile ; the lowermost some- what spatulate, the upper lanceolate ; scales of the campanulate-hemi- spherical involucre canescently tomentose, lanceolate, acute, unequal, closely imbricated in 3 or more series, with herbaceous spreading summits ; rays narrow, numerous; achenia linear, elongated, many-ribbed, sparsely hir- sute. — Ricliards. ! appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 32, not of NuU. A. Richardsonii, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 528 ; Nees, Ast. p. 30 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.- Am. 2. p. 7 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 229. A. Sibiricus, Turcz. ! in herb. Hook. j3. giganteus : stem large and stout, more tomentose ; leaves ample, more deeply and sharply serrate, pubescent-tomentose beneath. — A. Richardsonii /3. giganteus. Hook. ! I. c. y. arcticus : stems smaller, often simple and bearing a solitary head; scales of the more simple involucre fewer ; the exterior more foliaceous and as long as the disk. — A. salsuginosus ? Less. ! in Linncea, 6. p>. 124. A. Espenbergensis, Nees! Ast. p. 36 ; DC..' I.e. A. Sibiricus, Fischer! in herb. Hook. Barren country from lat. 64° to the Arctic Sea, Richardson ! Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! Also in Siberia {Herb. Pall, fide Richards. (^ herb. Hook. ! ex Turcz.) /^. Fort Franklin on the Mackenzie River, Richardson! y. Kotzebue's Sound, &c. C/z.«7?(isso / Capt. Becchey ! — Stem varying from 5 inches to a foot or more (in jS. 2 feet) in height, often branched at the base, usually simply corymbose at the summit ; the tomentose erect peduncles thickened under the heads. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, feather- veined, either obscurely or conspicuously serrate -with pointed teeth. Heads as large as in A. alpinus : the involucre, in the fully developed states, broadly cainpanulate rather than hemispherical, at first about the length of the disk, but mostly shorter than the pappus ; the exterior scales successively shorter and more herbaceous; the inner with purple summits; in [3. all rather looser and less unequal ; in y. witli the exterior more foliaceous and lax or bracteo- late, equalling or exceeding the innermost, so as to resemble an Alpigenous Aster. Receptacle alveolate. Rays apparently purple, much longer than the disk ; the corolla of the disk turning purple. Appendages of the style lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse. Pappus copious, reddish-brown when old, unequal, some of the longest series slightly thickened at the summit. Achenia attenuated, strongly striate, Sjiarsely hairy wlien mature. — A well-marked species, with the involucre of the section Anielli, and the achenia and pap- pus of Biotia, or of most species of Calliastrum ; but in the extremely re- duced arctic forms, the involucre simulates an Alpigenous Aster, which the larger states are very unlike, although an approach to this form is occasionally presented. The var. /3. is a larger, coarser, and much more tomentose state, with the leaves often an inch and a half wide, resembling A. conspicuus, except as to pubescence. 6. A. conspicuus (Lindl.) : stem stout, strict, corymbose at the summit; the branches erect, minutely pubescent, mostly leafless and bearing single heads; leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, acute, serrate with coarse spreading teeth, slightly jiubescent and scabrous, sessile ; the lower narrowed at the 108 COMPOSITE. Aster. base; involucre hcmispherical-campaniilate, about the Icncth of the disk; the scales numerous, unetiuai, alanduiar-puberulent, lanceolate, with acute herbaceous squarrose-spreading tips; rays numerous; achenia linear-oblong, sWky-puhescent.—Lindl. ! in^Hook. fl." Bor.-Am. 2. p. 7, S^- in DC. prodr. 5. p. 230. Carlton House, on the Saskatchawan River (about lat. 53°), to the Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! — A stout showy species, with ample thickish veiny leaves (4-6 t^Tches long and 1-2 wide, the teeth triangular and mucronate or subulate-pointed), and heads fully as large as those of A. sjiectabilis, to ■which it bears considerable resemblance. Involucre and peduncles viscid with a minute glandular pubescence. Rays large, blue. Appendages of the style triangular-lanceolate. Bristles of the pappus slightly rigid, similar, and scarcely, if at all thickened upwards. 7. A. spcctabilis (Ait.) : stem strict, puberulent-scabrous, glandular-pubes- . cent and corymbose at the summit; leaves oblong-lanceolate, scabrous, sessile, entire ; the lower ones oblong, remotely appressed-serrale, tapering into a short margined petiole; branches of the corymb usually short and rigid, bearing 1-3 heads ; involucre hemispherical-campanulaie, as long as the disk ; the scales very numerous, somewhat etpial in length, linear-oblong and slightly spatulate, glandular-puberuleni, somewhat ciliate, with conspi- cuous herbaceous srpiarrose spreading (rather obtuse) tips; rays numerous (20 or more); achenia linear, slightly pubescent. — Ait. Knc. (ed. 1) 3. p. 209; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 554; Nuit. .' gen. 2. p. 157; ISees, Ast. p. 42; Lindl. ! bot. reg. t. 1527 ; JDC. ! prodr. 5. p. 230. A. grandiflorus, Walt. Car. p. 209. A. elegans, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2042, in part, fide Nees. A. speciosus, Hornem. hort. Hafn. 2. p. 816.'' fide DC. j3. flowering branches, or ])eduncles, few and slender, mostly simple, pilose ■with slender hairs as well as glandular-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, entire or scarcely serrate. y. branches of the corymb few and mostly simple; leaves obovate-oblong, often nearly all serrate. — A. spectabilis /i. bellidifolius, J\'utt. I. c. ? A. surculosus? EIL! sk. 2. p. 354. Dry sandy soil and pine barrens, Massachusetts (New Bedford, Mr. T. A. Green!) and New Jersey ! to Florida! and Kentucky! Sept.-Nov. — Rhi- zoma slender, creeping. Stem 1—2 feet high. Leaves 2—4 inches long (the upi)er ones smaller), half an inch to an inch in width, of a firm texture, acute or obtuse, mucronulate, sometimes obscurely 3-nerved. Branches of the coryinb or peduncles with a few small leaves or bracts (the up])ennost approximate to the head), usually short and rigid. Heads showy (larger than in A. Amellus); the scales of the involucre imbricated in several series; the exterior loose, clothed more or less with a glandular-scabrous pubescence similar to that of the branches. Rays ver}' long, lanceolate, blue or violet. Appendages of tlie style lanceolate-subulate. — We have met with no au- thentic specimen of Mr. Nuttall's var. bellidifolius. Perhaps lie had a form of the closely allied A. gracilis in view ; since the latter is common in the pine barrens of New Jersey, while he only mentions it as a Western plant. 8. A. gracilis (Nutt.) : stems several from the same often surculose cau- dex, slender, slightly pubescent, corymbose at the summit ; leaves somewhat scabrous, remotely and obscurely crenulate-serrate ; the radical ones oblong or spatulate, on slender naked petioles; the cauline oblanceolaie or narrowly oblong, often narrowed at the base, slightly clasping ; heads several, in a spreading corymb; involucre obconical, as long as the disk; the scarcely pubescent scales imbricated in several series, whitish and coriacenus, with herbaceous (obtuse or slightly pointed) spreading tips ; the exterior succes- Aster. COMPOSITE. 109 si vely shorter ; raj's about 12; achenia cuneiform-oblong, moderately com- pressed, minutely hairy. — Nutt. ! gen. 2. 'p. 158. Prairies of Kentucky & Tennessee, Nuttall ! Pine barrens of New Jersey ! common. Sept. — Caudex usually tuberous, ynoducing runners and offsets. Stems about a foot high, not scabrous or glandular, leafy, either simple and bearing 5 to 9 heads in a terminal corymb (the central head almost sessile, the lateral on slender spreading or divaricate peduncles) ; or with corymbose flowering branches, each bearing 3 to 7 heads, all but the lateral or external on very short pedicels. Leaves 1 to about 2 inches long, nearly coriaceous, opaque, glabrous. Involucre almost exactly like Sericocarpus conyzoides ! and about the same size ; the exterior scales subspatulate-oblong or linear- oblong, somewhat ciliate ; the innermost linear, membranaceous. Heads about 30-flowered. Rays violet ; the ligules exserted about the length of the involucre. Achenia rather short, impressed-striate, clothed with short sparse hairs. — Mr. Nuttall has correctly remarked the alliance of this plant to A. spectabilis on the one hand (some forms of which it greatly resembles), and to Sericocarpus conyzoides on the other : it almost connects the latter genus •with Aster. 9. A. surculosus (MIchx.) : stems several from the same surculose caudex, slender, simple, minutely pubescent above ; leaves lanceolate, elongated, acute, glabrous, the margin scabrous, entire or with a few slight subulate teeth ; the lowermost tapering into a margine» Heads {^rather large) mostly solitary terminating tJie spreading brayichlets : scales of the obovoid-turbinate or somewhat campanulate involucre closely imbricated in several series, rigid, vnth herbaceous mostly acute a/nd somewhat spreading tips, the exterior successively shorter : achenia linear-oblong, many-slnatc, silky-canescent : leaves auriculaJte-ayrdate and clasping the stem, entire, pubescent or scabrous ; those of the brancltlets very smaU. — Patentes. 22. A. patens (Ait.) : stem pubescent; paniculate at the summit; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pubescent or scabrous, with ciliate and very scabrous (often undulate or almost serrulate) margins, sometimes nar- rowed below the middle, auriculate-cordate and clasping ; those of the spread- ing or divaricate slender branchlets very small ; heads mostly solitarj^ on the branchlets ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, scabrous-puberulent ; Aster. COMPOSITtE. 115 achenia silky.— ^/<. Keiv. {ed. 1) 3. p. 201 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 551 ; Nees, Ast. p. 49 (excl. syn. Miclix.) ; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. p. 463 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 232. A. undulatus, Linn. ! spec. ed. 2. p. 1228, ^- herb, (not of hort. Cliff. .') ; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 361. A. amplexicaulis, Michx.I Jl. 2. p. 114 ; Big-el. .' Jl.. Bost. ed. 2. p. 312. /?. gracilis : heads smaller, terminating the very numerous and elongated brandies ; leaves very small, rigid, scabrous. — Hook. ! compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 97. y. patentissimus : heads large, terminating the elongated branchlets ; the scales of the more turbinate involucre very numerous and more closely im- bricated (in 5-6 series), somewhat canescent, the exterior broader and more obtuse; leaves rigid, hirsute-scabrous. — A. patentissimus, Zrtno?^. / in DC. I. c. A. Arnottii, Nees ! in herb. Arn. Sf- herb. Hook. d. phlogifolius : stem simple or paniculate at the summit ; the heads (large) solitary, or frequently several and somewhat racemose on the short branches ; involucre more lax and herbaceous (imbricated in 3-4 series) ; leaves much larger, membranaceous, pubescent beneath, scarcely or not at all scabrous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an acute point, usually contracted below the middle. — Nees, Ast. I. c. (excl. syn. Michx.) ; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. I. c. A. phlogifolius, Muhl. ! in Willd. spec. 3. p. 2034 ; Pursh ! Jl.. 1. p. 550 ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 156 ; DC. ! I. c. A. auritus, Lindl. in DC. I. c. ? Dry soil, Massachusetts ! to Florida! and Louisiana! /?. Alabama, Dr. Gates ! Louisiana and Texas, Drummond ! y. Kentucky ! and Missouri ! to Arkansas ! and Western Louisiana ! 6. Woods, New York ! Pennsylvania ! and Ohio ! to Kentucky ! and North Carolina ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem rather slender, 1-3 feet high. Heads rather large and showy (in ji. less, in y. & 6. usually more than half an inch in diameter), commonly terminating the elongated and diverging branchlets; which are furnished with numerous mi- nute and bract-like leaves. Rays purplish-blue, about 24. Scales of the involucre minutely pubescent or hairy, more or less granulose-scabrous under a lens ; the innermost linear, acute or acuminate (sometimes purplish) ; the exterior shorter and more obtuse. Pappus ferruginous or_ tawny. — The scales of the involucre in var. y. are more numerous and imbricated ; and in the plant of Drummond from St. Louis (A. Arnottii, Nees. ined.) they are broader, more obtuse, and remarkably appressed : other specimens of this variety (A. patentissimus, Lindl. in herb. Ton:, which however have the leaves very scabrous on both sides) pass insensibly into the ordinary state of the plant. — The lower leaves, except in var. 6., rarely exceed one or two inches in length, and are mostly obtuse, but mucronate. In that plant, how- ever, they vary from 3 to 6 inches in length, usually tapering to each end, but are dilated and auriculate at the base"; they occasionally present a fewje- mote serratures. We were strongly disposed to consider it a distinct spe- cies ; but are now convinced by the examination of numerous intermediate forms, that it is a state which the plant assumes in shady moist places. ****** Heads {middle-sized, showy') 'paniculate or sovuwhat racemose; scales of tlic turbinate or obovoid involucre closely and regularly imbricated in several series (the exterior successively shorter), chartaceous and white (except the midnerve), with very short appressed or slightly spreading green tips : rays bright blue : achenia very smooth and glabrous {or sometimes minutely pubescent with sparse hairs), broadish, compressed, 2r-b-ribbed or nerved: plant perfectly smooth and glabrous {except the branchlets and the scabro^is margins of the leaves), often glaucous: cauline leaves lanceolate or oblong-ovate, thicldsh, sessile or clasping, entire or sparingly serrate ; the radical ovate or oblong {small), tapering into a slwrt and margiiu:d often ciliate petiole. — Concinni, Nees, (excl. spec.) 116 COMPOSlTiE, Aster. 23. A. Ifevis (Linn.): very smooth, often glaucous; stem loosely panicu- late or somewhat corymbose at the summit ; leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceo- late, or oblong, coriaceous, very smooth, with scabrous margins, entire or sparingly serrate ; the lower narrowed towards the base, or tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper clasping and mostly somewhat auriculate or cordate at the base ; those of the branches very small ; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated, appressed, rigid, lanceolate or broadly linear, "with short abruptly acute or acuminate herbaceous tips ; achenia shining, glabrous, or pubescent with a few scattered hairs. — Linn. ! S2}ec. 2. j). 876 ; Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 206; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1500; Darlingt. ! Ji. Cest. p. 468. A.leevis, laevigatus, mutabilis, amplexicaulis, rubricaulis, & cyaneus, Nees, Ast. -p. 128-132 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 245 c^ 246. A. rubricauhs. Lam. did. 1. p). 305. A. amplexicaulis, Muhl. ! in tVilld. spec. 3. p. 2046. A. Pennsylvanicus, Poir. siijjpl. 1. p. 498, ex Nees. (3. more glaucous ; upper leaves cordate-clasping, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; scales of the involucre more numerous. — A. cyaneus, Hoff7n. flnjtogr. bl. p. 71, t. B. f. 1 ; Pursh, ft.. 2. p. 550 ; Nees, I. c. ; Lindl. bat. reg. t. 1495. A. glaucus & A. politus, Nees, synops. p. 23. A. bupleurifolius, Hort. Monsp. y. leaves elongated lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. — A. leevigatus, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2046? Borders of woodlands and thickets, Canada! to Georgia! Missouri! and Saskatchawan ! common. Aug.-Oct. — A beautiful species, readily recog- nized (notwith.sfanding some diversities in the foliage and the size of the heads) by its polished and more or less glaucous stem and leaves (the former 2-3 feet high, often purple) ; the somewhat coriaceous regularly imbricated and appressed scales of the involucre, which are white (slightly ciliate), with a greenish midnerve, and short rhombic green tips; the heads middle-sized or rather large ; and the numerous showy rays bright blue or indigo, changing to violet. The flowers of the disk usually change to purple : the pappus be- comes tawny or brownish. We entirely agree with Dr. Darlington in the opinion that it is vain to separate the various forms of this plant into several species. The large suite of specimens before us have been named for the most part by several distinguished botanists, whose determinations so seldom accord that we feel the greater confidence in our own opinion. We can make nothing of the characters derived by Nees from the alveoli of the re- ceptacle, whether naked, ciliolate, or piliferous. The radical leaves are ovate, oval, or spatulate-oblong, serrate, on winged petioles which are usually ciliate at the base; the earliest smaller, more rounded or obtuse, crenate- serrate ; the cauline vary from 2 to 5 inches in length, and one-third to an inch and a half in width, the broader ones often abruptly narrowed at the base ; the upper surface shining ; the reticulations loose and manifest. Branches of the inflorescence rather rigid, loose, few or numerous ; the leaves gradually reduced to short lanceolate bracts. 24. A. virgatus (Ell.): very smooth; stem strict; the branches few and virgate, racemose at the summit ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, with sca- brous or ciliolate-serrulate margins, partly clasping ; those of the branches very small and numerous, erect, subulate-acuminate ; the lowermost taper- ing at the base; the radical spatulate-oblong; scales of the somewhat hemi- spherical involucre lanceolate, acuminate ; the exterior loose or slightly squar- rose-spreading ; achenia glabrous. — Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 353. 13. stem stout; the virgate branches numerous, somewhat compound ; heads larger; lower cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate. y. stems slender, often simple ; cauline leaves elongated linear-lanceolate, the margins more strongly ciliolate-scabrous. — A. attenuatus, Lindl. ! in Hooh. compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 97. Western districts of Georgia, Elliott! ft. Georgia, Dr. Boykin! y. Jack- Aster. COMPOSITiE. 117 sonville, Louisiana, Drummond ! Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale! Sept.- Oct. — Resembles considerably the narrow leaved forms of A. laevis ; but is distinguished by the virgate branches and racemose inflorescence ; the scales of the involucre with sharper spreading points, the exterior often loose and passing into the very small bract-like leaves ; which are usually numerous or crowded on the branches, varying from 3 to G lines long, rigid, subulate- acute or acuminate. Lower leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, 3 to 4 (or in /?. 6-10) lines wide, shining above, coriaceous. The plant of Elliott is inter- mediate between our specimens from Dr. Boykin (which has shorter and broader cauline leaves, the lower occasionally serrulate) and those of A. attenuatus, Lindl. Drummond's specimens are remarkably slender, and about 2 feet high. In those from Dr. Hale, tlie margins of the leaves are still more strongly serrulate-scabrous, or the uppermost even minutely ciliate- hispid, and the heads are more obconical. Rays apparently deep blue. 25. A. concinnus (Willd.) : stem nearly glabrous, somewhat corymbose, loose ; the branches virgate, dichotomous-paniculate ; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, remotely and sharply serrate, with scabrous margins, those of the branchlets oblong, entire; scales of the involucre linear, acute, closely imbricated. Nces. — Willd. enum. 2. p. 884 ; Nees, Ast. p. 121 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1619; DC. 2}rodr. 5. p. 245 (excl. syn. Colla, liort. Ripul.) ; Hoolc.'fi. Bor.-Am. 2. p. \2? A. cyaneus ? Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 244. p. branches more strict and racemose, with smaller and more numerous leaves. Nees, I. c. North America, Willdetioiv. (In fields and woods. New York & Penn- sylvania, Pursh.) N. Carolina, Schiveinitz ! (in herh. Ell.) Florida, Mr. Read! (in herb. acad. Philad.) Saskatchawan, Drummond, ex Lindl.! Sept.-Oct. — We have copied the specific character from Nees, having seen no indigenous specimens which altogether accord with the plant cultivated in the Berlin Botanic garden (from which Willdenow described the species) and elsewhere : the fragment from Saskatchawan (in herh. Hook.) is not satisfac- tory, and may belong to A. tevis. But Elliott's A. cyaneus ? (judging from an imperfect specimen) appears to be the same as the cultivated A. concin- nus : the upper cauline leaves are linear-lanceolate, and those of the numer- ous diverging branches narrowly linear ; the heads rather smaller than in most forms of A. laevis ; and the young achenia are minutely puberulent. The specimen from Florida clearly belongs to the same species ; but in its more strict branches and racemose heads it accords with the description of A. concinnus /?., Nees ; and the leaves of the branches are also rather slen- der and narrowly linear. The rays are blue, and the flowers of the disk change to jiurple. — We know not from what source the original A. concin- nus was derived. Willdenow compares the leaves with those of Phlox maculata; and the stem is said to be one and a half to two feet high. 26. A. turhinellus (Lindl.) : stem and slender paniculate branches smooth or minutely puberulent-scabrous ; leaves lanceolate, smooth, entire, with cili- olate-scabrous margins, tapering to each end, acute, slightly clasping ; those of the filiform branchlets subulate ; involucre clavate-turbinate, as long as the disk; the scales imbricated in numerous series, linear, obtuse, concave, herbaceous merely at the tips ; achenia minutely puberulent-scabrous (under a lens). — Lindl.! in Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 98, t^ in DC. prodr. 6. p. 244. St. Louis, Missouri, Drummond ! Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth ! — Stem apparently 2-3 feet high, often very much branched in a corymbose-panicu- late manner ; the branchlets rather numerous, lax, very slender, racemose or shghtly paniculate, terminated by middle-sized heads. _ Lower leaves about 3 or 4 inches long, rather opaque, pale, sparingly reticulate-veined, or ob- scurely 3-nerved, tapering to an acute point, the margin upwardly almost 118 COMPOSITE. Aster. serrulate-scabrous ; those of the branches and branchlets gradually reduced to subulate bracts resembling the exterior scales of the involucre. Rays about 20, elongated, blue or purple ? Disk about 20-flowered. Achenia glabrous to the naked eye, but clothed with a very minute appressed pubes- cence under a lens. Pappus reddish-brown, not exceeding the innermost scales of the involucre. — A very distinct species, remarkable for its exactly turbinate involucre (5-6 lines long), which is very acute at the base, owing to the short exterior scales : these are coriaceous and white, with very short greenish tips. * ;^ % « % 4= * Heads (^middle-sized or small^ paniculate or racemose : scales of tlie ohovoid or campanidate involucre imbricated in several series (the exterior successively shorter'), commonly oppressed, chartaceous or somewhai membranaceous, vnth short green tips : achenia glabrous or slightly pubescent : radical and lowest cauline leaves (large) cordate, with elongated naked or margi?i£d petioles ; the upper often petioled. — Heterophylli, Nees. + Leaves entire, undulate, or slightly serrate : heads loosely paniculate or race- mose : rays usually bright blue or violet. 27. A. azureus (Lindl.) : stem somewhat scabrous, racemose-compound at the summit ; the branches slender and rigid ; leaves scabrous ; the radical and lowest cauline ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, cordate, somewhat serrate, on long (naked or margined) often hairy petioles ; the others lan- ceolate or linear, acute at each end, sessile, mostly entire ; those of the spreading branches subulate, mostly very numerous and appressed ; in- volucre broadly obconlc, nearly the length of the disk; the scales closely imbricated, narrowly-oblong or linear, abruptly acute ; achenia glabrous or very slightly and sparsely hairy. — Lindl. ! in Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 98, 8^' in DC. jJrodr. 5. p. 244. A. Oolentangiensis, Riddell ! synops. fi. Western States, ^;. 55. Woods and prairies, of theWestern States ; from Western Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth! Dr. Hale ! Missouri, Dru7n7nond .' Makato River (a tributary of St. Peter's), Mr. Nicollet! to Ohio, Dr. Riddell! Dr. Paddock! Dr. Van Cleve ! and Fort Gratiot, Michigan, Dr. Pitcher ! Also Georgia, Dr. Chapman! (a variety with more lax branches.) Aug.-Oct. — Stem 1-3 feet high, rigid. Heads equalling or sometimes exceeding those of A. undulatus in size ; the involucre between hemispherical and turbinate, nearly as broad as long, and rather shorter than the pappus ; the scales numerous, appressed, white except the green rhombic or triangular tips, slightly pubescent. Rays blue. — A well-marked species (" appearing as if a hybrid between A. rubricaulis and A. multiflorus," Lindl., who described from imperfect spe- cimens, wanting tVie lower leaves), manifestly connecting this group with the foregoing, with which it exactly accords in its involucre &c., remarkable for its scabrous leaves; the lower 3-5 inches long (sometimes hairy beneath) ; those of the branchlets reduced to short subulate bracts. The inflorescence usually consists of a few racemose rigid (although slender) branches, some- what paniculate at the summit of the stem ; but in some large specimens from Dr. Leavenworth, the stem is much racemose-compound, the rigid primary branches often more than a foot in length ; and these, with the race- mose branchlets, all terminated by single heads and clothed with uniform very short subulate leaves, so different from those of the stem, present a very marked appearance. 28. A. Shortii (Hook.) : stem slender, nearly glabrous, racemose-panicu- late at the summit ; leaves glabrous and nearly smooth above, minutely pubescent beneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point ; the radical and cauline ones all more or less cordate and on naked (some- «iUjC« JkH^ /ii>. Aster. COMPOSITiE. 119 what hairy) petioles, entire or sparingly serrate, the veins loosely reticulated beneath ; those of the short pubescent branches small and sessile ; heads numerous and rather crowded; involucre campanulate, shorter than the disk ; the scales closely imbricated, lanceolate-linear, rather obtuse ; ache- nia glabrous. — Hook.! {Sf Lindl. !) fl. Bor.-Am. 2. j). 9 (note); Ridclell! synops. I. c. Cliffs and banks of streams, throughout Kentucky, Dr. Short ! S^x. and Ohio, Dr. Riddell! Mr. Sullivant'f Dr. Paddock! S^x. Mountains of Georgia, Mr. Buckley ! Arliausas, Nuttcdl ! Sept.-Oct. — A beautiful spe- cies (deservedly dedicated to the well-known botanist who has so greatly contributed to our knowledge of the plants of the Western States), 2 to 4 feet high, remarkable for its lanceolate-cordate, petioled, often slightly falcate, rather membranaceous leaves ; which vary from 3 to 5 inches in length, smooth and somewhat shining above, pale and puberulent (but scarcely, if at all scabrous) beneath ; the lower ones often serrate or toothed tOAvards the base; those of the branches oval or oblong, of the ultimate branchlets or peduncles minute and subulate. Heads showy (usually larger than in A. undulatus), racemose at the summit of the stem or on the short branches, often forming a thyrsus. Scales of the involucre appressed, minutely pubescent, whitish, with oblong green tips. Rays violet-blue, lanceolate : disk yellow, changing to purple. Pappus brownish or tawny. 29. A. undulatus (Linn., Ait.) : pale with a close and cinereous often scabrous pubescence ; stem paniculate or racemose-thyrsoid at the summit ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat tomentose-pubescent beneath and scabrous above, acute, with the margins often imdulate or slightly crenate- serrate ; the radical and lowest cauline cordate, on slender slightly margined petioles, which are usually dilated and clasping at the base ; the others ab- ruptly contracted into a short broadly winged clasping petiole ; the upper- most cordate-clasping ; those of the branchlets lanceolate or subulate ; invo- lucre obovoid, nearly the length of the disk ; the scales linear, mostly acute, pubescent, closely imbricated ; achenia slightly pubescent, or at length gla- brous.— Linn, hort. Cliff, p. 408, S^- spec. {ed. 1) 2. p. 875? (not of ed. 2.) ; Ait. KeiD. {ed. 1) 3. p. 206; ''Hoffm. j^hytogr. hi. p. 77. t. C. f. 1;" Parsh, fl. 2. p. 551 ; Nees, Ast. p. 57 ,- Darlingt. ! fi. Ccst. p. 464. A. diversifolius, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 113; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 361; Bigcl.! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 312; DC! prodr. 5. p). 234. A. paniculatus, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 156, not o[ Ait. A. sagittifolius & A. scaber. Ell.! I. c. A. patens, Bart, compend. fl. Phil. 2. p. 113. A. heterophyllus y. Nees, Ast. p. 55? A. autumnalis & A. heteromallus, Wender. 1 ex Nees. (The leaves vary in size, from 1 to 3 or 4 inches ; in shape from broadly ovate to nearly lanceo- late, the radical often obtuse, the primordial roundish ; and in pubescence, being sometimes minutely and softly tomentose on both surfaces, and fre- quently scabrous beneath as well as above.) /3. stem strict ; panicle simple ; the heads rather larger ; cauline leaves elongated oblong or lanceolate. Dry woodlands, nearly throughout the United States ! (3. Kentucky, Dr. Short ! Sept.-Oct. — Stem 1-3 feet high, often purplish ; the flower-branch- es spreading, rather rigid, with very small (often subulate) leaves. Radical and lower leaves remotely crenate or serrate, or, like the upjK'r, merely un- dulate. Heads middle-sized, loosely disposed on the branches in a some- what racemose manner, often unilateral, all pedicellate ; or rarely somewhat glomerate. Scales of the involucre nearly membranaceous, with oblong or somewhat lanceolate green tij^s, acute or acuminate, ciliate. Rays pale vio- let-blue : disk yellow turning purple. Pappus becoming tawny or brown- ish. — That the var. /3. is merely a peculiar state of this species, is evident from connecting specimens. The original A. undulatus {Linn. hort. Cliff. /) is not A. patens, but we believe belongs to this species, which must in any 120 COMPOSITE. Aster. case retain the name, as it is employed in the Hortus Kewensis, where the two species are first distinguished, anterior to Michaux. 30. A. aspcrulus : somewhat scabrous-pubescent; stem simple, racemose- paniculate at the summit ; leaves sparingly and slightly serrate ; the radical oblong-ovate, obtuse, mostly subcordate, on slender naked or margined peti- oles; "the cauline oblong or spatulate, narrowed at the base, or the lowest on winged petioles, not dilated at the insertion, those of the branchlets minute, scattered ; heads (small) loosely paniculate ; scales of the somewhat hemi- spherical involucre oblong, acute, closely imbricated, shorter than the disk ; achenia very minutely pubescent. New Orleans, Drummond ! Georgia, Baldwin ! — Plant 1-2 feet high, pale with a close somewhat scabrous pubescence. Radical and lowest cauline leaves obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, on slender petioles; the others sessile, 1 to 3 inches long, mostly acute, somewhat serrate towards the apex, more or less scabrous above and pubescent beneath, tapering below, but not- dilated at the base. Heads nearly as large as in A. undulatus ; the scales of the involucre fewer, slightly pubescent, appressed, with rhomboid green tips. Rays blue or purple ? t t Lower leaves conspicuously sen-ate: heads usually small, racemose or some- what thyrsoid : rays commonly pale blue. 31. A. cordifolius (Linn.) : stem often flexuous below, racemose-panicu- late at the summit ; leaves glabrous, or often hairy beneath and slightly scabrous above; the radical and lower cauline cordate, acuminate, sharply serrate, on slender naked or margined and ciliate petioles ; the uppermost ovate or lanceolate, sessile or with short margined petioles, often entire ; heads numerous or somewhat crowded in oblong spreading or divaricate thyrsoid racemes or panicles ; scales of the closely imbricated involucre oblong-linear, obtuse or rather acute, appressed, with short green tips; achenia glabrous. — Linn, sjyec. 2. p. 875 [S^- hort. Cliff.) ; Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 207 ,• Michx.! fi. 2. p. 114 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 552; Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 156,- Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 364 ; Lindl. ! hot. reg. t. 1-597 ; Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 313 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 463. A. paniculatus. Ait. Keiv. I. c. ; Pursh, I. c. A. heterophyllus, Willd. enum. 2. p. 882. A. cordifoUus, heterophyllus, & pa- niculatus (chiefly), Nees, Asl. p. 52 ^- 55 ; Lindl. ! in herb. DC, herb. Hook., 8^-herb. Torr. ; DC! j^^odr. 5. p. 233. A. pubescens, Hornem. hort. Hafn. suppl. 1. p. 98, fide Nees. A. latifolius autumnalis, Cornut. Canad. p. 64, t. 65. (Varies, with the stem glabrous, or pubescent in lines above, or roughish-hairy ; the leaves broadly or narrowly ovate, either glabrous throughout, somewhat scabrous above, or hairy beneath ; the branches of the panicle loosely or densely flowered.) Woodlands, Canada ! Northern and Western States ! to the mountains of Georgia. Sept.-Nov. — Stem 1-4 feet high. Leaves membranaceous, or rather firm when growing in open situations, loosely veined, coarsely and sharply serrate, the radical and lower ones on slender narrowly margined ciliate petioles, 2-4 inches long; those of the branches small and frequently entire, reduced on the ultimate branchlets or peduncles to subulate bracts. Heads small, usually crowded in thyrsoid racemes on the rather short spread- m^ or divaricate branches; the distinct peduncles also spreading. Scales of the involucre whitish, with green rather obtuse tips, often purple at the apex, minutely ciliate. Rays about 12, pale violet (or nearly white in shade) turning deeper ; the disk changing to reddish-purple. The very numerous heads are smaller than in any of the preceding ; the appressed involucre as in A. Shortli (except tliat it is much smaller), and the pale scales are tipped with short green points. We meet, however, with occasional speci- mens from the Western States, which, in their rather looser involucral scales Aster. COMPOSITiE. 121 with somewhat longer and more acute green tips, make a near approach to A. sagittifolius /3. ; and we have observed the ordinary form of the species to assume a similar state, when cultivated for a few years in fertile soil and more open situations. Perhaps the A. paniciilatus, Ait. was founded upon a plant of this kind. The A. cordifolius of the Northern and Middle States is a very uniform and well-marked species. 32. A. sagittifolius (Willd.) : stem strict, glabrous, racemose-compound above ; the branches ascending, rigid ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat hirsute-pubescent or nearly glabrous, serrate, attenuate-acuminate; the ra- dical and lower cauline elongated ovate-oblong, cordate at the base, on slender narrowly margined petioles; the others narrowed into a winged petiole ; the uppermost lanceolate or nearly Hnear, acuminate at each end, sessile, often entire ; heads numerous, in strict and dense compound racemes, on very short peduncles ; scales of the cylindraceous involucre linear-subulate, ap- pressed at the base, rather loose above; achenia glabrous. — Willd. spec. 3. jj. 2035.? Nees, Ast. p. 56? {Lindl. ! in herh. Hook.); HooTc. ! fi. Bor.- Am. 2. p. 9; DC. I.e.? {not of Ell.) A. paniculatus, Muhl. ! herh. (at least in part) ; Ell. sTc. 2. p. 365 ; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. p. 464 ; not of Nutt., nor of Nees, S^-c. A. urophyllus, Lindl. in DC. I. c. ? (3. heads less crowded on the rigid branches ; scales of the involucre lan- ceolate-subulate, or lanceolate with acute or acuminate tips ; cauhne leaves (varj'ing from ovate to ovate-lanceolate) often nearly all cordate, thickish. (Varies, with the leaves, as well as the upper part of the stem, either almost glabrous, or scabrous-pubescent, or with the lower surface almost tomenlose.) Woodlands and low rich soil, Canada (Lake Huron, Dr. Todd! and Montreal, Mr. Cleghorn ! in herh. Hook.) and on St. Peter's River, Mr. Nicollet! Western New York, Dr. Sartivell! and Pennsylvania! to Georgia! and Missouri ! (i. Western States, from Ohio ! and Indiana ! to Wisconsin ! and St. Peter's River ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-4 feet high, branched above ; the racemose (pubescent) flower-branches panicled, rather erect. Leaves slightly ciliate ; the radical ones more or less cordate, or cordate-sagittate at the base (the sinus often closed), 2-5 inches long, and 1-2 broad, on petioles 2 to 6 inches in length ; the upper cauline diminishing successively in size and width; those of the branches narrowly lanceolate and linea?-, reduced on the ultimate branchlets or peduncles to subulate bracts. Heads small (mostly larger than those of A. cordifolius), in crowded racemes, often almost sessile, or shorter than the bracteal leaves which subtend them. Scales of the invo- lucre (as long as the disk) not very numerous, subulate from a rather broad pale appressed base to an acute point ; the midrib and upper portion usually green. Rays about 12, narrow, purple or bluish, sometimes white; the disk yellow or turning purple. — This species is well characterised by both El- liott and Darlington, under the name of A. paniculatus. Possibly it is not the original A. sagittifolius ; but, as it is certainly the plant of Hooker, and accords very well with Willdenow's description, and tolerably with that of Nees, it will perhaps be safe to retain the name, which is not inappropriate when applied to the radical leaves. It passes insensibly into our var. (3. ; which generally presents larger and more scattered heads, a somewhat tur- binate involucre, with broader scales, which, however, always have slender pointed green tips ; and the rays are sometimes bright blue : tliey are, as it were, intermediate between A. sagittifolius, A. cordifolius, and A. undulatus; but probably do not pass into the two latter. 33. A. Drummondii (Lindl.) : stem and lower surface of the leaves can- escent with a soft velvety pubescence ; cauline leaves oblong-ovate, cordate, or crenatc-serrale, tapering to an acute point, strigose or scabrous above, on margined petioles; the uppermost ovate-lanceolate and sessile; heads in strict and mostly dense thyrsoid racemes paniculate at the summit of the vol.. II.-16 122 COMPOSITE. Aster. stem ; scales of the involucre subulate-linear ; achenia minutely pubescent. —Lindl. .' in Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 97, ^- in DC. prodr. b. p. 234. St. Louis, Missouri, and also Texas, Drummond ! Western Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth ! Dr. Hale I — Plant intermediate in its characters between A. undulatus, cordifolius, and sagittifolius, resembhng some states of the former in its pubescence, the second somewhat in its petioled and mostly- cordate cauline leaves, and the latter in inflorescence ; but apparently clis- tinct from either. Stem strict and rather stout, apparently 1 to 3 feet high, when old less canescent and more scabrous. Leaves serrate with appressed teeth, appearing somewhat crenate, velvety beneath ; the lower ones 2 to 4 inches long, on narrowly margined petioles 1-3 inches in length. Heads as large as in the preceding, often neariy sessile and glomerate or crowded on the branchlets. Involucre pubescent. Rays blue ; the disk turning purple. — We here introduce the two following species (known to us only by the very brief characters given in DeCandolle), on account of their apparently close resemblance to this and the preceding species. 34. A. uropihyllus (Lindl.) : stem racemose-panicled, the branches thyr- eoid; leaves ovate-lanceolate, very much acuminate, sharply crenate-serrale, very scabrous above, the lower surface hairy ; scales of the imbricated in- volucre subulate. Lindl. in DC prodr. 5. p. 233. Louisiana.— Species near A. hirtellns. Rays white, longer than the in- volucre ; the disk purple. Lindl.— Is it not A. sagittifolius, without the ra- dical leaves ? No information is given respecting the source from which the specimens of this and the following were derived. 35. A. hirtellus (Lindl.) : stem racemose-panicled, the racemose branches crowded and few-leaved; leaves cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate in the rniddle, very scabrous above, the lower surface hairy ; involucre loosely imbricated. Lindl. in DC. prodr. 5. j^- 233. Louisiana.— Rays jjerhaps lilac-color; the disk purple. Lindl. — We have from Western Louisiana (collected by Dr. Leavenworth) very im- perfect specimens, which may perhaps be referred to this species, if indeed they are not rather a more glabrous and attenuated state of A. Drummondii, with loose and virgate racemes: the tall and slender stem is nearly glabrous; the branches scabrous-pubescent ; the cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate in the middle, more or less cordate, on distinct margined petioles, strigose- scabrous above, pubescent beneath. 36. A. Lindleyanus : stem stout, glabrous, or pubescent in lines, corym- bose-paniculate above ; leaves (thickish) mostly smooth and glabrous, ovate, sharply and unequally serrate; the radical and lowest cauline usually some- what cordate, on broadly margined petioles ; the uppermost oblong-lanceo- late, narrowed at the base, sessile ; heads loosely- paniculate or somewhat corymbose; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat un- equal, rather loosely imbricated ; achenia at length almost glabrous. — A. paniculatus 6. ? (& a. chiefly) Hool: ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 8. (i. stem and lower surface of the leaves (especially the midrib and petiole) pubescent with loose somewhat deciduous hairs. y. more slender; leaves membranaceous ; the radical and lower cauline narrowed into a winged (ciliate) petiole.— A. prsecox, Lindl. ! in Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 9, not of Willd. Saskatchawan, Z)rwm?7ior!fZ/ and on the Red or Assimboin River, X>o?/^- las! to Slave Lake, Richardson! i3. Rocky Mountains (probably about lat. 52°), Drummond ! y. Fort Franklin on the Mackenzie River, Richard- son ! Plant 2h to 4 feet high, when growing in low fertile soils on the Assiniboin River, according to Douglas (in herb. Hook.) ; the Arctic speci- mens 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves thickish or somewhat fleshy, 1-3 inches long, mostly acute or acuminate, serrate with small and irregular Aster. COMPOSITE. 123 sharp spreading teeth ; the lowest only cordate (and mostly slightly so), or often truncate at the base, on rather long margined or winged partly sheath- ing petioles, which when young are usually ciliate with soft hairs, but after- wards naked : upper cauline leaves ovate lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate at each end. Flower branches erect, often nearly simple, and corymbose at the summit, leafy only at the divisions. Heads larger than in A. cordifolius or sagittifolius : rays about 20, blue or violet ; the disk chang- ing to purple. Scales of the involucre rather few, with slender linear-lan- ceolate green tips. — To this apparently well-marked and exclusively northern species we also refer the specimens of Douglas which are cited under A. saglttifijlius in Hooker's Flora ; which, like others from Saskatcha- wan, are larger than the Arctic plant, and with more numerous and rather smaller heads, but there is no other difference. In the latter, even the radi- cal leaves are but slightly cordate or truncate at the base, and some of them frequently taper into the petiole ; so that we find no adequate distinction be- tween them and the A. precox, Lindl. in Hook., which was collected in the same region. 37. A. ciUolatus (Lindl.) : stem simple (6-8 inches high) ; leaves all ovate, sharply serrate in the naiddle, ciliate, abruptly narrowed into a [margined] petiole, scabrous along the margins; heads axillary, sessile or on short pedicels, somewhat solitary ; scales of the involucre erect, with mem- branaceous tips. Lindl. ! in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 9, Sf in DC prodr. 5. p. 235. Slave Lake, Richardson ! — Dr. Lindley has remarked the close resem- blance of this plant to his A. precox (our A. Lindleyanus ;-.), of which we greatly fear it is only a depauperate state. The heads are smaller, and in a specimen wliich bears 6 or 7 they are somewhat spicate or glomerate. Like the preceding, the margins of the young leaves and petioles are fringed with white hairs, which are usually deciduous when the leaves are fully developed ; so that the name is not very appropriate. ******** Heads (small and nnmerous) 'paniculate-racemose : scales of tlte caw- panulate or hemispherical involucre closely hnbricated in several series, rigid, more or less unequal ; the coriaceous whitish base appi'essed, with abrupt mostly squarrose or spreading herbaceous tips: achenia minutely pubescent : rays (10-25) lohite or pale purple : stems much bratiched or diffuse : cauline leaves rigid, sessile, linear, loMceolute, or siibidate, entire ; the radical and lowermost oblunceolate or spatulate, sonietirnes serrate. — Ericoidei. t Leaves tapering to each end, or naiTOwed at the base: scales of the involucre broadest at the base, witli subulate or acute green tips. 38. A. ericoides (Linn.) : glabrous or slightly hairy, racemose-compound; the simple branchlets or peduncles racemose and mostly unilateral on the virgate spreading branches ; leaves rather rigid ; the radical and lowest cauline oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, tapering into a short margined petiole, often serrate ; the others linear-lanceolate and linear-subulate, entire, acute at each end ; scales of the hemispherical or often slightly turbinate involucre with acute or abruptly acuminate tips terminating the broader closely appressed lower portion; the outermost subulate from a very short base. — Linn.! spec. 2. p. 875 (excl. syn. Dill.) ; Ait. Keiv. {ed. 1) 3. p. 202 ; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2027 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 546 ; FAl. ! sk. 2. p. 348 / not of Lam. Sf Michx. ! A. ericoides & A . glabellus, Nces. Ast. p. 1 07 ; Lindl. ! in herb. Hook. S^'herb Torr. ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 242. A. sparsi- florus, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 242 ; Willd. enum. 2. p. 880, in part (also including specimens of A. coridifolius & A. tenuifolius, fide Nees). A. tenuifolius, 124 COMPOSITE. Aster. Wilid. spec. 3. p. 2026 (excl. syn.) ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 155 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest.p. 467. A. tenuifolius, & (3. ericoiAes, Muhl. ! cat. p. 77. A. dumosus, " Hoffm. j^hytogr. bl 1. t. A,f. 2" ; Willd. enum. 2. p. 880, l/)i. 2. p. 443. A. ciliatus, Muhl. in IVilld. spec. 2. p. 2027. A. dumosus, DC! prodr. 5. p. 241 (as to spec, in herb., excl. char. & syn.) ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 311 ? (Varies, in the pubescence of the stem, leaves, and involucre, from hirsute-canescent to almost glabrous ; in the scales of the involucre from spatulate and obtuse to nearly linear and acute, with the margins either strongly or slightly ciliate ; and in the racemes, which are either dense and elongated, or more compound and thyrsoid ; or, in sterile soil with feyv and scattered heads, sometimes even solitary and terminating the branches.) /i. stricticaulis : stem strict, slender, narrowly racemose at the summit, or slightly compound ; heads (small) somewhat scattered ; scales of the invo- lucre mostly acute, more squarrose. — A. ericoides var., Lindl.! in herb. Hook. A. ericoides, Hook.! Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 12 (chiefly), excl. syn. y. commutatus : heads larger, fewer, solitary on the branches, or racemose- spicate. — A. ramulosus, (i. iucano-pilosus, Lindl. ! in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 13, S^- in DC. I. e. A. biennis, Torr. ! in ann. lye. New York, 2. p. 212 ; Lindl. ! in herb. Torr. ; not of Null. Dry fields and sandy or gravelly soil, Canada, Massachusetts ! and New York ! to Georgia ; and throughout the Western States from Michigan ! to the Upper Missouri ! /3. Saskatchawan, and towards the Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! 7. Upper Missouri, J)r. James! Rocky Mountains, Drum- mond! to Fort Franklin on the Mackenzie River, Richardson ! Aug.-Nov. — Stem 1-2 feet high, much branched, very bushy ; the branches mostly spreading, very leafy ; the small heads usually crowded in dense racemes. Leaves 1-nerved, or somewhat 3-nerved by the confluence of the few veinlets, obtuse or scarcely acute, but usually tipped with a mucronate bristle ; the cau- line ones an inch to an inch and a half in length, 1-2 lines wide, often with tufts of smaller ones fascicled in their axils; those of the branchlets much smaller, crowded. Involucre 2 to 3 lines in diameter ; the scales rather rigid, whitish and appressed, except the short spreading or recurved green tips, usually mucronulate like the leaves ; the exterior shorter, more spatulate, and ob- tuse ; the innermost linear, acute. Rays 10-15, broadly linear, white, or slightly tinged with purple ; the disk-flowers about the same number, turn- ing slightly purple. Achenia turgid, covered with a minute appressed pu- bescence. — The var. /i. is a more attenuated ])lant, probably growing in shady places, with the leaves also more slender; certainly not a variety of A. ericoides. We have not seen the specimens from ' Red River, Douglas,'' cited under that species in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am., and know not whether they should be referred here. — The var. 7. does not diflfer from the ordinary A. multiflorus, except in the size and number of the heads, which are subject to considerable variation. It was a specimen of this plant (erroneously named A. biennis in herb. Torr.) that Dr. Lindley had in view, when he remarked the close affinity of his A. ramulosus (i. with A. biennis Nutt. (A. canescens, Pursh). We have also a specimen of A. multiflorus a., with more scattered heads, collected in Michigan, which Dr. Lindley has labelled ' A. canescens, Pursh^ : hence, probably, by some misapprehension, De Candolle, on his authority, has given Massachusetts as a habitat of that spe- cies ; which, however, is not found east of the Mississippi. 40. A. falcatus (Lindl.) : somewhat cinereous-pubescent with appressed hairs ; stem strict, slender, racemose or somewhat compound at the summit ; the heads solitary or several on tlie erect contracted branches ; leaves linear, entire, minutely appressed-pubescent ; the cauline partly clasping by a broad or somewhat dilated base, often slightly falcate, the margins scabrous ; scales of the hemispherical involucre linear, somewhat narrowed below, all nearly equal in length, with spreading tips, mucronate-acute. — Lindl. ! in 126 COMPOSITE. Aster. Hook. ! jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 12, Sf in DC. prodr. 5. p. 241. A. ramulosus c, Lindl. f in HooTc. I. c. p. 13, S^'in DC. I. c. p. 243. A. bracteolatus, Nutt. in trans. Amer. j^hil. soc. I. c. ? Arctic America, from Fort Franklin on the Mackenzie .River, to Cum- berland House on the Saskatchawan, Richardson ! — Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves very numerous, li-2 inches long, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, usually broadest at the base, abruptly acute or obtuse, but tipped with a mu- cronate bristle. Heads in a simple or more or less compound narrow raceme, larger than the ordinary states of A. multiflorus ; the scales of the nearly glabrous involucre more loose, equal, and acute. — The A. falcatus and the typical A. ramulosus of Lindley (from Fort Franklin and Cumberland House) appear to us entirely similar ; and the affinity of the species is clearly with A. multiflorus. 41. A. Nuttallii: smooth and nearly glabrous ; branches racemose, simple, ' rather naked, bearing solitary or few heads ; leaves linear, rigid, entire, with scabrous margins ; the upper sessile or somewhat clasping by a broad base ; the radical and lowest cauline lanceolate, tapering into a petiole ; scales of the involucre unequal, closely imbricated, linear-oblong, with short herba- ceous tips; the exterior obtuse. — A. ramulosus, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 293, not o( Lindl. Plains of Lewis River, near the Rocky Mountains (about lat. 42°), Nut- tall ! — Plant 6-12 inches high, nearly glabrous to the naked eye ; the branch- es mostly bearing single subglobose heads, of about the same size of those of A. ramulosus. Leaves coriaceous, acute ; those of the branches few and small. Involucre hemispherical-campanulate, at length widely hemispheri- cal, nearly glabrous ; the scales appressed, obtuse or abruptly acute ; the exterior successively shorter. — Allied to the preceding, but apparently quite distinct. 42. A. campestris (Nutt.) : viscid-puberulent ; cauline leaves oblong-li- near, entire, mostly obtuse, closely sessile, slightly clasping; the radical ones oblanceolate, serrulate towards the summit, tapering into a petiole ; heads racemose or slightly panicled ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, very acute, viscid, rather loosely imbricated in about 3 series, somewhat spread- ing. — Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. " Plains of Lewis River, in the Rocky Mountain region : with A. ramu- losus [A. Nuttallii], which it closely resembles, but differs in being every where somewhat pubescent and viscid, with a strong scent, dec. Stem about a foot high." Nuttall! — Heads as large as in the preceding. Involu- cre rather shorter than the ferruginous pappus. Ovary pubescent. 43. A. bracteolatus (Nutt.) : stem pulverulently pubescent ; leaves linear or oblong-linear, acute, sessile, entire ; heads racemose-paniculate, mostly solitary on the leafy branches; involucre smooth, spreading; the scales ob- long, somewhat acute ; the outermost similar to the branch leaves. — Nutt. in trans. Amer. pihil. soc. I. c. " With the preceding, to which it is nearly allied, but remarkable by the smooth leaf-like involucrum. The radical leaves are unknown. Stem and branches more leafy than in the two preceding ; the leaves nearly all similar. Flowers lilac-purple, rather large. Nuttall. — This species is unknown to us : we introduce it here on account of the resemblance it is said to bear to the preceding. ********* ffgads (viiddk-sizcd or smaW) mostly racemose : scales of ike in- volucre iml/ricated and unequal in length, meiniranaceo-herbaceous, icith short ap- pressed or somewhat spreading (not squarrose) greenish tips: achenia minutely pu- bescent or nearly glabrous : rays (13-30) usually pale or white, often small : stems at A3TER. COMPOSIT.E. 127 length much branched, racemose or paniculate, rarely corymbose : leaves serrate or en- tire (^the radical spatukde, obovate, or oblong) ; the cauline sessile, usually tapering at the base. — Dumosi. t Heads small : rays often short. 44. A. racemosus (Ell.): scabrous-pubescent; stem raceinosely much branched; the heads spicate-racemose and mostly crowded towards the sum- mit of the long and slender erect branches ; leaves rather rigid, linear, ses- sile, entire, mucronulate, with minutely serrulate-scabrous margins ; those of the branches short and scattered, spreading, linear-subulate or lanceolate ; scales of the glabrous involucre subulate-linear, very acute, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, somewhat spreading, the innermost fully as long as the disk ; rays very short. — Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 348. Damp or dry soil, Paris Island, South Carolina, Elliott .' Florida, Z)r. Leavenworth ! Sept.-Oct. (Ell.) — Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, producing very numerous (rather strict ? and mostly simple) slender virgate branches, along the upper part of which the small heads (scarcely as large as in A. multiflo- rus) are disposed, on peduncles 1 to 3 lines long, or seldom longer; forming either crowded or often loose spicate racemes, 3-5 inches long; the lower heads shorter than the leaves which subtend them. Lower leaves apparent- ly 2-3 inches long, and 2-3 lines wide; those of the branches 4-2 lines long, with somewhat hispidly scabrous margins (under a lens). Scales of the involucre rather rigid, nearly glabrous, numerous; the exterior shorter; the innermost somewhat membranaceous, in the young state manifestly longer than the disk, spreading above. Rays very small, linear, pale pur- ple, scarcely exserted beyond the disk or the involucre. Achenia minutely pubescent. — A very distinct species, which we have only seen from the sources mentioned above. 45. A. Baldwinii : scabrous-pubescent throughout, stem paniculate-com- pound ; the heads solitary or loosely racemose on the branchlets ; leaves rigid, closely sessile, partly clasping, entire, very scabrous above, mucronu- late; the cauline ones oblong-linear ; those of the branches and branchlets short, erect, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-subulate, acuminate-mucronate ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, minutely pubescent, rather loosely imbricated in 3 or 4 series. a. leaves appressed and crowded on the branchlets ; scales of the involu- cre narrowly linear, very acute. (i, leaves more scattered on the branchlets; scales of the involucre broader, acute. — A. coridifolius, Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. 1. f. 97 (partly), not of Miclix. Dry soil? a. Georgia, Baldwin! (v. sp. in herh. Schiveinitz, now herb, acad. Philad. ; the specimens mixed with A. coridifolius and A. ericoides.) (3. Jacksonville, Louisiana, Drummond! New Orleans, Dr. In galls ! — Plant more closely allied to A. dumosus /3. coridifolius than to any other spe- cies, nearly similar in habit, the size and disposition of the heads, &c. ; differing, however, in its rough or even minutely hispid pubescence, more acute and cuspidate branch-leaves, and especially in the (fewer) acute scales of the involucre. It may also be compared (especially var a.) with the spe- cies of our section Brachyphylli), which it resembles in the short and nearly uniform upper leaves, which are mostly broadest at the base and partly clasping, and in the short rough pubescence; but the involucre, achenia, &c. . are abundantly different. The fully developed branches of A. azureus (with- out the lower leaves) somewhat resemble var /:J. of this species ; but they may be distinguished by their larger heads, with the scales of the turbinate involucre much more numerous, broader, and appressed, &c. The radical and lowest cauline leaves are unknown to us : those of the stem are an inch to an inch and a half long ; those of the branches gradually reduced to one 128 COMPOSITiE. Aster. or three lines. Scales of the involucre rather loose and spreading when old. Rays apparently blue or purple. Achenia slightly pubescent. 46. A. dumosiLS (Linn.): stem glabrous or slightly scabrous-pubescent, racemosely branched or decompound ; the heads solitary at the extremity of the spreading branchlets, or rarely somewhat racemed ; leaves linear, crowd- ed, glabrous, with scabrous margins, sessile ; the lower cauline ones linear- lanceolate, ofren remotely serrate with small and sharp appressed teeth; those of the branchlets small, mucronulate ; scales of the involucre linear- spatulate, obtuse (or sometimes abruptly and slightly mucronulate), closely imbricated in 4-6 series, with short herbaceous tijis. a. verus : paniculate-racemose ; the branchlets clothed with numerous linear-oblong and obtuse (obscurely mucronulate) small and spreading leaves; the upper cauline leaves frequently obtuse. — A. dumosus, Linn.! hort. Cliff., Sfspec. 2. p. 873 (excl. syn. Gronov. ?) ; Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 202,- Bigel. Ji. Bost. cd. 2. p. 311,- Boott! in herb. Hook. A. Americanus multiflorus, &c., Plulc. aim. t. 78, /. 6. A. fragilis, Lindl. ! in herb. Hook. ^r. partly, {Sf bot. reg. t. 1537 ?) A. sparsiflorus, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 155, not of Michx. 13. coridifolius : racemose-compound or decompound ; the slender and elongated diffuse branches and branchlets clothed with crowded, depauperate and bract-like, spreading or reflexed, rather obtuse, linear leaves ; the lower cauline leaves linear, elongated, mostly entire. — A. coridifolius, Michx. ! ji. 2. p. 112; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2028; Pursh, ji. 2. p. 547; Nees, Ast. p. 105; Lindl. ! bot. reg. t. 1487, Is; in herb. Hook. S;c. ; DC! p^rodr. 5. p. 241. A. foliolosus. Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 345, probably not of Ait. A. foliolosus /3. coridifoUus, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 155. A. sparsiflorus, Willd. enum. partly, ex Nees. y. subul/ffolius : diffusely compound ; leaves of the branches and branch- lets rather subulate-linear, erect or slightly spreading ; otherwise as in (3. 6. gracilentus : stem slender, rather sparingly branched ; leaves scattered on the branchlets, very small, acute or obtuse ; all usually entire. e. strictior : stem sparingly paniculate or racemose-compound; leaves usually more or less acute ; the lower ones often slightly serrate ; those of the short branchlets rather numerous, scarcely spreading ; otherwise nearly as in a. — A. fragilis, Lindl. ! in iierb. Torr. i^r., partly. C. subraccmosus : stem racemose-compound ; the heads often somewhat racemed ; leaves mostly acute, the cauline ones frequently remotely serru- late ; those of the branches more scattered, slender, and proportional, acute ; scales of the involucre rather narrower, often slightly acute. — A. dumosus, Nees, Ast. p. 105, ex descr. A. foliolosus. Ait. Kew. {cd. 1) 3. p. 202 ? excl. syn. JDill. ? Dry or moist shady soil throughout the United States : a. Massachusetts ! to Alabama! (3. Throughout the Southern States! (mostly in pine M-oods.) y. Texas, Drummond ! Western Louisiana, Dr. Lcavemvorth! 6. Alabama, Dr. Gates! also in Georgia and Florida! f. Vermont! and Michigan! to New Jersey! &c., usually in moist soil. f. Northern and Middle States! Aug.-Oct. — Stems 1-3 feet high. Lower leaves 2-3 inches long, 2-5 lines wide ; those of the branches and branchlets reduced frequently to 2-3 lines in length, slightly rigid, with minutely ciliolate-scabrous margins. Heads usually about 4 linesin diameter, scattered : scales of the regularly imbri- cated involucre obtuse ; the inner ones often mucronulate, about the length of the disk, slightly ciliate ; the exterior successively shorter. Ras'S rather short (20-30), pale purple, occasionally almost white. Achenia minutely and sparsely pubescent under a lens.— The plants Avhich we have here brought together (excepting the last enumerated variety, if such it be, which makes an approach to the following species,) accord in their inflorescence, achenia, scales of the involucre, &c. ; while the foliage, in the vast number of specimens before us, presents almost every imaginable gradation between Aster. COMPOSITE. 1'29 the extreme forms. It is not unlikely that we have united two or more spe- cies ; but, as we have sought in vain for any available distinctions, we are compelled to arrange the principal forms as varieties. The etTects of culti- vation, so far as our observation extends, appear to confirm the correctness of this view. Specimens of the form we have assumed as the type of the spe- cies have been compared witli the Linnasan and Banksian herbaria by Dr. Boott, who considers them identical with the A. dumosus of Linnseus. 47. A. Tradescanti (Linn.) : stem slender, often somewhat pubescent in lines, much branched ; the (small) heads numerous, usually densely race- mose on the erect-spreading or at length divergent virgate branches, often unilateral ; leaves sessile, glabrous, with scabrous margins ; the cauline ones lanceolate-linear, elongated, mucronate-acute or acuminate, remotely serrate in the middle with fine and sharp teeth ; the upper and those of the branches successively shorter and usually entire, mucronuiate ; those of the branchlets obiong-linear, small; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, appressed ; the innermost rather shorter than the disk.— I,i«n. hort. Cliff, p. 403, hort. Ups. p. 262, S^- spec. 2. p. 876 ; M'lchx. ! fi. 2. p. 115; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 556; Ell. sk. 2. p. 358; Necs, Ast. p. 103; Lindl. ! in herb. Torr. (not in herh. Hook.) ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 241. A. Virginianus ramosissimus serotinus, parvis florilius albis, Moris, hist. 3. p. 121. A. vimineus, Lam. diet. 1. p. 306. A. recurvatus, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 556 ? Nutt. gen. 2. p. 158 ? ji. fragilis : cauline leaves, except the lowermost, minutely appressed- serrulate or entire, usually shorter ; heads more scattered on the branchlets. —A. fragihs, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2051 ; Nees. Ast. p. 102 ; Boott ! mss. in herb. Hook. ; not o[ Lindl., DC. S^v. A. muliiflorus, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 155, (excl. syn.) fide herb. A. tenuifolius, Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 347, not of Linn. Fields and along rivulets, in dry or rather moist soil, Massachusetts I to Ohio ! Kentucky ! and Louisiana ! not uncommon. Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-4 feet high, bushy ; the branches very numerous, slender, racemosely arranged along the stem, or rarely somewhat corymbose or paniculate, at first often erect, but at length divergent or even divaricate, bearing very numerous heads on short pedicels, forming slender strict racemes, which decrease gradually in size upwards; in var. j3. the racemes often more irregular, looser, and more paniculate. Lower cauline leaves 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, 3-4 lines wide, acute at each end, more or less evidently serrate with 4-8 sharp scattered teeth on each margin, which when rather large are some- what spreading, but when minute are closely appressed; those of the branch- es and branchlets successively reduced in size. Heads smaller than in A. dumosus, about as large as is ordinary in the following species. Scales of the involucre fewer and narrower than in the former. Bays small, pale purple or almost white ; the disk often turning purplish. Achenia closely and minutely pubescent. — While this species somewhat approaches narrow- leaved forms of the following ; some states of var. (i. having fewer, and con- sequently larger and more scattered heads, considerably resemble forms of A. dumosus, particularly the doubtful var. subracemosus, which should perhaps be referred to the present species. — A very diiferent plant, with much larger heads, is frequently cultivated in the European gardens under the name of A. Tradescanti. 48. A. miser (Linn. ? Ait.): stem mostly pubescent or hairy (often in lines), racemosely branched or compound ; the numerous heads racemose along the spreading or divaricate branches ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lan- ceolate, sessile, attenuate or acuminate at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; the radical ones spatulatc-lanceolate or oval, tapering into a petiole; those of the branches and branchlets successively smaller, and often entire ; scales of the involucre linear, imbricated in 3 or 4 series (the exterior much VOL. 11.-17 130 COMPOSITE. Aster. shorter, the innermost about the length of the disk), acute or rather obtuse ; rays short, and often inconspicuous. — Linn. spec. 2. p. 887 ? (excl. syn. Dill. Elth. t. 35, /. 39.)* A. miser, divergens, diiFusus, & pendulus. Ait. Ken: {ed. 1) 3. p. 205, and of most, if not all, succeeding authors. a. miserrimus : stem and elliptical-lanceolate or cuneiform-lanceolate leaves more or less scabrous or ^^^ubescent; the flowering branches sliort, seldom divergent; scales of the involucre narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate, acute. — A. miser (excl. y.), Nees! Ast. p. 111. A. miser, var. Nutt. ! herb. A. myrtifolius, IVilld. envm. stippl. tide, Nees. — The following are the chief variations: 1. Stem somewhat simple, puberulent-scabrous, as well as the leaves ; heads glomerate or somewhat s[)icate on short raceraed branchlets, which are often shorter, or sometimes longer than the leaves -, in the latter case usually leafy. — 2. Scabrous-puberulenf, the flowering branches usually longer than the upper cauline leaves, bearing few or solitary heads. (A. miser, Nees I in herb. Hook, ex dono Lindl.) — 3. Leaves scabrous above, * the lower surface and the stem or branches softly cinereous-pubescent ; heads somewhat secund and spicate on the (abbreviated or someiimes elongated) ascending flowering branchlets. (A. miser, var. Nees. ! in herb. Am. Sf Hook. Jacksonville, Louisiana, Drimunond!) /?. glomerellus : mostly cinereous-pubescent or scabrous ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, elliptical-lanceolate, or cuneiform-oblong, scabrous above, mostly short ; heads glomerate-spicate at the summit of the stem or on divergent branches ; scales of the involucre linear, obtusish or abruptly acute. — Varies: 1. Stem low (6-18 inches high), rigid, simple or with ascending branches ; heads glomerate in short spikes at the summit of the stem or branches, and in the axils of the upper leaves, or on short spreading flower- ing branchlets; scales of the involucre rather broadly or spatulate-hnear ; the innermost sometimes narrower and more acute. (A. miser, Nvtt. ! gen. 2. p. 158; Darlingt.! fl.. Cest. p. 466.)— 2. Plant taller, less pubescent; heads (rather smaller) more loosely spicate along the slender or virgate diva- ricate branches; or the lower flowering branches somewhat compound. (A. diffusus, Muhl. ! in herb. Ell. ; Nees, Ast. (partly,) and in herb. Arn. S^- Hook..' St. Louis, Drummond !) y. diffusus : stem pubescent, or glabrous below, much branched ; leaves nearly glabrous (mostly slightly scabrous above, sometimes sparsely pubes- cent beneath), lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or the lowermost often oblong- oval; branches diffuse, mostly elongated, divergent, recurved-spreading or divaricate ; heads loosely or densely racemose ; scales of the involucre linear, acute or acutish. — A. diffusus (partly?), divergens, pendulus, & par- viflorus, Nees, Ast. I. c. ; DC. I. c. A. divergens, Nntt. ! I. c. A. paryi- florus, Darlingt. ! fi. Cest. p. 466. A. secundiflorus, & A. horizontalis, Desf. cat. hort. Par. — Varies in the disposition and length of the branches, in the number (and slightly in the size) of the heads, the size and breadth of the leaves, &c. : but the different forms are so connected that they are not clearly distinguishable into definite subvarieties. The cauline leaves vary from elongated lanceolate (3-5 inches, or in some specimens from Kentucky and Wisconsin even 6 inches long,) or the lowermost even broadly oval, to cuneiform-lanceolate, oval-lanceolate (2-3 inches long) ; the more or less * There are, if we mistake not, no specimens of A. miser in the Linnoean her- barium ; and the description of Linnaeus appears to have been drawn chiefly (but not entirely) from tlie 'Aster ericoides, Meliloti agranaj urabone,' />